Study on the Model of Excessive Staminate Catkin Thinning of Proterandrous Walnut Based on Quadratic Polynomial Regression Equation and BP Artificial Neural Network

The excessive staminate catkin thinning （emasculation） of proterandrous walnut is an important management measure for improving yield. To improve the excessive staminate catkin thinning efficiency, the model of quadratic polynomial regression equation and BP artificial neural network was developed. The effects of ethephon, gibberel in and mepiquat on shedding rate of staminate catkin of pro-terandrous walnut were investigated by modeling field test. Based on the modeling test results, the excessive staminate catkin thinning model of quadratic polynomial regression equation and BP artificial neural network was established, and it was validated by field test next year. The test data were divided into training set, vali-dation set and test set. The total 20 sets of data obtained from the modeling field test were randomly divided into training set （17） and validation set （3） by central composite design （quadric rotational regression test design）, and the data obtained from the next-year field test were divided into the test set. The topological struc-ture of BP artificial neural network was 3-5-1. The results showed that the pre-diction errors of BP neural network for samples from the validation set were 1.355 0%, 0.429 1% and 0.353 8%, respectively; the difference between the predicted value by the BP neural network and validated value by field test was 2.04%, and the difference between the predicted value by the regression equation and validated value by field test was 3.12%; the prediction accuracy of BP neural network was over 1.0% higher than that of regression equation. The effective combination of quadratic polynomial stepwise regression and BP artificial neural network wil not only help to determine the effect of independent parameter but also improve the prediction accuracy.

Both small and large plants are likely to produce staminate(male)flowers in a hermaphrodite lily

Resource allocation to female and male function may vary among individual plants in species with variable sex expression.Size-dependent sex allocation has been proposed in hermaphrodites,in which female-biased allocation may increase with plant size.In many hermaphrodites with large floral displays,however,later-produced flowers tend to be functionally male.This paradoxical relationship between female and male function and plant size remains poorly understood.The subalpine lily Lilium lankongense has individuals of three sexual types:males with only staminate flowers,hermaphrodites with only perfect flowers,and andromonoecious plants with both perfect and staminate flowers.Here we tested theoretical predictions of size-dependent sex allocation in L.lankongense by measuring plant height and flower number of individuals of each sex at five field sites in the mountainous region of Shangri-La,southwestern China.To investigate variation in phenotypic gender,we identified sex expression of 457 individuals one year later.Our investigation showed that male plants,which usually produced one flower,were significantly smaller than and ro monoecious and hermaphrodite plants.In addition,the total flower numbers of andromonoecious and hermaphrodite plants increased significantly with plant size.Large individuals were more likely to produce terminal staminate flowers,as there were more flowers in andromonoecious than in hermaphrodite individuals.Non-flowered plants were significantly smaller than flowering ones.Perfect flowers had significantly larger petals and pistils than staminate flowers,but they did not differ in dry weight of stamens.Our findings indicate that when plants are small,the less costly sex is favored,consistent with the‘size-advantage hypothesis’.When plants are large,both female and male investments change isometrically,as later-produced flowers tend to be functionally male.

Growth and Development of Staminate Inflorescence and Anatomic Observation of Male Chestnut Flower

The growth and development of staminate inflorescence and anatomic structure of male chestnut flower were observed. Results showed that staminate in-florescence on the base of branch formed first, then upward successively. About 50 days were needed from the formation of staminate inflorescence on the base of branch to ful y develop the staminate inflorescence on the top of the branch. On the same staminate inflorescence, male flower clusters of the base formed first, then upward successively. About 20 days were needed from the formation of stami-nate inflorescence on the base of the male flower cluster to ful y develop the stami-nate inflorescence on the top of the branch. 5-7 male flowers forming a cluster, the flower number in a cluster was odd number usual y, and there was one on the top and each two paral el y arranged downward. The flower on the top came into bloom first, and then downward successively. The flowers paral el y arranged came into bloom at the same time. Sporangium of male flower of chestnut was monolocular. There were a large number of pol en grains in the sporangium. There were large differences between the development process of different sporangium in one male flower. Chestnut had larger quantity of male flowers and pol en and long period of pol ination compared with female flower. It is remained to be further studied whether it was necessary for anemophilous pol ination.

