The Heat Balance in the Western Equatorial Pacific Warm Pool during the Westerly Wind Bursts: A Case Study

The responses of sea surface temperature (SST) in the western equatorial Pacific warm pool to the westerly wind bursts (WWBs) play an important role in the relationship between WWB and ENSO. By using data collected from eight buoys of TOGA (Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere)- COARE (Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment), the heat balances of the upper ocean in the western equatorial Pacific around 0 degrees, 156 degreesE during two WWB events were calculated according to Stevenson and Niiler's (1983) method. In both events, SST increased before and after the WWBs, while decreased within the WWBs. The SST amplitudes approximated to 1 degreesC. Although sometimes the horizontal heat advections may become the biggest term in the heat balance, the variation of SST was dominated by the surface heat flux. On the other aspect, some different features of the two events are also revealed. The two cases have different variation of mixed layer depth. The depth of mixed layer is almost double in the first case (35 in to 70 m), which is caused by Ekman convergence, while only 10m increments due to entrainment in the second one, There are also differences in the currents structure. The different variations of thermal and currents structure in the mixing layers accounted for the different variation of the heat balance during the two events, especially the advection and residue terms. The seasonal variation of SST in this area is also investigated simply. The first WWB event happened just during the seasonal transition. So we considered that it is a normal season transition rather than a so-called anomaly. That also suggested that the seasonal distinction of the WWB is worthy of more attention in the researches of its relationship to ENSO.

Heat center of the western Pacific warm pool

A heat center （HC） of the western Pacific warm pool （WPWP） is defined, its variability is examined, and a possible mechanism is discussed. Analysis and calculation of a temperature dataset from 1945-2006 show that the mean position of the HC during this period was near 0.4°S/169.0°E, at 38.0 m depth. From a time series of the HC, remarkable seasonal variability was found, mainly in the meridional and vertical directions. Interannual variabilities were dominant in the zonal and vertical directions. In addition, semiannual variation in the HC depth was discovered. The longitude of the HC varies with ENSO events, and its latitude is weakly related to ENSO on time scales shorter than a decade. The variation of the HC longitude leads the Nifio-3 index by about 3-4 months, and its depth lags the index for approximately 3 months. It is concluded that the HC depth results from a combination of its longitudinal and latitudinal variations. Low-pass-filtered time series reveal that the HC has moved eastward since the mid 1980s.

INTERANNUAL VARIATION IN HEAT CONTENT OF THE WESTERN PACIFIC WARM POOL AND ITS EFFECT ON EASTERN ASIAN CLIMATE ANOMALIES

Using the 1980-2010 winter GODAS oceanic assimilations, study is conducted of the winter heat content(HC) established in the subsurface layer(5 to 366 m in depth) over the western Pacific warm pool(WP), followed by investigating the HC spatiotemporal characteristics, persistence and the impacts on the climate anomalies of neighboring regions. Results are as follows: 1) the pattern of integral consistency is uncovered by the leading EOF1(PC1) mode of HC interannual variability, the year-to-year fluctuation of the time coefficients being well indicative of the interannual anomaly of the WP winter subsurface-layer thermal regime. The HC variation is bound up with El Ni觡o-Southern Oscillation, keeping pronounced autocorrelation during the following two seasons and more, with the persistence being more stable in comparison to sea surface temperature anomaly in the equatorial middle eastern Pacific; 2) the winter HC anomalies produce lasting effect on the WP thermal state in the following spring and summer and corresponding changes in the warm water volume lead to the meridional transport and vertical exchange of warm water, which exerts greater impacts upon the sea surface temperature/heat flux over the warm pool per se and neighboring regions, especially in the Philippine Sea during the posterior spring and summer; 3) the increase in the winter HC corresponds to the spring outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) decrease and richer precipitation over the waters east to the Philippine Sea and the resultant convective heating anomalies are responsible for the rise of geopotential isobaric surfaces over tropical and subtropical western North Pacific, thereby producing effect on the western Pacific subtropical high(anomaly). Subsequently, the sea-surface heat flux exchange is intensified in the warm pool, a robust anomalous cyclone shows up at lower levels, air-sea interactions are enhanced and abnormal convective heating occurs, together making the winter HC anomalies even more closely associated with the variation in the summer subtropical high. As a result, the WP winter HC can be used as an effective predictor of the variation in spring/summer western Pacific subtropical high and the strength of summer monsoon over the northwestern Pacific.

