A Comparison of Polar Vortex Response to Pacific and Indian Ocean Warming

During recent decades, the tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean has become increasingly warmer. Meanwhile, both the northern and southern hemispheric polar vortices （NPV and SPV） have exhibited a deepening trend in boreal winter. Although previous studies have revealed that the tropical Indian Ocean warming （IOW） favors an intensifying NPV and a weakening SPV, how the tropical Pacific Ocean warming （POW） influences the NPV and SPV remains unclear. In this study, a comparative analysis has been conducted through ensemble atmospheric general circulation model （AGCM） experiments. The results show that, for the Northern Hemisphere, the two warmings exerted opposite impacts in boreal winter, in that the IOW intensified the NPV while the POW weakened the NPV. For the Southern Hemisphere, both the IOW and POW warmed the southern polar atmosphere and weakened the SPV. A diagnostic analysis based on the vorticity budget revealed that such an interhemispheric difference in influences from the IOW and POW in boreal winter was associated with different roles of transient eddy momentum flux convergence between the hemispheres. Furthermore, this difference may have been linked to different strengths of stationary wave activity between the hemispheres in boreal winter.

四川凉山州西南低涡型暖区暴雨的统计特征

利用凉山州近10年4—10月的降水资料、常规地面观测、高空观测、ERA5再分析资料和FY-2G卫星TBB资料,对四川省凉山州西南低涡型区域性暖区暴雨进行统计分析和天气学分析。结果表明:(1)凉山州西南低涡型暖区暴雨的发生频率在年际变化上呈波动趋势,2016年和2022年发生频率最高,2017年最低;暴雨主要发生在夏季(6—8月),其中7月发生的频率最高;暴雨具有短时强降水特征,强降水常出现在傍晚到夜间,白天降水强度减弱。(2)暴雨发生在高能高湿的不稳定层结中,其水汽主要来源于孟加拉湾。(3)影响凉山州的西南低涡主要生成于川西高原南部到凉山州西北部,少数生成于四川盆地西南部到凉山州西北部,极少数生成于攀西地区西南部,故川西高原南部是凉山州西南低涡型暖区暴雨对流云团的主要发源地。(4)西南低涡暴雨对流云团常由块状和带状混合影响,影响范围广;暴雨区常出现在低涡中心或外围东南侧,降水成片集中。

Verification of Subseasonal-to-Seasonal Forecasts for Major Stratospheric Sudden Warmings in Northern Winter from 1998/99 to 2012/13

This study reports verification results of hindcast data of four systems in the subseasonal-to-seasonal(S2S)prediction project for major stratospheric sudden warmings(MSSWs)in northern winter from 1998/99 to 2012/13.This report deals with average features across all MSSWs,and possible differences between two MSSW types(vortex displacement and split types).Results for the average features show that stratospheric forecast verifications,when further averaged among the four systems,are judged to be successful for lead times around 10 d or shorter.All systems are skillful for lead times around 5 d,whereas the results vary among the systems for longer lead times.A comparison between the MSSW types overall suggests larger forecast errors or lower skill for MSSWs of the vortex split type,although the differences do not have strong statistical significance for almost all cases.This limitation is likely to at least partly reflect the small sample size of the MSSWs available.

Recent Increased Warming of the Alaskan Marine Arctic Due to Midlatitude Linkages

Alaskan Arctic waters have participated in hemispheric-wide Arctic warming over the last two decades at over two times the rate of global warming. During 2008–13, this relative warming occurred only north of the Bering Strait and the atmospheric Arctic front that forms a north–south thermal barrier. This front separates the southeastern Bering Sea temperatures from Arctic air masses. Model projections show that future temperatures in the Chukchi and Beaufort seas continue to warm at a rate greater than the global rate, reaching a change of +4℃ by 2040 relative to the 1981–2010 mean. Offshore at 74°N, climate models project the open water duration season to increase from a current average of three months to five months by 2040. These rates are occasionally enhanced by midlatitude connections. Beginning in August 2014, additional Arctic warming was initiated due to increased SST anomalies in the North Pacific and associated shifts to southerly winds over Alaska, especially in winter 2015–16. While global warming and equatorial teleconnections are implicated in North Pacific SSTs, the ending of the 2014–16 North Pacific warm event demonstrates the importance of internal, chaotic atmospheric natural variability on weather conditions in any given year. Impacts from global warming on Alaskan Arctic temperature increases and sea-ice and snow loss, with occasional North Pacific support, are projected to continue to propagate through the marine ecosystem in the foreseeable future. The ecological and societal consequences of such changes show a radical departure from the current Arctic environment.

