2002:The extra-strong warm winter event in North Asia and its accompanying anomalous atmospheric circulation

Features of an extra-strong warm winter event in North Asia in 2002 and its accompanying anomalous atmospheric circulation were studied through diagnosis on the atmospheric reanalysis data set. Results show that the winter of 2002 is of the warmest in the recent 54 years in North Asia, which was caused by both decadal scale and interannual scale variability. The interannual variability is proved to be as the main cause for the event, and it is related to the global scale atmospheric circulation anomalies, with the strongest of them in the Eastern Hemisphere and in the middle and high latitude region of the Southern Hemisphere.

The role of diminishing Arctic sea ice in increased winter snowfall over northern high-latitude continents in a warming environment

Large parts of North America, Europe, Siberia, and East Asia have experienced cold snaps and heavy snowfalls for the past few winters, which have been linked to rapid decline of Arctic sea ice. Although the role of reduction in Arctic sea ice in recent cold and snowy winters is still a matter of debate, there is considerable interest in determining whether such an emerging climate feedback will persist into the future in a warming environment. Here we show that increased winter snowfall would be a robust feature throughout the 21st century in the northeastern Europe, central and northern Asia and northern North America as projected by current-day climate model simulations under the medium mitigation scenario. We argue that the increased winter snowfall in these regions during the 21st century is due primarily to the diminishing autumn Arctic sea ice （largely externally forced）. Variability of the winter Arctic Oscillation （dominant mode of natural variability in the Northern Hemisphere）, in contrast, has little contribution to the increased winter snowfall. This is evident in not only the multi-model ensemble mean, but also each individual model （not model-dependent）. Our findings reinforce suggestions that a strong sea ice-snowfall feedback might have emerged, and would be enhanced in coming decades, increasing the chance of heavy snowfall events in northern high-latitude continents.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE WINTER EXTREME PRECIPITATION EVENTS ON THE BACKGROUND OF CLIMATE WARMING IN SOUTHERN CHINA

Based on daily precipitation and monthly temperature data in southern China, the winter extreme precipitation changes in southern China have been investigated by using the Mann-Kendall test and the return values of Generalized Pareto Distribution. The results show that a winter climate catastrophe in southern China occurred around 1991, and the intensity of winter extreme precipitation was strengthened after climate warming. The anomalous circulation characteristics before and after the climate warming was further analyzed by using the U.S. National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis data. It is found that the tropical winter monsoon over East Asia is negatively correlated with the precipitation in southeastern China. After climate warming the meridionality of the circulations in middle and high latitudes increases, which is favorable for the southward movement of the cold air from the north. In addition, the increase of the temperature over southern China may lead to the decrease of the differential heating between the continent and the ocean. Consequently, the tropical winter monsoon over East Asia is weakened, which is favorable for the transport of the warm and humid air to southeastern China and the formation of the anomalous convergence of the moisture flux, resulting in large precipitation over southeastern China. As a result, the interaction between the anomalous circulations in the middle and high latitudes and lower latitudes after the climate warming plays a major role in the increase of the winter precipitation intensity over southeastern China.

Occurrences of Wintertime Tropical Cyclones in the Western North Pacific under the Background of Global Warming

Using tropical cyclone (TC) observations over a 58-yr period (1949-2006) from the China Meteorological Administration, the 40-year ECMWF Reanalysis (ERA-40), NCEP-NCAR reanalysis, and the Hadley Centre sea ice and sea surface temperature (HadISST) datasets, the authors have examined the behaviors of tropical cyclones (TCs) in the western north Pacific (WNP) in boreal winter (November-December-January-February). The results demonstrate that the occurrences of wintertime TCs, including super typhoons, have decreased over the 58 years. More TCs are found to move westward than northeastward, and the annual total number of parabolic-track-type TCs is found to be decreasing. It is shown that negative sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) related to La Ni a events in the equatorial central Pacific facilitate more TC genesis in the WNP region. Large-scale anomalous cyclonic circulations in the tropical WNP in the lower troposphere are observed to be favorable for cyclogenesis in this area. On the contrary, the positive SSTAs and anomalous anticyclonic circulations that related to El Ni o events responsible for fewer TC genesis. Under the background of global warming, the western Pacific subtropical high tends to intensify and to expand more westward in the WNP, and the SSTAs display an increasing trend in the equatorial eastern-central Pacific. These climate trends of both atmospheric circulation and SSTAs affect wintertime TCs, inducing fewer TC occurrences and causing more TCs to move westward.