Variation of Air-Sea Heat Fluxes over the Western Pacific Warm Pool Area and Its Relationship with the South China Sea Summer Monsoon Onset

Based on oceanic and atmospheric parameters retrieved by satellite remote sensing using a neural network method, air-sea heat fluxes over the western Pacific warm pool area were calculated with the advanced the advanced Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment 3.0 (COARE3.0) bulk algorithm method. Then, the average annual and interannual characteristics of these fluxes were analyzed. The rela- tionship between the fluxes and the South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon onset is highlighted. The results indicate that these fluxes have clear temporal and spatial characteristics. The sensible heat flux is at its maximum in the Kuroshio area, while the latent heat flux is at its maximum in the North Equatorial Current and Kuroshio area. The distribution of average annual air-sea heat fluxes shows that both sensible and latent heat fluxes are maximized in winter and minimized in summer. The air-sea heat fluxes have obvious interannual variations. Correlation analysis indicates a close lag-correlation between air-sea heat fluxes in the western Pacific warm pool area and at the SCS summer monsoon onset. The lagcorrelation can therefore predict the SCS summer monsoon onset, providing a reference for the study of precipitation related to the monsoon.

Research on the Response of the Upper Layer Heat Structure in the Western Pacific Warm Pool to the Mean Madden-Julian Oscillation

By using the long-term observed hydro-meteorological data (1985-2002) from the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean System (TAO) during the international Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere (TOGA) experiment, the key parameters of the Sea Surface Temperature (SST), thermocline depth, surface sensible heat flux and latent heat flux, and the pseudo wind stress in the Westen Equatorial Ocean are calculated in this paper. On the basis of the calculation, the response of upper layer heat structure in the Westen Pacific Warm Pool to the mean Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) and its relation to the El Nio events are analyzed. The results show that within the MJO frequency band (42-108 d), the distributions of sea surface wind stress and upper ocean temperature have several spatial-temporal variation structures. Among these structures, the type-I surface pseudo wind stress field plays the role of inhibiting the eastward transport of ocean heat capacity, while the type-II strengthens the heat capacity spreading eastward. Therefore the type-II surface pseudo wind stress field is the characteristic wind field that provokes El Nio events. During calm periods (July-September) of the wind stress variations, the sensible and latent heat capacity fluxes change considerably, mostly in the region between 137°-140°E, while to the east of 150°E, the heat capacity flux changes less.\ In the mean MJO state, the type-I surface pseudo wind stress field structure dominates in the Western Pacific. This is why El Nio events can not occur every year. However, when the type-II and type-III surface pseudo wind stress field structures are dominant, an El Nio event is likely to occur. In this case, if the heat capacity of the Western Pacific Warm Pool is transported eastward and combined with the Equatorial Pacific heat capacity spreading eastward, El Nio events will soon occur.

Research on the Propagation Acting of the Equatorial Planetary Waves on the Western Equatorial Pacific Warm Pool Heat

Based on the long-term buoy data from the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean ( TAO ) —array during the TOGA ( Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere ) Program (19801996), the propagation acting of the Equatorial planetary waves on the Western Equatorial Pacific warm pool heat is analyzed. Results show that the zonal heat transmission in the Western Equatorial Pacific takes palace mainly in the subsurface water and spreads eastwards along the thermocline; while the seasonal westward-spreading heat change structure occurs in the mixed layers in the middle and western Pacific. The standing-form transmission in the western Pacific appears in the thermocline layer, while in the eastern pacific, it exists in the mixed layer as well as in the thermocline layer. The standing-form and eastward-spreading sign of zonal heat transmitting in the upper water is predominant and strong, and the westward sign is weak.The component force of Kelvin Equatorial wave pressure runs through the western and eastern Equatorial pacific, and transmits heat energy eastwards. And the heat transmitted by zonal current component occurs mostly in the western Pacific; The heat transmitted by the component force of Rossby wave pressure mainly appears in the eastern and middle areas of the Pacific, while the zonal current component transmitting occurs mainly in the western Pacific; Mixed-Rossby gravity wave’s action on the zonal current is stronger than that of the thermocline layer. In the mean state, the standing wave model of Equatorial Pacific up layer ocean temperature confines the transport of western Pacific warm pool heat to the eastern Pacific. Under abnormal conditions, the standing wave model of Equatorial Pacific up layer ocean temperature weakens, the eastwardly transmitting model enhances, and subsequently n^the El Ni o event occurs.