Blocking Anticyclone in the Atlantic Sector of the Arctic as an Example of an Individual Atmospheric Vortex

The task of vortex boundaries setting is one of the most complexes in examination of factors influencing on the vortex (circulation system) development and destruction. In this study a new approach of vortex analysis as a whole system is proposed. It is based on vorticity equation where vorticity (left part of the equation) is defined as time coefficients of EOF-decomposition, which is integrated indexes characterizing individual vortex dynamics. Right part of the vorticity equation depicts internal and external factors influencing on the vortex. It's approbation is done on the example of an arctic-subarctic circulation system including blocking anticyclone in winter 2012 which persisted for a long time over the Atlantic sector of the Arctic and led to the formation of the largest positive air temperature anomalies and the minimum ice cover area in the Barents and Kara seas in the entire history of regular observations. It is shown that the main factor in long-term maintenance of the blocking anticyclone over the Arctic was vorticity advection, which was stabilized by horizontal heat advection.

Definition and analysis of the circulation indices of polar vortex at 10 hPa in the Northern Hemisphere

A set of circulation indices are defined and calculated to characterize monthly mean polar vortex at 10 hPa geopotential height chart in the Northern Hemisphere,including area–(S),intensity–(P) and center position (λc,φc)–indices by use of 1948–2007 NCEP/NCAR 10 hPa monthly height data.These indices series are used to investigate the seasonal variation and interannual anomaly of polar vortex,along with the relations with global warming,ozone anomaly and Arctic Oscillation (AO).The results show that (1) there is anticyclonic (cyclonic) from Jun.to Aug.(from Sep.to Mar.).The change of spring circulation pattern is slower than that of autumn.(2) S can be replaced by P due to the interannual synchronal variations of the intensity and area for polar vortex.The interannual (interdecadal) variations of P are significant in Jan.(Jul.).(3) The anomalies of system center position in Jan.are more evident than that in Jul.(4) The variations of mean temperature at mid-stratosphere in the vicinity of pole zone in Jan.are different from that in Jul.,but they are synchronal with the corresponding P and not significant correlation with the trend of global warming.However,the relationship between P and total O3 in Jul.are obvious.(5) There is so notable correlation between P and AO that P can represent AO.

Effects of Sudden Stratospheric Warming Events on the Distribution of Total Column Ozone over Polar and Middle Latitude Regions

In winter the polar stratosphere is extremely cold. During the Sudden Stratospheric Warming events, the polar stratospheric temperature rises concurrently zonal-mean zonal flow weakens over a short period of time. As the zonal flow weakens, the stratospheric circulation becomes highly asymmetrical and the stratospheric polar vortex is displaced off the pole. The polar stratospheric temperature rises by 50°C and the stratospheric circumpolar flow reverses direction in a span of just few days. Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) leads to significant changes in the rate of several chemical reactions which occur in the polar stratosphere. During such events, the dynamical fields in the polar stratosphere completely altered and columnar ozone changed. This study concentrated on the variability of winter polar vortex, meridional temperature gradient and associated changes in the Total Column Ozone (TCO) over the polar and middle latitude regions. It is found that changes in the amount of column ozone are positively correlated with polar lower stratospheric temperature with colder (warmer) temperature correlating with less (high) amount column ozone. But in the middle latitude region we observed negative correlations between ozone concentration and stratospheric temperature. In almost all cases there is sudden increase of ozone concentration over the pole and after few days the value is reduced when the warming effect is weak. During SSW events there observed an increase of 30 DU in TCO from the average value over the pole and if the SSW is strong TCO is found to rise by 50 DU. But in the middle latitude approximately 10 DU increase is noted. From the above results it may be concluded that variability of column ozone depends on dynamic and stratospheric chemistry over the poles and in middle latitude the variability can be attributed to the dynamical aspects. Anomaly of column ozone is higher during sudden stratospheric warming events over both polar and middle latitude region. The meridional temperature gradient reverses first and after two days polar vortex changes its direction or weakens followed by an increase of column ozone over the polar region. An increase of 30° Kelvin in the average temperature value noted over the polar region during sudden stratospheric warming events.

