Excavator Energy-saving Efficiency Based on Diesel Engine Cylinder Deactivation Technology

The hydraulic excavator energy-saving research mainly embodies the following three measures： to improve the performance of diesel engine and hydraulic component, to improve the hydraulic system, and to improve the power matching of diesel-hydraulic system-actuator. Although the above measures have certain energy-saving effect, but because the hydraulic excavator load changes frequently and fluctuates dramatically, so the diesel engine often works in high-speed and light load condition, and the fuel consumption is higher. Therefore, in order to improve the economy of diesel engine in light load, and reduce the fuel consumption of hydraulic excavator, energy management concept is proposed based on diesel engine cylinder deactivation technology. By comparing the universal characteristic under diesel normal and deactivated cylinder condition, the mechanism that fuel consumption can be reduced significantly by adopting cylinder deactivation technology under part of loads condition can be clarified. The simulation models for hydraulic system and diesel engine are established by using AMESim software, and fuel combustion consumption by using cylinder-deactivation-technology is studied through digital simulation approach. In this way, the zone of cylinder deactivation is specified. The testing system for the excavator with this technology is set up based on simulated results, and the results show that the diesel engine can still work at high efficiency with part of loads after adopting this technology; fuel consumption is dropped down to 11% and 13% under economic and heavy-load mode respectively under the condition of driving requirements. The research provides references to the energy-saving study of the hydraulic excavators.

Experimental investigation of engineered geopolymer composite for structural strengthening against blast loads

The recent increase in blast/bombing incidents all over the world has pushed the development of effective strengthening approaches to enhance the blast resistance of existing civil infrastructures.Engineered geopolymer composite(EGC)is a promising material featured by eco-friendly,fast-setting and strain-hardening characteristics for emergent strengthening and construction.However,the fiber optimization for preparing EGC and its protective effect on structural elements under blast scenarios are uncertain.In this study,laboratory tests were firstly conducted to evaluate the effects of fiber types on the properties of EGC in terms of workability,dry shrinkage,and mechanical properties in compression,tension and flexure.The experimental results showed that EGC containing PE fiber exhibited suitable workability,acceptable dry shrinkage and superior mechanical properties compared with other types of fibers.After that,a series of field tests were carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of EGC retrofitting layer on the enhancement of blast performance of typical elements.The tests include autoclaved aerated concrete(AAC)masonry walls subjected to vented gas explosion,reinforced AAC panels subjected to TNT explosion and plain concrete slabs subjected to contact explosion.It was found that EGC could effectively enhance the blast resistance of structural elements in different scenarios.For AAC masonry walls and panels,with the existence of EGC,the integrity of specimens could be maintained,and their deflections and damage were significantly reduced.For plain concrete slabs,the EGC overlay could reduce the diameter and depth of the crater and spallation of specimens.

Shaking table model test and engineering practice of a new gypsum-adobe walls dwelling in Xinjiang autonomous region, China

The paper introduces a new type of green building which suits for the construction of rural dwellings in Xinjiang, China. Results of the shaking table test on building model show that the single-layer gypsum-adobe structure has better seismic performance. And it also analyzes the construction features and engineering practice, which means that it is significant to extend this type of building to the drier regions in China.

Energy-saving Technology of Vent in Passive Solar Wall of Rural House of Severe Cold Region

This paper aims at solving the problems of low thermal collection rate,inconvenient maintenance,hindering indoor using during the application of passive solar technologies in rural houses in severe cold region.All these defects prevent the passive solar houses' further development. This paper chooses trombe wall,which has higher thermal efficiency of the passive solar house,as research object. The traditional vent is improved into a new type of ventilation device. This improvement overcomes the shortcoming,which traditional vent loses huge heat,and simplifies the construction of vent. Comparing with traditional trombe wall,the energy saving rate is 15. 69%.

Integrating Virtual Reality and Energy Analysis with BIM to Optimize Window-to-Wall Ratio and Building’s Orientation for Age-in-Place Design at the Conceptual Stage

This study unfolds an innovative approach aiming to address the critical role of building design in global energy consumption, focusing on optimizing the Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR), since buildings account for approximately 30% of total energy consumed worldwide. The greatest contributors to energy expenditure in buildings are internal artificial lighting and heating and cooling systems. The WWR, determined by the proportion of the building’s glazed area to its wall area, is a significant factor influencing energy efficiency and minimizing energy load. This study introduces the development of a semi-automated computer model designed to offer a real-time, interactive simulation environment, fostering improving communication and engagement between designers and owners. The said model serves to optimize both the WWR and building orientation to align with occupants’ needs and expectations, subsequently reducing annual energy consumption and enhancing the overall building energy performance. The integrated model incorporates Building Information Modeling (BIM), Virtual Reality (VR), and Energy Analysis tools deployed at the conceptual design stage, allowing for the amalgamation of owners’ inputs in the design process and facilitating the creation of more realistic and effective design strategies.