基于HS-SPME-GC-MS解析核桃雄花挥发性成分

检测分析核桃雄花的香气组分种类、相对体积分数,探明核桃雄花的呈香成分及香气特征。以鲜核桃雄花为材料,采用顶空固相微萃取串联气质技术(HS-SPME-GC-MS)对核桃雄花中挥发性成分进行鉴定和定量分析。结果从核桃雄花中共鉴定出22种挥发性成分,其中胡桃醌、二甲硫醚2种化合物占总体积分数的62.18%±2.93%、醇类占19.03%±1.91%、烯烃类占10.32%±1.84%、醛类、酮类及酯类化合物占比较低;核桃雄花香气主要由芳樟醇、反松香芹醇、2-甲基丙醛、2-甲基丁醛、3-甲基丁醛、壬醛、十六烷酸乙酯及烯烃类所贡献;主成分分析将22种挥发性化合物归为2类。综合显示:贵州产区核桃雄花香气主要由醇类、醛类和烯烃类成分所构成,种类最为丰富的烯烃类化合物贡献了突出的水果类气味。

Walnut Staminate Flowers Can Be Explored as a Supplementary Plant Oil Source

Fossil fuel Is currently the major energy source driving global socio-economy, but its stock Is being heavily depleted due to Increasing anthropogenic activities worldwide. There are also concerns regarding the burning of fossil fuels, which contributes to global climate warming and sir pollution. As such, the development of blodlesel as a non-toxic, blodegredable, and renewable alternative energy source using oil crops such as soybean and rapeseed has quickly emerged in the West countries. However, the production of oil crops In China Is far from sufficient to meet the demands of the country＇s population of 1.3 billion, and Increasing oil crop production Is Inhibited by a severe shortage of agricultural land, which currently averages 0.2 acre per person and, as such, Is less than half the world average. The current national policy in China regarding land use Is more towards revering cultivated lands in revins and hills to forestry, which presents an ideal opportunity to further develop plantations of walnut （Juglans regis L.） trees, a plant that is tolerant to drought and infertile soils and has a high oil content. Study In this paper shows that one ament of walnut staminate flowers produces about 0.168 g dry pollen, and the dry pollen contained 49.67% oil. Based on this discovery, oil yield obtained from staminate flowers Is estimated to reach 6.95% of that from walnut nuts. Thus walnut staminate flower is suggested to explore as supplementary plant oil source, and has a great opportunity to utilize as a biodlesel feedstock.

核桃花粉饼干研制及品质分析

为研究核桃花粉在饼干中的较优配比,分析了核桃花粉的总膳食纤维和可溶性膳食纤维含量等。以饼干的质构、延展因子、感官评分为评价指标,探究了核桃花粉、山茶油、水和泡打粉添加量对饼干品质的影响,通过正交试验优化了核桃花粉饼干的配方。结果表明,核桃花粉富含膳食纤维含量高达18.6 g/100 g,可溶性膳食纤维含量高达2.48 g/100 g。核桃花粉饼干的较优配方为:核桃花粉添加量3.5%,山茶油添加量14%,水添加量24%,泡打粉添加量3%。此研究为进一步开发核桃花粉功能性饼干提供了借鉴。

核桃花中绿原酸、新绿原酸和隐绿原酸的提取工艺优化及其抗氧化活性研究

目的探讨干燥核桃花中绿原酸、隐绿原酸和新绿原酸的最佳提取工艺及其抗氧化活性。方法采用超声波辅助乙醇法提取核桃花中的绿原酸、新绿原酸和隐绿原酸,以提取温度、乙醇体积分数、提取时间和料液比为自变量,以得率的总评归一值(overall desirability,OD)为因变量,应用响应面对提取工艺进行优化,并通过体外实验评价了其抗氧化活性。结果最佳提取工艺为:温度77℃、乙醇体积分数67%、提取时间28 min,料液比1:23(g/mL)。此时,绿原酸、新绿原酸和隐绿原酸的总提取率最佳,OD值可达0.91,对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基、2,2’-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐[2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)ammonium salt,ABTS]阳离子自由基和羟自由基的半数抑制浓度(half-maximal Inhibitory concentrations,IC50)值分别为41.63、41.68和34.43μg/mL。结论优选出的工艺稳定可行,且提取液具有较好的体外抗氧化活性,为核桃花中绿原酸类成分的进一步开发利用提供了理论基础。

乙烯利应用在核桃采收及催熟上的潜在影响

为探讨乙烯利对核桃采收及催熟上的潜在影响,本文选用不同浓度乙烯利对核桃进行催落和催熟试验,结果表明:低浓度的乙烯利喷施对核桃复叶催落效果较好,且对花芽和叶芽的影响也较小;高浓度的乙烯利会导致核桃次年花芽和叶芽的凋亡,进而影响产量;高浓度乙烯利催熟会造成核桃仁农药残留超标,并致使坚果表面发红或发青。本研究可为核桃生产应用乙烯利提供参考依据。