A preliminary study on an upper ocean heat and salt content of the western Pacific warm pool region

On the basis of Argo profile data of the temperature and salinity from January 2001 to July 2014, the spatial distributions of an upper ocean heat content(OHC) and ocean salt content(OSC) of the western Pacific warm pool(WPWP) region and their seasonal and interannual variations are studied by a cyclostationary empirical orthogonal function(CSEOF) decomposition, a maximum entropy spectral analysis, and a correlation analysis.Probable reasons for variations are discussed. The results show the following.(1) The OHC variations in the subsurface layer of the WPWP are much greater than those in the surface layer. On the contrary, the OSC variations are mainly in the surface layer, while the subsurface layer varies little.(2) Compared with the OSC, the OHC of the WPWP region is more affected by El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO) events. The CSEOF analysis shows that the OHC pattern in mode 1 has strong interannual oscillation, with eastern and western parts opposite in phase. The distribution of the OSC has a positive-negative-positive tripole pattern. Time series analysis shows that the OHC has three phase adjustments with the occurrence of ENSO events after 2007, while the OSC only had one such adjustment during the same period. Further analysis indicates that the OHC variations are mainly caused by ENSO events, local winds, and zonal currents, whereas the OSC variations are caused by much more complex reasons. Two of these, the zonal current and a freshwater flux, have a positive feedback on the OSC change in the WPWP region.

Interdecadal Variability in Large and Small Warm Pools in Western Pacific and Their Association with Rainfall Anomalies

This study investigated interdecadal variability of June–October(JJASO) the large and small warm pools in western Pacific and their association with rainfall anomalies using station and reanalysis data from 1958 to 2008.The results indicated that the large and small warm pools in western Pacific showed an interdecadal shift around 1986.The large warm pool years over western Pacific were found after 1986,whereas the small warm pool years were often seen throughout the periods before 1986.The analysis results also showed that there were obvious interdecadal variability in JJASO rainfall in Southeast China and warm pool in western Pacific.During 1958–1985(small warm pool years),the decrease in rainfall was associated with tropospheric moisture divergence and sinking motion over Southeast China and warm pool in western Pacific.However,during 1986–2008(large warm pool years),the increase in rainfall was associated with tropospheric moisture convergence and ascending motion.Further analysis showed that large warm pool contributed to the increase in surface latent heat fluxes over warm pool in the western Pacific.Thus,there was an increase in the amount of water vapor over Southeast China and warm pool in western Pacific,which contributed to increased rainfall in these regions.

INFLUENCE OF HEAT CONTENT ANOMALY IN THE TROPICAL WESTERN PACIFIC WARM POOL REGION ON ONSET OF SOUTH CHINA SEA SUMMER MONSOON

Based on the Scripps/NODC Joint Environmental Data Analysis Center's data of heat content in upper ocean (1955--1998) and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data,the relationship between the heat content anomalies in the warm pool area of the western Pacific (WP) and onset of South China Sea summer monsoon (SCSM) is examined.The results show that the warm pool area (WP) is the place where heat content in the tropical upper layer changes with maximum range and which is most obviously influential to South China Sea summer monsoon.Onset of SCSM is very closely related to the heat content anomaly during the previous period (previous winter and spring) of the WP so that the heat content of March to April in the WP area is a very good predictor for onset of SCSM.When the heat content of the WP area is positive,convection center will be located in the South China Sea-western Pacific with strong convection,a positive anomaly of monsoon circulation and Walker circulation will take place and the subtropical high will be weaker and farther east. Positive anomalous monsoon circulation and Walker circulation will be favorable for westerly and southwesterly flows-SCSM breaks off earlier than normal.Otherwise,SCSM comes later than usual.Large-scale anomalous change of monsoon circulation and Walker circulation seems one of the important mechanisms to influence SCSM.