Energy-saving Technology Application in Building Water Supply and Drainage Construction

Under the increasing demands as well as resource shortages in today’s society,energy-saving technologies in building water supply and drainage construction plays a vital role.Through the rational application of energy-saving technologies,energy consumption in water supply and drainage projects can be significantly minimized and wastage of water resources can be reduced.This will play a very promising role in promoting sustainable development of resources and environmental conservation in the modern era.This paper analyzes the application of energy-saving technology in building water supply and drainage construction,with an aspiration to make energy-saving technology more reasonable in today’s building water supply and drainage projects and to improve the quality of water supply and drainage construction projects,while achieving effective environmental protection.

Experimental Investigation on Space-dispersed Double-wall Jet Combustion System for DI Diesel Engine

A space-dispersed double-wall jet combustion system was developed by adopting the wall-guiding spray method and the stratification theory.The experimental test was carried out to optimize the structural parameters of the diesel-engine combustion system,including chamber structure,swirl ratio of cylinder head,included angle of jet orifice,number and diameter of jet orifice,fuel injection pressure and timing.The effect of double-wall jet combustion system on combustion and engine performance was tested to obtain the best performance indexes,and the double-wall jet combustion system was compared to the prototype.The results show that NOx is reduced from 712 PPm to 487 PPm at 2 100 r/min,and from 593 PPm to 369 PPm at 3 000 r/min,which are reduced by 31.6% and 37.7%,respectively.The smoke intensity was reduced form 3.67 BSU to 2.1 BSU,and the oil consumption was reduced from 240.5 g/(kW·h) to 225.4 g/(kW·h),which was decreased by 6.3% at low speed.The pressure in the cylinder was obviously reduced from 115 bar to 108 bar,which was reduced by 6%.

燃烧室抛光技术对汽油机经济性影响的研究

在一台单缸汽油机上,进行了燃烧室壁面抛光前后燃烧相位、燃烧持续期与平均指示热效率相互影响变化规律的试验研究。结果表明:单缸汽油机以化学计量空燃比、低负荷、低圧缩比运行时,抛光后的燃烧室传热损失减少、经济性改善,平均指示热效率从40.8%上升到了42.2%,而随着负荷的增大、压缩比的提高,抛光后燃烧室传热损失减小带来的爆震效果增强,燃烧相位推迟和燃烧持续期延长,最终导致平均指示热效率下降;当汽油机以稀薄燃烧模式运行时,平均指示热效率上升,最高热效率超过45%;当汽油机进入爆震区域以10.5 bar负荷运行时,抛光后燃烧室传热损失减少增强了爆震效果,导致平均指示热效率相比于抛光前总体下降。

筋材布设方式对加筋土挡墙动力响应的影响

针对目前加筋土挡墙设计和施工中筋材布设方式大多为等长形的问题,提出一种倒梯形的筋材布设方式,并基于挡墙位移分区理论和有限差分Flac^(3D)数值模拟,建立加筋土挡墙三维分析模型,探讨不同峰值加速度下3种加筋土挡墙对位移、水平土压力、筋材拉应力及潜在破裂面的影响。结果表明,随峰值加速度增大,挡墙位移逐渐增大,同一荷载作用下,改变筋材布设方式,侧向水平位移减少9.3%,竖向沉降减少5.3%;3种形式挡墙水平土压力相差不大,最大水平土压力分布在挡墙的中下部;筋材拉应力随峰值加速度的增大,沿墙高从单峰型转化为双峰型分布,最大值位于挡墙中下部;潜在破裂面填土区破裂带的形状与筋材的布设方式有关。所提出的倒梯形筋材布设方式对加筋土挡墙的抗震效果更好,可为施工设计中加筋土挡墙筋材布设提供参考。

钻井利器的故事之“护壁堵漏材料”

近年来,作为入地最为关键手段的钻探所面临的地层越来越复杂,钻孔垮塌、掉块、缩径和超径等事故发生概率增加,严重制约了钻探工程质量与效率的提升。护壁堵漏材料是钻探工程不可或缺的关键性工程材料,护壁堵漏技术则是保证钻进工作安全、快速以及持续进行的重要技术环节,是复杂地层钻孔处理的主要内容。本文从科普的角度介绍了护壁堵漏材料的基本概念与组成、冲洗液护壁堵漏作用、水泥基材料护壁堵漏作用、护壁堵漏材料的进一步发展空间等,以期加深对护壁堵漏材料的认识,促进新型护壁堵漏材料的研发和应用。