核桃雄花米酒发酵工艺优化及挥发性风味分析

为提高核桃雄花资源利用率,该研究以核桃雄花和糯米为主要原料,采用米酒曲发酵制备核桃雄花米酒,以感官评分和酒精度为评价指标,通过单因素及正交试验优化核桃雄花米酒制备工艺,采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)结合气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术对其挥发性风味物质组成进行分析,并采用相对气味活度值(ROAV)筛选关键挥发性香气成分。结果表明,核桃雄花米酒的最佳发酵工艺为核桃雄花添加量20%,米酒曲添加量4‰,发酵温度29℃,发酵时间7 d。在此最佳条件下,核桃雄花米酒酒体呈清亮淡棕色,有浓郁的核桃雄花和米酒芳香,感官评分为89.54分,酒精度为13.2%vol,还原糖含量为2.02 g/100 g,蛋白质含量为3.78 g/100 g,总酸含量为0.31 g/100 g,其理化及微生物指标均满足相关行业标准要求。在核桃雄花米酒中共检出30种挥发性风味物质,包括酯类19种、醇类3种、醛类3种、芳香族类3种、烷烃及酸类化合物各1种,其关键性香气化合物(ROAV>1)为辛酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、苯甲醛、棕榈酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯和亚油酸乙酯。

环剥技术在核桃管理中的应用研究

为了研究环剥技术在促进核桃开花、结果中的可行性,通过主干环剥、骨干环剥两种方式对种植于黔西南区域的核桃树进行环剥处理。结果表明:骨干环剥时,采用环剥口宽度2~3 cm,在主枝上进行环状环剥的方式对其混合花枝量促进作用最明显;主干环剥时,采用环剥口宽度1~2 cm的错位环剥,环剥弧长是干径周长2/3,在骨干上进行环剥的方式,对其混合花枝量促进作用最明显。在核桃树上实施环剥操作,能在一定程度上促进核桃混合花芽形成。

核桃优良品种雌雄花授粉活力的研究

在核桃花期,柱头的可授性和花粉活力直接决定着座果率和当年产量。本文采用具有代表性的核桃优良品种‘温185’、‘强特勒’和‘清香’,在记录柱头授粉受精形态变化的同时,用联苯胺--过氧化氢法确定了柱头的可授时期;用MTT染色法确定了花粉活力期限和花粉活力最高的条件和时期。结果表明:柱头可授时期在柱头微张至出现棕色条纹之间,最佳时期在柱头开张后3～5d;自然状态下花粉可保存96h,但4h后生活力即降至33%,雄花刚开放时花粉生活力最高,达95%。花粉在4℃条件下可延长生活力,120h平均生活力为63.3%。

薄壳山核桃无性系开花物候特性观测

通过对6个薄壳山核桃无性系开花物候、花期长短、雌花开花数量以及雄花序数量等进行观测。结果表明,不同薄壳山核桃无性系雌雄花开花物候差异明显,6个无性系间雌花差异最长为10 d,差异最短为2 d;6个无性系间雄花差异最长为9 d,差异最短为1 d。6个薄壳山核桃无性系雌花、雄花序数量差异极显著(P<0.01),无性系21号、28号和104号雌花开放数量大,可以将其定为高产、丰产的主栽品种;无性系5号、27号、35号雄花序数量大,可以将其定为授粉品种,为其它花期相遇的无性系授粉用。根据试验的研究结果,无性系5号、27号、35号可以作为无性系21号、28号和104号的授粉品种。

磷对板栗结实性能及产量的影响

试验结果表明,磷对板栗(Castanea mollissima Blume)雌花的形成数量有重要影响,结果母枝含磷量与母枝抽生结果枝数量和着生雌花数量呈显著正相关。板栗结果母枝含磷量比雄花母枝和营养枝分别高5.19％和5.27％。树体磷素含量水平与板栗雌、雄花枝比例和结果枝结栗苞数量也存在密切的相关性。在不同施磷水平下,结果枝粗度与果枝结栗苞数均具有显著的回归关系,但b值差异大。本研究结果在鄂东大别山区进行了大面积施磷肥示范,生产实践证明,施磷肥对板栗具有一致的增产效益。

外源多胺对核桃雌雄花芽分化及叶片内源多胺含量的影响

以‘辽宁1号’核桃为试材,研究了外源多胺对雌雄花芽分化及叶片内源多胺含量的影响。两年试验结果表明,喷施1×10-3mol·L-1和1×10-4mol·L-1的腐胺(Put)和亚精胺(Spd)能够显著增加雌花数量,提高雌雄花芽比例。在雌花芽生理分化期,芽内Put、Spd和精胺(Spm)含量升高并达高峰,叶片内Put含量累积并达高峰,而Spd、Spm含量变化不大。1×10-3mol·L-1的Put和Spd处理可提高叶片内源多胺含量,其中内源Put、Spd的含量升高早于内源Spm含量的升高。