Effects on Asian Monsoon of Gigantic Qinghai－Xizang Plateau and Western Pacific Warm Pool

A GCM study is performed of the effects on Asian summer monsoon initiation of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateauand western Pacific warm pool. results show that the Plateau, being a prominent sensible heat source, acts as a basicfactor for the formation of the monsoon circulation, the northward transported low-latitude and low-level warm,moist flow in relation to the sensible heating experiences dynamic lifting on the south and east sides of the highland,releasing vast quantities of latent heat through condensation, whereby the monsoon circulation pattern is furthermodulated; the temperature contrast between the Pacific warm pool and the Australian / marine continents serves asanother basic factor for the northern SW summer monsoon genesis over the South-China Sea-the western Pacific,which, however, falls into a category of winter monsoon on a physical basis.

Linkage of the Decadal Variability of Extreme Summer Heat in North China with the IPOD since 1981

Extreme summer heat can have serious socioeconomic impacts in North China.Here,we explore the decadal variability of the number of extreme heat days in early-to-mid summer(June and July)and a related potential mechanism consistent with the major seasonal occurrence period of extreme heat events in North China(NCSH).Observational analyses show significant decadal variability in NCSH for 1981–2021,potentially linked to the Indo-Pacific warm pool and Northwest Pacific Ocean dipole(IPOD)in early-to-mid summer.Dynamic diagnostic analysis and the linear baroclinic model(LBM)show that the positive IPOD in early-to-mid summer can excite upward vertical wind anomalies in the South China-East China Sea region,shifting the position of the western Pacific subtropical high(WPSH)to the east or weakening the degree of its control of the South China-East China Sea region,thus generating a positive geopotential height quadrupole(EAWPQ)pattern in the East Asia-Northwest Pacific region.Subsequently,the EAWPQ can cause air compression(expansion)over North China by regulating the tropospheric thickness anomalies in North China,thus increasing(decreasing)NCSH.Finally,an empirical model that incorporates the linear trend can better simulate the decadal NCSH compared to an empirical model based solely on the IPOD index,suggesting that the decadal variability of NCSH may be a combined contribution of the decadal IPOD and external linear forcing.

西太平洋暖池海洋热浪在2020~2022三年拉尼娜事件爆发背景下的演变特征、爆发机制及其影响研究

在全球变暖的影响下,持续增长的海洋热浪事件(marine heat waves,MHW)对气候系统和社会经济产生了严重影响,其中西太平洋暖池区域是MHW特征显著变化的典型区域。本文基于已建立的MHW高分辨率数据、美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)提供的大气海洋再分析资料、美国宇航局(NASA)Aqua卫星和生物地球化学Argo浮标提供的叶绿素-a浓度资料,利用统计分析和奇异值分解(SVD)等方法,探讨了2020~2022年西太平洋暖池MHW的演变特征、爆发机制及其生态影响。结果表明,西太平洋暖池MHW的爆发频率和强度等在近30年显著增加,其特征属性的变化与连续La Ni?a事件的爆发密切相关。尤其在2020~2022年连续三年La Ni?a事件背景下,西太平洋暖池区MHW爆发频次达到全球最高,且其覆盖面积、爆发频次、总天数、累积强度均是1982年以来最显著的。通过对西太平洋暖池区域混合层热收支的分析,2020~2022年期间MHW爆发主要是净海表热通量中的向下短波辐射项和海洋动力过程中的纬向平流项共同主导。此外,研究也揭示了在西太平洋暖池区域,MHW与海洋生态指标叶绿素-a浓度时空尺度上呈现负相关协同变化的特征,尤其是2020~2022年的MHW事件使该区域海洋上层浮游生物量整体呈显著下降趋势。