外挂墙板施工阶段碳排放的智能监测与优化

建筑行业的温室气体过量排放逐渐引起了人们的关注,且其施工阶段往往面临成本超标、工期延长和碳排放失控等问题,因此,建筑施工阶段碳排放的监测与多目标优化问题成为目前研究重点。为了有效解决上述问题,从物理层、计算层和交互层三部分提出了监测优化系统的框架;以Revit为二次开发平台、利用MySQL建立数据库,搭建了碳排放智能监测与优化平台;以外挂墙板构件施工过程为例,运用融入柔性理念的遗传算法寻找出使得“成本工期碳排放”综合目标最适合项目特征的工序执行模式组合及最优解。研究为装配式建筑施工阶段的碳排放监测与优化提供了一套科学、高效的集成化管理技术。

深基坑支护理念演进和设计方法改进剖析

基于我国30多年建设实践,分析现有深基坑支护临时性理念、与主体结构相结合理念实施的优点和不足,提出促进基坑支护工程高质量发展的永久化理念。结合济南某基坑工程,阐释三个理念的逐次提升和相应支护结构的计算内容,定义适应与主体结构相结合理念、永久化理念的结构岩土化、岩土结构化设计方法;重点分析土钉墙与抗浮锚杆相结合的复合土钉墙的设计,以及抗浮锚杆与外伸支撑、水平楼板永久支护结构中抗浮锚杆的力学性状与耐久性,分析了永久支护对于地下室外墙受力机制的影响,阐释深基坑支护理念演化方向和与之适应的设计改进内容。对于反思我国岩土与结构设计管理体制,促进基坑与基础设计理论和方法进步,推动“新发展理念”在基坑工程的实践具有导向价值。

台阶级数对加筋土挡墙地震动力响应影响研究

为了优化加筋土挡墙的结构设计,研究了台阶级数对加筋土挡墙抗震性能的影响程度。基于Flac3D软件建立了加筋土挡墙数值模型,探讨了不同地震峰值加速度(peak ground acceleration,PGA)下不同台阶级数加筋土挡墙的侧向位移、竖向沉降、加速度响应和水平土压力的变化规律。结果表明:4 m/s^(2)峰值加速度下,增加台阶级数,侧向位移减小了61.9%,竖向沉降减小了20.5%;PGA放大系数随着台阶级数的增加而增大,其中加筋区PGA放大系数略大于面板处PGA放大系数;1级加筋土挡墙最大水平土压力位于墙脚处,2,3级加筋土挡墙最大水平土压力位于台阶分级处;水平土压力在台阶分级处大于规范计算值。增加台阶级数能够提升加筋土挡墙的抗震性能,可为实际工程中加筋土挡墙的分级设计提供理论参考。

单钢板混凝土剪力墙结构钢筋工程施工策划及实施

单钢板混凝土剪力墙结构是钢-混凝土组合剪力墙结构形式中的一种,可通过钢结构与钢筋混凝土结构的协同工作,充分发挥各自的优势。在钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构中配置端部型钢和钢板,会造成钢结构与混凝土结构相互交叉影响,改变钢筋混凝土剪力墙的施工工艺,因此要提前策划、采取应对措施,在满足结构设计和规范要求的前提下,做到钢结构快速精准安装,为后续插入钢筋绑扎工程创造条件,合理预留与钢筋工程的连接条件。钢筋骨架设置于钢结构外侧,要解决钢筋垂直于钢结构受到阻挡时采取的穿越/连接节点作法,以及整体钢筋施工工艺的梳理,使钢筋绑扎工程能够既符合要求,又能快速、有序安装,提高功效、保证质量。

建筑幕墙装饰装修工程施工探讨

在当前建筑工程及技术水平高度发展的背景下,大众对各种建筑的功能性、装饰性与实用性的需求有所增高。这一点在建筑幕墙装饰装修工程中体现得十分明显。对此,通过探讨建筑幕墙工程施工中影响工程质量、工程效率的关键因素,总结能够用于建筑幕墙装饰装修工程的关键技术,提高工程建设效果的有效方法。

大直径嵌岩灌注桩承载特性试验与有限元模拟

基于青岛某工程的4根大直径嵌岩灌注桩,在现场开展了单桩竖向抗压静载试验和桩身完整性测试,以明确大直径嵌岩灌注桩在竖向荷载下的承载特征,拟揭示不同荷载水平下嵌岩灌注桩的承载力发挥机制。结合不同嵌岩深度的单桩承载性能有限元模拟,重点分析了单桩在不同嵌岩深度下的竖向抗压承载特性和桩土位移分布特征。研究表明:在笔者试验条件下,大直径嵌岩灌注桩单桩竖向抗压承载力具有一定离散性,桩头部位的损坏会极大影响单桩承载力的有效发挥;加载完成后,数值模拟得到的桩顶沉降量为31.56 mm,约为现场实测值的1.1倍,模拟结果与实测结果较为吻合;通过不同嵌岩比的模拟结果对比发现,嵌岩深度越大桩端阻力占桩顶荷载的比例越小,且桩端阻力占比的变化速率随着嵌岩比的增加逐渐减缓;嵌岩深度取2.5倍桩径为宜。