2021年11月7—9日辽宁省极端雨雪天气分析

选用常规气象观测资料、人工加密观测资料和NCEP/NCAR格点资料,对2021年11月7—9日辽宁省极端雨雪天气进行诊断分析。结果表明:东北冷涡和地面气旋为此次极端雨雪天气的主要影响系统,对流层中低层辐合、高层辐散以及强的冷暖气流交汇,是产生极端雨雪天气的主要原因;高低空急流耦合和高空辐散抽吸作用,配合东北冷涡动力抬升作用,暖湿低空急流沿冷垫爬升,进一步加强了上升运动。暖湿急流为此次极端雨雪天气提供了充沛的水汽条件,暖湿急流的增强对应水汽辐合作用增强,配合低层冷垫和东北冷涡的动力抬升作用,对降雪有明显增幅作用;地面辐合线沿地形分布,触发了此次极端强降雪天气。地形阻挡导致地面冷空气堆积形成冷垫,是极端降雪天气发生的重要原因。温度层结差异是鞍山、岫岩雨雪相态差异的主要原因。具有冻结层特征的低层冷垫,为鞍山极端暴雪提供了有利的温度层结条件;融化层厚度和地面温度是岫岩出现冻雨的关键因素。

冬季北半球对流层极涡天气型的长期变化特征及其成因

本文首先基于1979~2019年ERA5逐日再分析数据集,采用自组织映射(SOM)神经网络方法对冬季北半球对流层极涡进行客观分型,分析了极涡天气型的时间变化特征,揭示了冬季北半球极涡天气型长期变化的成因。结果表明:(1)根据极涡中心位置,极涡可分为绕极型、偶极型、偏欧亚型和偏北美型,其中绕极型和偶极型为主导环流型。绕极型和偶极型的出现频次分别呈现显著减少和增多的趋势,并具有明显的年际和年代际变化。(2)绕极型的长期减少和偶极型的长期增加主要是由于北极地区快速升温导致北半球中高纬度区域间的经向温度梯度不断减小,大气斜压性减弱,进而引起绕极西风环流减弱,使得北半球极涡的强度减弱,极涡极易分裂。随后基于第六次国际耦合模式比较计划(CMIP6)中一个海气耦合模式(CESM2)的工业革命前参照试验(piControl)和CO_(2)浓度每年增加1%的强迫试验(1pctCO_(2))数据集,采用上述同样的方法进一步探讨了极涡绕极型和偶极型的长期变化与全球增暖的关系,发现无论在piControl还是在1pctCO_(2)试验中绕极型和偶极型极涡仍为主导环流型,但在piControl试验中绕极型和偶极型的出现频次无显著变化趋势,而在1pctCO_(2)试验中绕极型和偶极型则分别表现为显著减少和增多的趋势,进一步验证了观测中这两类极涡天气型的长期变化与全球增暖密切有关。同时本文也使用了CMIP6中其他11种模式做了对比分析,发现结果可靠。

凉山州区域性暖区暴雨特征及环流分型研究

选取2013—2022年4—10月凉山州降水数据,结合常规地面观测、高空观测和NCEP再分析资料,制定了凉山州区域性暖区暴雨的统计标准,并对筛选出的42例区域性暖区暴雨进行统计分析和天气学诊断。结果表明:根据天气形势和主要影响系统,凉山州区域性暖区暴雨可分为西南低涡型、冷切变型、暖切变型、西南风型、东南风型5类,其中西南低涡型最多,东南风型最少。各类区域性暖区暴雨都具有短时强降水特征,强降水均出现在傍晚到夜间,白天降水强度减弱。西南低涡型常出现在低涡中心或外围东南侧,降水成片集中,易出现小时雨量≥50 mm的极端强降水。冷切变型常出现在冷切变线东南侧。暖切变型常出现在暖切变线东北侧。西南风型降水成片集中且范围广,多出现在低层一致的西南气流带中,在风速辐合区及脉动区尤为常见。东南风型降水较分散,易出现在山脉迎风坡。东南风型的水汽主要来源于南海和热带西太平洋,其余4类的水汽主要来源于孟加拉湾。5类区域性暖区暴雨均发生在高能高湿的不稳定层结中,配合有较强的垂直上升运动。西南风型、西南低涡型及东南风型的各物理量平均值均优于冷切变型和暖切变型,以西南风型各物理量整体配置更优。

