Construction Technology of Warm Mix Asphalt Pavement in Cold High-Altitude Areas

With the continuous development of domestic highway construction,highway civil engineering and service level quality have attracted much attention.Good pavement quality and high-quality service make people feel comfortable and smooth when traveling.High-quality pavement can significantly reduce the probability of traffic accidents.At present,there is a direct relationship between pavement quality and pavement construction operations.Carrying out pavement construction operations in cold high-altitude areas requires a reasonable selection of construction equipment and methods.The application of warm-mix asphalt pavement construction technology can ensure pavement quality.Therefore,this paper analyzes the advantages of warm-mix technology,the environmental characteristics of cold high-altitude areas,and construction preparations,and discusses the construction technology of warm-mix asphalt pavement in cold high-altitude areas in detail,to improve the overall road quality of cold high-altitude areas.

Rheological properties of warm mix asphalt binder by DSR test at medium temperature

The rheological properties including the complex modulus G＊ and the phase angle δof matrix and warm mix asphalt （WMA）binders were measured by using the dynamic shear rheometer （DSR ） test at the medium temperature ranging from 16 to 40 ℃,and the relationships between the fatigue factor G＊ sinδand the matrix binder property,WMA additive and test temperature were established.It is found that G＊ decreases with the increasing temperature while δincreases inversely,and G＊ of the asphalt binder with high WMA additive dosage is large,and δis small.G＊sinδexponentially decreases with the increasing temperature and linearly increases with the increase in additive dosage,and the amplitudes of variation are large at low temperatures and high additive dosages.The effect of WMA additive on the rheological property is more remarkable for the matrix asphalt binder with low G＊.Besides,aging has a great effect on the property of matrix asphalt binder,and a slight effect on the interaction between asphalt and additive.The high additive dosage can increase the fatigue cracking potential of the asphalt binder.

Long term performance of warm mix asphalt versus hot mix asphalt

The fatigue behavior, indirect tensile strength （ITS） and resilient modulus test results for warm mix asphalt （WMA） as well as hot mix asphalt （HMA） at different ageing levels were evaluated. Laboratory-prepared samples were aged artificially in the oven to simulate short-term and long term ageing in accordance with AASHTO R30 and then compared with unaged specimens. Beam fatigue testing was performed using beam specimens at 25 ℃ based on AASHTO T321 standard. Fatigue life, bending stiffness and dissipated energy for both unaged and aged mixtures were calculated using four-point beam fatigue test results. Three-point bending tests were performed using semi-circular bend （SCB） specimens at -10 ℃ and the critical mode I stress intensity factor K1 was then calculated using the peak load obtained from the load-displacement curve. It is observed that Sasobit and Rheofalt warm mix asphalt additives have a significant effect on indirect tensile strength, resilient modulus, fatigue behavior and stress intensity factor of aged and unaged mixtures.

Evaluation of asphalt mixture behavior incorporating warm mix additives and reclaimed asphalt pavement

Incorporation of warm mix asphalt （WMA） and reclaimed asphalt pavement （RAP） has benefited the asphalt industry in many ways such as reducing the demand for virgin materials, lowering energy requirement during the asphalt production and construction, in addition to reducing greenhouse-gas emissions. This study evaluated the effects of Evotherm and RH-WMA and RAP on mixtures＇ behavior in terms of the compaction energy index （CEI）, indirect tensile strength （ITS） and resilient modulus. The results showed that warm mix additives reduced the CEI, ITS and resilient modulus; while RAP increased the corresponding values. Statistical analysis showed that mixtures incorporating Evotherm and RAP had significant effects on CEI, while the effects of RH-WMA on the corresponding value were found to be statistically insignificant. General Linear Model showed that Evotherm, RAP and RH-WMA exhibited no significant effects on the ITS and resilient modulus. The one-way analysis of variance showed that Evotherm influenced mixture behavior significantly, while RAP and RH-WMA effects were found to be statistically insignificant. Regression equations with high accuracy levels were proposed to predict CEI, ITS and resilient modulus with respect to modification of mixture variables such as mix constituents （Evotherm, RH-WMA, and RAP） and compaction temperature.