四缸发动机冷却系统设计及发动机温度场分析

为评估某四缸发动机冷却系统设计的合理性,采用计算流体力学分析方法对该发动机冷却系统的布局设计、系统流量确定、冷却系统流场和发动机温度场开展了研究。针对缸体水套冷却液流速差异较大的问题,提出了在缸体水套添加节流缺口的优化方案。结果表明:各缸缸体水套冷却液流速均匀性明显改善,各缸套壁面温度可降低1~3℃。发动机转速12 000 r/min时,热平衡测试结果显示缸温最大差异约为4℃。机油温度约为129℃,温度可控(小于140℃),表明该四缸发动机冷却系统设计合理,可保证四缸发动机各缸冷却均匀及机油的冷却。

热态壁面条件下的液膜冷却实验与仿真

为了获得射流流量和射流角对液膜铺展形态、壁面温度、液膜厚度的影响规律,设计并自主搭建了基于热态壁面条件的液膜冷却实验系统,开展了射流角为25°~45°、射流流量为200~400 mL·min^(-1)的液膜冷却实验研究。研究结果表明,随着入射角的增大,铺展长度减小,铺展宽度、扩张角增加;而在射流角一定时,随着液膜流量的增加,液膜铺展的长度、宽度和扩张角都有所增加。特别地,当射流角为25°、射流流量从300 mL·min^(-1)增加至400 mL·min^(-1)时,液膜长度最大增加量为20.94 mm,且增加射流流量能够有效降低壁面温度,当入射角为35°、液膜流量为300 mL·min^(-1)时,冷却前后壁面温度最大可降低141.81℃;液膜在壁面撞击点处有厚度峰值,且液膜流量越大峰值越高,当入射角为25°、流量为400 mL·min^(-1)时,最大峰值达679.32μm。采用流体体积法(VOF)构建了液膜冷却仿真模型,计算液膜的蒸发吸热、流动铺展过程,研究结果表明,射流流量为300 mL·min^(-1)时,液膜厚度模拟结果与实验结果最大偏差为7.9%,误差控制在工程应用允许的10%范围内,从而验证了VOF方法对射流撞壁形成液膜模拟的可行性。该研究可为液体火箭发动机液膜冷却技术提供一定的参考。

混合联肢部分外包组合剪力墙基于两阶段耗能的塑性设计方法研究

混合联肢部分外包组合剪力墙结构是一种典型的两阶段耗能结构体系。依据现行设计规范设计的混合联肢部分外包组合剪力墙结构对结构弹塑性阶段的整体性能缺乏考虑,在设防地震和罕遇地震作用下结构的屈服顺序难以控制。基于混合联肢部分外包组合剪力墙结构体系“小震不坏,中震可修,大震不倒”的三水准抗震设防性能目标,提出结构两阶段耗能的塑性设计方法。以目标位移和理想破坏模式作为预测结构弹塑性受力状态性能目标,针对不同地震水准下的性能目标,考虑耦连比对结构合理耗能机制的影响,将结构的能力曲线等效为三线型,改进了传统基于能量平衡的塑性设计方法,保证结构在设防地震及罕遇地震下实现理想屈服顺序,避免薄弱层产生。采用建议的设计方法设计了一个12层结构算例,并采用ABAQUS对算例进行推覆分析和弹塑性时程分析。结果表明,采用基于两阶段耗能的塑性设计方法预测的中震及大震下结构顶点位移角与数值分析结果误差分别为0.5%和12.1%,最大层间位移角满足结构弹塑性层间位移角的要求。算例结构能够实现“强节点弱构件、强墙肢弱连梁”合理的屈服顺序,保证结构预期的失效机制和不同地震水准作用下的性能目标,验证了基于两阶段耗能的塑性设计方法的有效性。

利用单壁碳纳米管介导植物瞬时遗传转化的研究

为验证单壁碳纳米管(SWNT)介导的新型的植物遗传转化方法的有效性,利用羧基化的单壁碳纳米管(COOH-SWNT)为原材料,构建了聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)修饰的羧基化单壁碳纳米管复合物(PEI-SWNT),探索验证PEI-SWNT复合物对外源基因的结合比例以及保护作用,使用PEI-SWNT复合物将RED以及UBQ10-EGFP等荧光质粒转化到油菜的原生质体和烟草叶片中。结果表明,PEI-SWNT纳米材料成功与外源目的基因结合,并对外源目的基因进行保护,使其免于核酸酶的降解,PEI-SWNT携带目的基因进入受体细胞后,可以成功地在受体细胞内进行基因表达。