东北暖季冷涡降水日变化的聚类分析

使用2017~2022年5~9月逐小时三源融合实况格点降水(CMPAS)资料,采用K-均值聚类算法对东北暖季冷涡降水日变化分类,分析其特征及空间分布,结果显示:1)东北暖季冷涡降水多年平均降水量空间分布从西北到东南增加,降水频次的空间分布与其相似,降水强度大值区集中在辽东半岛附近。2)东北地区冷涡背景下降水量、降水频次和降水强度暖季平均日变化均呈双峰型,降水量的下午主峰值主要源于降水频次,而夜间次峰值与降水频次和降水强度均关系密切。3)聚类后冷涡降水量、降水频次的日变化表现为单峰型和双峰型特征,且单峰型格点占比较大,降水强度的日变化表现为单峰型。依据峰值出现时间及日变化形态间差异,降水量、频次与强度均可划分为4类不同的日变化类型。4)各类日变化空间占比统计结果显示,冷涡降水量、降水频次日变化存在下午峰值的格点均占比最大,夜间峰值次之,两者聚类后区域特征明显,与地形关系密切且分布相对规整;冷涡降水强度日变化下午单峰型格点占比最大,聚类后空间分布较为零散。

超强台风“威马逊”(1409)强度和降水特征及其近海急剧加强原因

利用常规观测资料以及海南省中尺度自动站资料、海口多普勒雷达产品、FY系列卫星云图和NECP 1°×1°再分析资料,分析了2014年第9号超强台风"威马逊"(1409)在海南岛登陆前后其强度和降水特征及其近海急剧加强的原因。结果表明:"威马逊"登陆海南省文昌市翁田镇时强度维持或略有减弱,登陆前其中心附近极大风速超过74 m·s-1,最低海平面气压899.2 h Pa,为1949年建国以来登陆我国大陆最强台风;"威马逊"从7月18日10时到当日15时登陆文昌前的5 h内,其中心附近最大风速增大了5 m·s-1,最低气压下降了20 h Pa,其超强台风量级从18日11时开始维持时间达17 h;"威马逊"眼壁回波造成的海南北部地区强降水具有降水效率高、对流发展不够强盛的混合性降水特征,而其螺旋雨带"列车效应"造成的海南西部地区极值降水则具有典型的对流性降水特征;西太平洋副热带高压、低空急流、西风槽和南亚高压是"威马逊"近海持续加强的主要影响系统;低层辐合与高层辐散、弱的环境风垂直切变和适宜的海面温度、深厚的暖涡是"威马逊"近海急剧加强的原因。

平流层爆发性增温中平流层环流及化学成分变化过程研究

利用欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）气象分析场、欧洲空间局ENVISAT／MIPAS卫星观测资料以及平／对流层大气化学输送模式MOZART-3综合分析了2003-2004年冬季北半球爆发性增温事件对于平流层大气环流、物质输送以及对流层顶附近臭氧通量等多方面的影响。结果表明：①本次增温过程持续时间长、强度大，平流层极涡从高层向下逐层分裂，增温效应作用到大气较低层，当纬向东风形成并维持后极涡又自上向下逐层恢复；②SSW过程前后行星波活动频繁，有长时间多次的上传，且以1波作用为主，2波对其进行补充；⑧在θ-PVLAT坐标中分析发现SSW扰动过程中平流层中存在一对向极、向下的传播模态，相应的对流层中有一向赤道的传播模态，不同符号的纬向风、温度异常信号沿这两个模态传播，且上、下层传播模态在时间上存在着一定的联系；④增温过程中行星波活动引起的向极输送以及极区垂直运动的变化，共同影响了平流层的物质输送过程，从而导致北半球平流层N2O、O3、CH4、H2O等微量气体成分的垂直、水平分布发生显著变化；⑤增温过程中活跃的行星波可以造成平流层Brewer-Dobson环流增强，同时导致高纬度地区（60～90°N）穿越对流层顸的臭氧通量（Cross-Tropopause Ozone Flux，CTOF）显著增强，与行星波相联系的等熵物质运动引起“middleworld”区域内向赤道的臭氧通量也有所增强。