Seasonal variability of zonal heat advection in the mixed layer of the tropical Pacific

Zonal heat advection （ZHA） plays an important role in the variability of the thermal structure in the tropical Pacific Ocean, especially in the western Pacific warm pool （WPWP）. Using the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation （SODA） Version 2.02/4 for the period 1958-2007, this paper presents a detailed analysis of the climatological and seasonal ZHA in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Climatologically, ZHA shows a zonal- band spatial pattern associated with equatorial currents and contributes to forming the irregular eastern boundary of the WPWP （EBWP）. Seasonal variation of ZHA with a positive peak from February to July is most prominent in the Nifio3.4 region, where the EBWP is located. The physical mechanism of the seasonal cycle in this region is examined. The mean advection of anomalous temperature, anomalous advection of mean temperature and eddy advection account for 31%, 51%, and 18% of the total seasonal variations, respectively. This suggests that seasonal changes of the South Equatorial Current induced by variability of the trade winds are the dominant contributor to the anomalous advection of mean temperature and hence, the seasonality of ZHA. Heat budget analysis shows that ZHA and surface heat flux make comparable contributions to the seasonal heat variation in the Nifio3.4 region, and that ZHA cools the upper ocean throughout the calendar year except in late boreal spring. The connection between ZHA and EBWP is further explored and a statistical relationship between EBWP, ZHA and surface heat flux is established based on least squares fitting.

夏热冬暖地区双热泵型泳池专用空调机组的适用性分析

为了验证双热泵型泳池专用空调机组在夏热冬暖地区的适用性,通过热湿负荷及空气处理过程计算,对福州市某游泳馆全年热湿负荷特征进行分析,结果表明:采用双热泵型泳池专用空调机组,可以较好地解决冬季供热不足的问题,冬季及室外含湿量较低的过渡季节,通过控制新风比使两套制冷循环均转化为制热循环时,机组提供的热量不仅可以满足空调系统所需的热量,还有富余的热量给池水加热,显著减少辅助热源的容量,减少电耗。

Algorithm of heating temperature for Chongqing's winter greenhouses

Internal temperature is crucial to plant growth in the greenhouse. We investigated the patterns of constructing and managing greenhouses in Chongqing, and developed an algorithm of heating temperature for closed winter plastic greenhouses under the conditions of no man-made illumination, no ventilation and hot wind machine as the heating equipment, which are the most adopted pattern of greenhouses in Chongqing area. The algorithm includes two functions of temperature outside the greenhouse, which calculate the values of the warming estimation coefficient (WEC) and the gap between temperatures inside and outside the greenhouse with the measured data of outside temperature, and then give the value of internal temperature; the heat rating of heating facilities required by a greenhouse can be determined by this algorithm with given values of floor area and internal temperature, measured outside temperature and calculated WEC. Verification of the algorithm demonstrates a desirable accuracy of estimation. Algorithms of computing heating temperature for greenhouses of different constructing and managing patterns and in different geographic conditions can also be derived in a similar way. This research presents a paradigm for developing a feasible method to fit out greenhouses with appropriate heating facilities, aiming at energy efficient and cost efficient production.

从中医阴阳学说论巨噬细胞极化在动脉粥样硬化中的作用

巨噬细胞根据机体所在微环境的不同可极化为不同状态,主要可分为M1型和M2型2类。二者在动脉粥样硬化进程的不同阶段各自占据不同的优势从而产生相互作用,其与中医阴阳理论中的阴阳相互对立制约、相互消长平衡、相互转化有着相似的内涵。从中医阴阳学说探讨巨噬细胞极化在动脉粥样硬化中的作用,提出在动脉粥样硬化发展的不同阶段调节M1型巨噬细胞和M2型巨噬细胞之间的平衡的观点。当M1型巨噬细胞效应过强时,可治以清热解毒,方选黄连解毒汤等;当M2型巨噬细胞效应过强时,可治以益气温阳、活血化瘀、祛痰化浊,方选桂枝汤、四君子汤、血府逐瘀汤、二陈汤等。