Ageing and performance of warm mix asphalt pavements

This paper presents results from investigating the ageing behaviour and performance of different warm mix asphalt （WMA） pavement mixtures also called energy reduced pavements. The mixtures were either prepared in the laboratory or taken directly from a mixing plant. The study compared the rutting and fatigue behaviours of unaged material in comparison to long term laboratory aged material. In order to conduct the long term ageing, a special laboratory ageing protocol with different heating, cooling and watering cycles had been developed. The investigation revealed a quite controversial rutting behavior which could not be explained with the available data. While most aged energy reduced pavements showed increased rutting for other mixtures, lower rut depths could be found. As opposed to this finding, fatigue and stiffness of all aged energy reduced pave- ment samples compared to unaged samples improved significantly. The overall results led to the conclusion that the ageing of energy reduced pavement simulated in the laboratory is not very critical regarding their mechanical performance. Therefore, it was confrmed that the application of this type of pavement provides a good solution for saving on CO2 emissions. Another advantage is that by using energy reduced pavements the road con- struction season can be significantly prolonged.

Testing and assessing the performance of a new warm mix asphalt with SMC

Warm mix asphalt （WMA} is a new technology which asphalt mix is produced and placed at normal temperature. It has advantages including low cost, environmentally friendly, haul-convenience, and so on. WMA has been widely tested and applied in the USA in the last decade, but it has just started in China. Recently, a new WMA using a new plastic- macromolecule-normal temperature additive, which was called ＂SMC＂ by the production company, was introduced as asphalt modifier. Based on discussing the strength forming process of this new WMA with SMC, a series of laboratory tests, including Marshall stability test （MST）, boiling test （BT）, modified immersion Marshall test （MIMT）, freeze-thaw split- ring test （FTST）, rutting test （RT）, low-temperature bending test （LTBT）, and abrasion loss test （ALT）, were conducted in this study to assess the performance of this WMA and the capability of applying it on low volume roads in China. SMC modified asphalt mixed under normal temperature is used in testing samples. It was found that this WMA product exhibited merits on its strength, which was about 6.7 kN bigger than the requirement of 5.0 kN in the JTG F40-2004, on high-temperature stability, which is about 1100 times/ram greater than the requirement of 600-1000 times/mm in the ）TG F40-2004, and on its storage stability. Based on these indicators, it is recommended that this product could be used for low volume low class roads construction. However, due to the relatively lower water resistance and low-temperature cracking resistance, this product is suggested to be applied first in the areas with warm weather and little rainfall. In order to improve the perfor- mance of this WMA with SMC, further research on this SMC asphalt modifier should be continued.

Warm-Mix Asphalt and Pavement Sustainability: A Review

Within the past two decades or so, the asphalt paving industry has responded positively to increasing global concerns over shrinking natural resource reserves and worsening environmental conditions through the development and deployment of warm-mix asphalt technologies. Such technologies make it possible to produce and place asphalt concrete at reduced temperatures compared to conventional hot-mix methods. Several studies have reported on the potential of warm-mix asphalt with regard to improved pavement performance, efficiency and environmental stewardship. This paper reviews several of those studies in the context of pavement sustainability. Overall, warm-mix asphalt provides substantial sustainability benefits similar to or, in some cases, better than conventional hot-mix asphalt. Sustainability benefits include lower energy use, reduced emissions, and potential for increased reclaimed asphalt pavement usage. Growth in utilization of warm-mix asphalt worldwide may, in the not-too-distant future, make the material the standard for asphalt paving. Regardless, there are concerns over some aspects of warm-mix asphalt such as lower resistance to fatigue cracking, rutting and potential water-susceptibility problems, particularly with mixes prepared with water-based technologies, which require further research to address.

Changes in Mixed Layer Depth and Spring Bloom in the Kuroshio Extension under Global Warming

The mixed layer is deep in January-April in the Kuroshio Extension region. This paper investigates the response in this region of mixed layer depth （MLD） and the spring bloom initiation to global warming using the output of 15 models from CMIP5. The models indicate that in the late 21st century the mixed layer will shoal and the MLD reduction will be most pronounced in spring at about 33~N on the southern edge of the present deep-MLD region. The advection of temperature change in the upper 100 m by the mean eastward flow explains the spatial pattern of MLD shoaling in the models. Associated with the shoaling mixed layer, the onset of spring bloom inception is projected to advance due to the strengthened stratification in the warming climate.

CHARACTERISTICS OF INTRASEASONAL VARIATIONS IN THE MIXED LAYER OF "WARM POOL" AREAS

Observational data obtained during the TOGA-COARE IOP in the "warm pool" area of the West-ern Tropical Pacific were used to analyze some characteristics of the intraseasonal variations in the mixedlayer. The influence of westerly burst and rainfall on SST, salinity. and mixed layer depth are discussed.There are two pairs of counteracting processes in the "warm pool" mixed layer: (1) The increase of mixedlayer depth caused by local westerly bursts and the decrease of mixed layer depth caused by larger scaleeasterly relaxation;(2) the vertical mixing by local wind and the strong stratification due to rainfall in themixed layer. Some possible mechanisms through the interactions between the intraseasonal time scale varia-tions of the oceanic mixed layer and atmospheric low frequency oscillations are revealed.