峡谷地形对两次大暴雨过程的增幅作用对比分析

利用湖北省加密自动站资料、常规观测资料、逐6 h的NCEP/GFS再分析资料以及FY2E红外卫星云图资料,对2012年6月29日、7月4日湖北省两次大暴雨过程中峡谷地形的增幅机制进行对比分析。结果表明:两次过程均在有利的背景场及环境条件下受三峡谷地特殊地形影响而产生,冷暖空气相互对峙并配合峡谷地形的阻挡作用,迫使近地层水平流场、垂直流场发生改变,同时流入峡谷的地面气流与复杂地形相互作用,在峡谷内产生局地气旋性小环流或气流汇合区,地形性涡旋的生成对降水增幅起到关键作用;两次过程的不同之处是,前一过程中,冷空气作用更显著、不稳定能量累积更多、峡谷地形增幅作用更复杂,其中包括狭管效应、喇叭口效应及迎风坡地形效应,所以其降水效率更高、雨强更大。

1991年梅雨锋云系的中尺度分析

根据数字展宽云图和常规资料分析得到,1991年梅雨期江淮地区大 暴雨大多是由中尺度云团产生的。它主要是:低涡暖切云团和冷切(冷锋)云团。它们的大多数是中—β尺度云团,平均维持时间为5—6小时,平均最低云顶温度为-69℃左右。低涡暖切云团产生于低涡中心东侧,低空急流轴的左前方。而冷切云团产生于梅雨锋云系的尾部与西南季风交汇处。另外,分析了云团云顶温度与降水的关系,发现产生≥5mm/h 降水的云团,其中75%的云团云顶温度小于或等于-64℃。

2000年7月西南涡暴雨过程的分析和数值模拟

对2000年7月1～8日西南涡暴雨过程进行了大尺度分析,并利用中尺度暴雨模式MRM1对这次过程进行了数值模拟,结果表明,这次西南涡暴雨过程分为两个阶段,分别对应着两次冷空气南下。暖切变线的南北摆动是发生大暴雨的一个重要原因,而西南急流核的向北传播导致雨区向北传播。模式成功地模拟出了中-α尺度的低涡、切变线,沿暖切变线的强烈倾斜上升气流、中尺度正涡度以及水汽通量散度辐合柱状结构,这些对暴雨的发生提供了动力和水汽条件;而沿低空急流轴的狭长暖湿舌,其北部的干冷区构成的南北向能量锋区,以及较强的中低空不稳定层结是这次暴雨持续发生的重要条件。

初始涡旋结构对热带气旋强度变化影响的数值研究

本文利用中尺度WRF模式,通过构造3个位于不同高度上强度相同的初始涡旋暖心中心(分别称为Low试验、Mid试验和High试验),认识暖心垂直结构对热带气旋发展的影响。理想数值试验发现,在积分6h后在Low试验和Mid试验中最大风速半径开始收缩,眼墙内对流发展,高层暖心发展明显比High试验强,强度增加明显快于High试验,达到快速增强的标准。进一步诊断发现,暖心偏低的试验中初始CAPE值较大,低层风垂直切变较强,有利于眼墙内对流发展,非绝热加热在高层暖心形成过程中起重要作用,最大风速半径收缩比High试验快,热带气旋强度快速增加。本研究清楚表明,数值预报模式中构造初始涡旋的暖心高度对模拟热带气旋的强度发展有重要影响。