四管制风冷热泵在夏热冬暖地区恒温泳池的设计应用探讨

以地处夏热冬暖地区的福州某学校文体馆为例,从分析福州市的气候特征、游泳池空调负荷特性及池水恒温需求等方面着手,抓住温湿度控制要点,结合冷凝热回收技术,以四管制风冷热泵为基础构建了高效节能的冷热源系统,并与传统的冷水机组加燃气热水锅炉所构建的冷热源系统进行了分析对比。分析结果表明:在夏热冬暖地区的室内恒温泳池项目中,采用四管制风冷热泵构建的冷热源系统在全年工况的能耗均低于传统的冷水机组加燃气热水锅炉构建的冷热源系统,夏季工况下节能30%以上、减排33.2%以上,冬季工况下节能28.2%以上、减排19.4%以上,该冷热源系统具有良好的推广应用价值。

祁连山七一冰川暖季能量平衡及小气候特征分析

利用2007年7月1日至10月10日安装在七一冰川消融区的自动气象站资料,计算和讨论了能量平衡方程中的净辐射、感热和潜热通量、冰雪的热传输和降雨加热项.结果表明:净辐射是七一冰川的主要能量来源,其次是湍流感热.消融期消融耗热是主要的能量耗散,到消融末期,潜热耗热的比重开始增加.冰雪的热传导量值较小.同时还分析了暖季七一冰川区的小气候特征.

西太平洋暖池热含量年际变化及其对东亚气候异常的影响

利用1980-2010年共31个冬季的GODAS海洋同化资料，以5～366m次表层海温构造西太平洋暖池区域的热含量，分析了冬季西太平洋暖池次表层热含量的时空特征、持续性以及对其邻近区域的气候异常影响，结果表明：（1）整体一致性分布是冬季西太暖池区次表层热含量年际变化的主导模态，其时间系数的年际振荡较好地代表了暖池区次表层热状况的年际异常。暖池区热含量的变化与ENSO事件联系密切，它能保持超前两季以上的显著自相关，持续性较赤道中东太平洋海温异常更为稳定。佗）冬季暖池区热含量异常对后期春、夏季暖池热状况产生持续影响，相应的暖水体积变化导致暖水的经向输送及垂直交换，对后期春夏两季暖池及邻近区域尤其是菲律宾海的表层海温、海表热通量变化有较大影响。（3）冬季暖池区热含量上升对应春季菲律宾海以东洋面OLR数值下降以及降水偏多，所引起的对流活动加热异常导致热带及副热带西北太平洋位势等压面抬升，进而对西太副高产生影响。之后，此区域相应的海表热通量交换加强，对流层低层形成强大的异常气旋，海气相互作用加强，加上对流加热异常，使得冬季暖池热含量异常与夏季副热带高压变化联系更加紧密。因此冬季暖池区热含量可作为春、夏季西太副高变化和西北太平洋夏季风强度的有效预测因子。

一个大洋环流模式中赤道西太平洋暖池海面温度对西风爆发的响应

用逐日的欧洲中期数值预报中心再分析（ＥＲＡ）风应力，和由Ｈａｎｅｙ公式结合ＥＲＡ海表资料与预报海温计算出的热通量强迫一个全球大洋环流模式。并用逐日的模拟结果与ＴＯＧＡ－ＣＯＡＲＥ（Ｔｒｏｐｉｃａｌ Ｏｃｅａｎ－Ｇｌｏｂａｌ Ａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｅ－Ｃｏｕｐｌｅｄ Ｏｃｅａｎ—ＡｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｅＲｅｓｐｏｎｓｅ Ｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔ）浮标观测资料对比，分析模拟结果中暖池海区上层海洋热量平衡对西风爆发（ＷＷＢ）的响应。在第一次ＷＷＢ过程中，模拟与观测的主要差异在ＷＷＢ期间，而造成差异的原因主要是模式中由下沉运动引起的增温和由强的纬向温度梯度引起的暖平流。初步认为下沉增温可能是差分格式本身和模式分辨率不足造成的。从热量平衡的结果看，第二次ＷＷＢ事件的模拟比第一次更成功，两次差异可能与两次ＷＷＢ事件的季节背景不同有关。