温拌SBS改性再生沥青混合料的路用性能研究

为研究再生SBS改性沥青混合料(RAP)掺量和温拌剂种类对温拌SBS改性再生沥青混合料的路用性能的影响,通过车辙试验、小梁弯曲试验和冻融劈裂试验分析了在RAP掺量为0,10%,30%,50%,Sasobit温拌剂掺量为3.0%和Evotherm温拌剂掺量为2.0%的温拌SBS改性再生沥青混合料的高温稳定性能、低温抗裂性能和水稳性能,并通过灰色关联度分析RAP掺量对两种温拌再生沥青混合料路用性能的影响。结果表明,RAP的掺入可以极大地改善温拌再生沥青混合料的高温性能,但不利于其低温抗裂性能和水稳定性能。不同RAP掺量的沥青混合料对各项路用性能影响程度大小排序均为:水稳定性能<低温抗裂性能<高温稳定性能。在RAP掺量为30%时,掺入Evotherm温拌剂的再生沥青混合料的高温性能、低温抗裂性能、水稳定性能优于掺入Sasobit温拌剂的再生沥青混合料。

聚乙烯蜡温拌再生沥青性能研究

聚乙烯蜡可提升沥青路用性能,同时具有良好的经济效益而受到研究人员的广泛关注。选取新聚乙烯蜡(NPEW)与回收聚乙烯蜡(RPEW)按照等比混掺的方式作为温拌剂(PEW),将PEW与再生剂(LBS)加入新旧共混沥青中制备了聚乙烯蜡温拌再生沥青,其中新旧共混沥青中分别含20%、30%、40%的老化SBS改性沥青(AAM),用于模拟实际路面再生过程中旧沥青比例。通过沥青三大指标、布氏黏度对不同PEW及AAM掺量下温拌再生沥青的感温性能、高低温性能及降黏效果进行分析。结果表明,AAM和PEW的添加可减少温拌再生沥青的温度敏感性;当温拌再生沥青中AAM掺量一定时,随着PEW掺量的增加,高温抗变形能力,低温抗裂性能均有显著提升;当温拌再生沥青中AAM掺量较低时,PEW的掺入可有效降低黏度;当AAM掺量30%,PEW掺量2%时,温拌再生沥青兼具最佳的路用性能及经济效益。

沥青温拌技术分类及温拌效果的试验评价方法

沥青温拌技术日益广泛应用于路面工程,为了定量评价温拌沥青混合料在拌和生产过程中的温拌效果,提供试验评价方法,本研究自主开发了一种沥青混合料变速拌和试验装置,采用70^(#)基质和SBS改性两种沥青、自主研发的一种表面活性剂型沥青温拌剂(取名为Alube)和一种有机降黏型沥青温拌剂(取名为ACMP),以市场成熟产品Evotherm为参照,分别制备了温拌沥青及其AC-13C型混合料,测试了不同沥青和温拌沥青的三大指标、布氏黏度和动态剪切流变指标,分析了沥青的黏温曲线特性,通过混合料的变温击实试验和变速拌和试验,研究了沥青混合料的压实特性和拌和流动特性,提出了沥青混合料的拌和流动模型。研究结果表明,有机降黏型温拌剂减小了沥青的黏度,增大了沥青的流动性,改变了沥青的技术性能,如针入度、延度、相位角等增大,软化点、布氏黏度等减小,而表面活性剂型温拌剂不改变沥青的基本技术性能;黏温曲线法仅可表征有机降黏型温拌沥青的温度变化,等黏温度降低约9℃,变温击实法和变速拌和法则可以同时表征两大类温拌剂的温拌效果;沥青混合料的拌和流动性服从宾汉黏塑性模型,从流变理论上解答了混合料的拌和流动性及和易性,推荐采用变速拌和试验来评价温拌沥青混合料的温拌效果;综合考察现有沥青温拌技术可知,在常用温拌剂掺量下,温拌沥青的生产拌和温度可比热拌沥青混合料低20~30℃,符合常规认识。