一次西南低涡暴雨过程的诊断分析与数值模拟

利用常规观测资料、FY-2C卫星云图、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对一次西南低涡暴雨过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明,这次暴雨天气过程的主要影响系统有对流层高层南亚高压、中层低涡、低层切变线(低涡)以及台风"天鹅"。该过程是由3个接连发生的中尺度对流云团直接造成的,发生在西南低涡闭合涡旋范围内的非对称处。利用WRF_ARW(The Advanced Research WRF)中尺度模式进行了数值模拟,结果表明,对流层高层南亚高压脊线附近的强辐散、对流层中层低涡的垂直涡度耦合和对流层低层强劲的东风干冷急流与南风暖湿急流在四川盆地内交汇,促使西南低涡发展、加强。对流层高层的强辐散和低层强辐合相配合,有利于西南低涡的增强、发展。温度场上,发展的西南低涡在300hPa附近出现"暖心"结构,在850hPa以下北冷南暖,冷暖空气交界随着高度的增加向北倾斜。低涡中心南北两侧的次级环流圈上升支在低涡中心附近汇合,出现剧烈的上升运动,促使西南低涡增强。随着高层南亚高压的南移、高空急流的南压,高层辐散减弱,西南低涡也减弱。当中层西风大槽主体移过河套地区,其携带的强冷空气沿高原东侧迅速南下,大量冷空气进入四川盆地,促使西南低涡向南移出盆地,最终减弱、填塞。

持续性冷涡暖锋暴雨成因及特征分析

利用常规观测资料、自动气象站降水量以及NCEP FNL再分析资料,对2019年8月6—8日一次持续性东北冷涡暴雨过程成因及特征进行诊断分析。结果表明:暖锋稳定维持在同一区域且不断锋生造成持续性暴雨。强降水出现在850 hPa锋区南侧,呈东西带状分布,暴雨与最大锋生区相对应。大气中层为弱对流不稳定,有利于强降水的维持。高层正位涡大值区向下层扩展,促使中低层涡度增加,在暖锋前形成正涡柱结构,在地面锋区上诱发出气旋性环流,有低压新生。锋区低层的强辐合区位于迎风坡,锋面辐合抬升和地形强迫抬升的共同作用,使低层强辐合区持续3 d维持在同一区域。冷涡东移减弱阶段,台风携带大量暖湿空气北上促使锋区北抬,强降水维持。冷涡新生和维持阶段,T_(850-500)≥25℃,K≥35℃,且有一定的对流有效位能,对暴雨的出现有较好的指示意义。暴雨区东边界的水汽输入最为关键,占到整个水汽输入总量的一半,尽管南边界的总水汽输入量不大,但集中出现在第一个暴雨日,是6日暴雨过程主要水汽贡献者。

2019年6月桂林三次强降水天气成因对比分析

利用多普勒雷达、气象卫星、自动气象站等监测数据以及NCEP再分析资料,对桂林2019年6月6-12日接连3次强降水天气过程的环流背景、影响系统与形成原因进行了对比分析。结果表明:(1)3次过程按影响系统分属暖区暴雨、低涡暴雨和锋面暴雨过程,均发生在高空急流右侧辐散、低空急流左侧辐合叠加区。(2)3次过程均受500 hPa短波槽和地面中尺度辐合线影响,但第1次过程中西南急流及地形等、第2次过程中低涡切变线、第3次过程中冷锋也起到重要作用。(3)3次过程的触发系统不同,第1次暖区暴雨过程迎风坡地形对其起触发作用,西南急流使得后向传播的对流云带维持;第2次低涡暴雨过程的触发系统为低层位于贵州一带的西南涡,西部冷空气侵入与西南急流加强是低涡对流云团维持较长时间的原因;第3次锋面暴雨的触发系统为冷锋,锋面配合锋前暖湿气流使对流云带加强。(4)第1次过程暖区暴雨MCS模态主要为线状后向扩建类,极端强降水出现在线对流中后端;第2次过程低涡暴雨MCS模态为涡旋类,极端强降水出现在涡旋中心附近;第3次过程锋面暴雨MCS模态由前期后部层云区线状对流转为层状云包裹对流系统,强降水发生在线对流弯曲或中心强回波处。