薄壳山核桃雄花花芽分化的解剖学研究

为掌握薄壳山核桃(Carya illinoinensis)雄花花芽分化规律,采用石蜡切片方法从显微水平上对浙江建德薄壳山核桃花芽发育过程各阶段特征进行观察,结果表明:3月中下旬分化初期,雄花芽与叶芽无区别;3月下旬鳞片分化期,花序基部逐渐形成突起,进入鳞片化阶段;4月上旬苞片分化期,雄花序自上而下形成弯月形苞片原基,花序顶部呈馒头状;4月中旬进入雄花原基分化期,由苞片基部逐渐形成突起状雄花原基;4月下旬雄蕊原基出现,形成雄蕊原基,产生花药;4月下旬至5月上旬花药分化形成期,花药内形成花粉囊,花粉散出,花序凋谢.

杜仲雄花及花茶中绿原酸含量分析

用高效液相色谱法测定杜仲雄花茶加工前后绿原酸的含量变化。色谱条件Kromasil-C18色谱柱(4.6mm×250mm,5.0μm);流动相乙腈-0.4%磷酸(8∶92);检测波长327nm;流速1.0mL·min-1;柱温25℃。绿原酸对照品在0.05～0.55μg范围内有良好的线性关系,平均回收率为98.95%,RSD为1.61%,提取方法为50%甲醇加热回流30min。该方法准确、简捷,可用于杜仲雄花茶加工过程中绿原酸的含量控制。

早实核桃雌花芽分化外部形态与内部结构关系的研究

以雄先型早实核桃辽宁1号为试材，通过观察照相和制作石蜡切片对雌花芽分化过程的外部形态及内部结构进行了研究。结果表明：雌花芽外部形态变化主要表现在大小、形状和鳞片的质地、颜色等方面，雌花芽内部结构主要分为5个时期，雌花芽外部形态和内部结构存在密切的关系；在成花诱导期，雌花芽较小，呈扁三角形，外被3～5层鳞片，质软、鲜绿色；在花柄分化期，雌花芽逐渐增大，为阔三角形或扁圆形，鳞片5～7层，变硬，幼叶形成；在苞片分化期，雌花芽大小和形状没有明显变化，鳞片层数增加，逐渐木质化，颜色变成黄绿色直至褐色；在花被分化期，雌花芽由褐色变成灰绿色，鳞片逐渐张开；在雌蕊分化期，雌花芽再次增大，鳞片逐渐脱落，幼叶展开。雌花芽外部形态指标可以直观地反映出内部结构的变化。这一指标可以作为判断花芽分化时期的方便、快捷、直观手段。

核桃雌雄异熟性的花芽分化进程

核桃雌雄异熟性的花芽分化进程张志华，王文江，高仪，杜国强（河北农业大学，保定０７１００１）关键词花芽分化；雌雄异熟；核桃ＴｈｅＰｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｆＦｌｏｗｅｒＤｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｉａｔｉｏｎｏｎＤｉｃｈｏｇａｍｙｏｆＷａｌｎｕｔ￥ＺｈａｎｇＺｈｉｈｕａ；...

14个核桃品种的开花习性及花期物候观察

2011～2013年连续3年在昆明树木园对14个核桃品种进行开花习性和花期物候观察，结果表明，多数核桃品种雌雄花期不相遇或相遇时间较短，需要配置授粉树；云南主栽品种大泡核桃、三台核桃的雌花期与自交9号、强特勒和哈特利的雄花期相遇时间较长，这3个品种可以考虑作为大泡核桃与三台核桃的授粉品种进行配置。

杜仲雄花茶加工过程中总黄酮含量变化分析

采用高效液相色谱法测定杜仲雄花茶在加工过程中总黄酮的含量变化。样品用硫酸水解,以槲皮素为对照品外标法定量。色谱条件Kromasil-C18色谱柱(4.6mm×250mm,5.0μm);流动相甲醇-0.4%磷酸(60:40);检测波长360nm;流速1.0ml/min;柱温25℃。槲皮素对照品在0.05～0.55g/L范围内有良好线性关系。平均回收率为98.82%,RSD为0.96%。该方法准确、简捷,可用于杜仲雄花茶加工过程中总黄酮的含量测定。杜仲雄花杀青后总黄酮含量明显降低,经过初炒、精炒后总黄酮含量又逐渐升高,精炒后总黄酮含量比鲜花提高了25.88%。