SMC再生SBS沥青的流变性能和微观特性研究

【目的】探究新型温拌再生剂甲基苯乙烯共聚物(styreneic methyl copolymer,SMC)对老化苯乙烯系热塑性弹性体(styrene butadiene styrene,SBS)改性沥青的再生效果和再生机理。【方法】首先,在室内制备不同老化程度的沥青。然后,采用SMC再生剂对不同老化程度的SBS改性沥青进行再生。接着,对再生后的SBS改性沥青进行动态剪切流变和低温弯曲蠕变试验,以评价其流变性能。最后,开展红外光谱试验以揭示其作用机理,进行电镜扫描试验以验证SMC再生剂的再生效果。【结果】SMC再生剂会降低老化SBS改性沥青的车辙因子,降低老化SBS改性沥青的恢复率,同时会使老化SBS改性沥青的低温性能得到极大提升。SMC再生剂未与SBS改性沥青发生化学反应,两者仅为物理共混。同时,SMC再生剂能够弥补沥青因老化产生的裂缝。【结论】SMC再生剂对老化SBS改性沥青具有较好的修复效果,能够为沥青的再生提供一种新的途径。

温拌再生沥青砂浆二次老化前后抗反射开裂性能评价

为研究温拌再生沥青路面的抗反射开裂性能,结合Overlay Tester(OT)试验与数字图像相关(Digital Image Correlation,DIC)技术,研究了长期老化后废旧沥青混合料(Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement,RAP)掺量对温拌再生沥青砂浆抗反射开裂性能的影响。研究结果表明:经过二次老化后,RAP掺量对温拌再生沥青砂浆的抗反射开裂性能影响显著,二者成负相关关系;在相同的老化条件下,不同RAP掺量的再生沥青砂浆裂缝扩展规律基本一致,二次老化后再生沥青砂浆的反射裂缝在初期开裂速度加快。

EC130温拌剂对SBS改性沥青高温性能及抗疲劳性能的影响

作为制备沸石发泡沥青的发泡剂,EC130温拌剂释放的发泡水和残留的沸石矿物对沥青的性能有着不同的影响.为研究EC130温拌剂对SBS改性沥青高温性能和抗疲劳性能的影响,采用石灰岩矿粉、EC130沸石矿物和EC130温拌剂等3种添加物,设计了以添加物掺量为变量的单因素试验.以石灰岩矿粉为参照对象,通过温度扫描试验、多重应力蠕变恢复试验和线性振幅扫描试验,分析了EC130沸石矿物和EC130温拌剂释放的发泡水对SBS改性沥青高温性能和抗疲劳性能的影响.结果表明:同石灰岩矿粉一样,沸石发泡沥青中的EC130沸石矿物使沥青弹性增大、黏性减小,有利于抗车辙性能的提升,但不利于抗疲劳性能;沸石发泡沥青中的发泡水使其黏性增大、弹性减小,有利于抗疲劳性能的提升,但不利于抗车辙性能.

表面活性泡沫沥青发泡工艺及流变特性研究

温拌沥青技术可降低沥青混合料生产和施工温度,在节能减碳方面极具应用潜力。泡沫温拌沥青技术成本较低,虽存在改性沥青发泡效果不理想、温拌效果不显著等问题,但具有潜在的推广应用前景。表面活性剂兼具“沥青润滑剂”和“泡沫稳定剂”的作用效能,为改善泡沫温拌沥青发泡特性和温拌效果提供了可能。基于此,本研究采用不同质量分数的表面活性剂水溶液,在不同发泡温度下制备了表面活性泡沫沥青(SAFB6,SAFB8,SAFB10),利用发泡试验、动态剪切流变试验以及弯曲梁流变试验测试了沥青的发泡特性、高温性能、抗疲劳性能和低温性能,并借助傅里叶红外光谱试验分析了作用机理,揭示了表面活性剂与发泡过程对泡沫温拌沥青性能的协同提升作用。试验结果表明:表面活性剂对SBS改性沥青的发泡特性有明显的协同作用,特别是半衰期,最大可达69 s;SAFB沥青最佳发泡条件为发泡温度170℃,表面活性剂含量8%;SAFB沥青制备过程中没有发生复杂的化学反应,但是发泡过程导致SBS改性沥青发生了一定程度的氧化作用;表面活性剂和发泡工艺的协同效应提高了SBS改性沥青的高温性能和抗疲劳性能,而低温抗裂性能与SBS改性沥青相当。总体而言,表面活性剂与发泡技术相结合是可行的,提高了SBS改性沥青的发泡效果和路用性能。

毛乌素沙地黑沙蒿与赖草凋落物混合分解对增温的短期响应

植物凋落物分解过程受环境和生物因素共同调控,而气候变暖如何改变凋落物分解的物种混合效应仍存较大不确定性。采用开顶式增温箱和分解袋相结合的方法,研究增温对毛乌素沙地黑沙蒿、赖草以及两者的混合凋落物分解前150d质量损失和养分释放的影响。结果表明:增温导致赖草凋落物质量、C、N、P、纤维素和木质素残留率分别下降7%,7.6%、12%、8.8%、20%和10%,黑沙蒿凋落物质量、P和木质素残留率分别上升2.2%、2.2%和0.8%,C、N和纤维素残留率分别下降1.1%、2%和2.5%。与单独分解相比,混合凋落物质量、C、P、纤维素和木质素残留率分别上升7.7%、8.2%、4.1%、3.9%和5.9%,N元素残留率下降4.1%,增温导致混合凋落物质量、C、N、P、纤维素和木质素残留率分别上升16.9%、18.8%、11.4%、18.5%、21.5%和21.1%。黑沙蒿和赖草凋落物混合在前期分解过程中产生了拮抗效应,即相比于单种凋落物分解具有更低的质量损失;此外,增温处理下拮抗效应更强。本研究表明,在气候变化和植被恢复背景下,预测毛乌素沙地灌丛生态系统的生物地球化学循环时,应该考虑气候变暖和物种混合的交互因子对凋落物分解的影响。

不同温拌剂对高黏沥青老化性能的影响

为研究不同温拌剂对高黏沥青老化性能的影响,以不同温拌剂对高黏沥青压实温度降幅10℃左右为标准,确定不同温拌剂掺量,并按规范要求进行短期、长期老化,再通过温度扫描、蠕变恢复试验、线性振幅扫描试验研究不同温拌剂对高黏沥青老化后黏弹性、蠕变恢复性能等流变性能的影响,并结合红外光谱、荧光显微试验进行机理分析。研究表明,温拌剂Evotherm及Waste-Cooking-Oil(WCO)因热稳定性较差,在短期老化阶段就被氧化分解,二者对高黏沥青老化性能的影响主要集中在短期老化阶段,长期老化阶段它们对高黏沥青性能基本无影响。在短期老化阶段温拌剂Evotherm及WCO的加入能够增强高黏沥青流动性能,使高黏沥青老化程度加深,沥青蠕变恢复能力、抗疲劳性能均下降。温拌剂Sasobit因其抗老化性能较优,在老化后仍存在于沥青中,可使沥青蠕变恢复性能有较大提升,从而使得沥青在小应变情况下抗疲劳性能增强,同时荧光显微显示温拌剂Sasobit在常温下能够与均匀分布在沥青中的苯乙烯-丁二烯嵌段共聚物(Styreneic-block-copolymer,SBS)颗粒相互联结,形成网状晶格结构,使高黏沥青具有更强的高温稳定性。

废油/树脂/己二酸二辛酯复合再生剂制备及温拌剂对沥青拌合老化保护效果评价

为验证废油对老化沥青性能恢复的适用性,借助响应面法使用废油、C9石油树脂、己二酸二辛酯配制了一种复合废油再生剂。为避免再生沥青拌合过程中轻质组分的挥发及老化,研究引入温拌剂降低拌合温度进而实现对再生沥青的性能保护。同时,测定了再生剂对老化沥青的再生效果以及温拌剂的保护效应。研究发现,老化沥青低温延展性不良的缺陷得到恢复,再生沥青高温抗变形能力优于基质沥青;再生沥青经温拌后,黏性成分更多,进而低温流变表现占优。再生剂有效补充了老化沥青的芳香族化合物;温拌再生沥青小分子油分物质得到了保护,二次老化中大分子物质基团的生成得到了控制。

基于低温性能的温拌沥青及混合料性能研究

通过FTIR和TG-DSC实验分别对温拌改性沥青的改性机理和热稳定性进行分析,通过RTFO实验评价温拌改性沥青抗老化性能并对温拌剂配方进行优化;采用DSR实验、BBR实验、测力延度实验评价优化后的温拌改性沥青高低温性能,并与Sasobit和Evotherm M1温拌改性沥青进行对比研究;通过混合料实验对温拌剂的降温幅度和温拌沥青混合料的路用性能进行研究。结果表明,温拌改性沥青的改性机理为物理共混,其热稳定性可以得到保障;温拌剂配方优化后,抗老化能力得到改善;蜡-塑温拌剂加入SBS改性沥青中后-18℃时的蠕变劲度降低37.8%、蠕变速率提升9.9%,低温流变性能得到改善;蜡-塑温拌剂的降温幅度约为23℃,比3%Sasobit和0.5%Evotherm M1的降温效果好,蜡-塑温拌改性沥青混合料的高温性能完全满足低温地区的要求,低温抗裂性能和抗水损害能力有明显提升,Sasobit温拌剂可以提升高温抗车辙性能,但对低温性能和水稳定性不利,Evotherm M1温拌剂对混合料路用性能影响不大。