Impacts of Nighttime Warming on the Soil Nematode Community in a Winter Wheat Field of Yangtze Delta Plain, China

Changes in the soil nematode community induced by global warming may have a considerable influence on agro-ecosystem functioning. However, the impacts of predicted warming on nematode community in farmland （e.g., winter wheat field） have not been well documented. Therefore, a field experiment with free air temperature increase （FATI） was conducted to investigate the responses of the soil nematode community to nighttime warming in a winter wheat field of Yangtze Delta Plain, China, during 2007 to 2009. Nighttime warming （NW） by 1.8~C at 5-cm soil depth had no significant impact on the total nematode abundance compared to un-warmed control （CK）. However, NW significantly affected the nematode community structure. Warming favored the bacterivores and fungivores, such as Acrobeles, Monhystera, Rhabditis, and Rhabdontolaimus in bacterivores, and Filenchus in fungivores, while the plant-parasites were hindered, such as Helicotylenchus and Psilenchus. Interestingly, the carnivores/ omnivores remained almost unchanged. Hence, the abundances ofbacterivores and fungivores were significantly higher under NW than those under CK. Similarly, the abundances of plant-parasites were significantly lower under NW than under CK. Furthermore, Wasilewska index of the nematode community was significantly higher under NW than those under CK, indicating beneficial effect to the plant in the soil. Our results suggest that nighttime warming may improve soil fertility and decrease soil- borne diseases in winter wheat field through affecting the soil nematode community. It is also indicated that nighttime warming may promote the sustainability of the nematode community by altering genera-specific habitat suitability for soil biota.

Numerous experiments for the impact of warming climate on the phenology and grain yield of winter wheat

Based on the environmental and crop data at Zhenjiang City, in Jiangsu Province, middle east of China, the growing process of winter wheat was simulated by CERES-Wheat model assuming the daily average temperature is 1℃ to 2℃ higher than at the present, which are mostly possible for the change of climate because of enrichment of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The simulation results show that warming climate can promote development rate and shorten phenological stages of wheat, and the grain yield will be higher than present. Its impact on the kernel weight and grains per square meter were different for the plantings of various sowing dates. The results of this study suggest that substantial changes in agricultural production and management practices are needed to respond to the climatic changes expected to take place in China.

Hotpot Warms up Chilly Winter

ADJUSTING their diet to the changing seasons is a way for Chinese people to preserve their health,as they value the concept that eating habits should be in harmony with nature.Winter solstice is the day with the shortest daytime and longest night of the year.From the Winter Solstice,the wintry days start,which are divided into nine sessions with

A numerical study of the impact of SST anomaly in the warm pool area on atmospheric circulation in winter

In this paper the impacts of the anomalous SST in the warm pool area of the Western Equatorial Pacific on the winter time circulation and the East Asian monsoon are studied by using the NCAR CCM. It is found that the abnormal heating in the warm pool area will change the strength and the position of the Walker Cell in the Equatorial Pacific and the anti-Walker Cell in the equatorial Indian Ocean. Both the Walker and anti-Walker Cells are strengthened. The local Hadley Cells over two hemispheres near the warm pool are also strengthened. The subtropical highs in two hemispheres become stronger and move poleward slightly. The westerly jets in the extratropical regions have similar changes as the subtropical highs. The winter monsoon in South-East Asia is weakened by the abnormal heating in the warm pool. The experiment also show that there are wave trains emanating from surrounding areas of the warm pool to the high latitudes, causing various changes in circulations and local weather.

暖冬及倒春寒天气对平欧杂种榛的影响及对策

平欧大榛子在我国栽培历史较短,由于品种多,栽培地域广泛,各地气候、土壤条件差异较大,加上种植者对各品种特性了解不足,生产上出现了各种各样的问题。该文就暖冬及倒春寒天气对平欧大榛子影响情况进行调查,并分析原因、提出应对的解决措施,希望能为种植户及拟发展该产业者提供帮助。

Impact of chilling accumulation and hydrogen cyanamide on floral organ development of sweet cherry in a warm region

The microscopic investigation of the floral development of sweet cherry（Prunus avium L. cv. Hongdeng） from a warm winter climate（Shanghai） and cold winter climate（Tai＇an, Shandong Province, China） was conducted to explore the reason of low fruit set. The effect of hydrogen cyanamide（HCN） on floral development under warm winter conditions was also investigated. Trees grown in Shanghai with insufficient chilling accumulation exhibited little difference in the progression of microspore development compared to trees in Tai＇an that accumulated adequate chilling, but showed substantial delays in ovule and embryo sac development. The growth of nucelli did not proceed beyond the macrospore mother cell and macrospore stages with abortion rates of 13, 15 and 45% by 6, 3 and 0 d before full bloom, respectively. These abnormalities in the ovule and embryo sac in the Shanghai-grown trees were eliminated by HCN application. These results suggest that chilling regulates the development of female floral organs in winter dormancy; therefore, insufficient chilling accumulation, causing abnormality of the female floral organs, restricts the cultivation of sweet cherry in warm winter regions. Interestingly, HCN application, which decreased the chilling requirements for Hongdeng, may be a potential strategy for sweet cherry cultivation in warm winter regions.

夏热冬暖地区办公建筑外遮阳百叶智能控制对比分析

随着建筑节能工作深入,建筑智能遮阳技术迅速发展,外遮阳智能控制系统成为有效降低建筑能耗、提高能源利用效率的新兴节能技术。通过建筑外遮阳百叶智能控制系统的对比设计,采用EnergyPlus的EMS模块进行模拟,比较东向百叶外遮阳不同智能控制方式对室内能耗的影响,对百叶最优倾角常开、入射角控制、冷负荷控制、综合控制进行能耗分析。研究结果发现:3种百叶控制方式与百叶最优倾角常开状态对比均有一定的节能效果,仅有入射角控制这一方式的总能耗最低,综合控制次之,仅有冷负荷控制的方式能耗最高。研究结果为建筑设计者提供了关于东向百叶外遮阳智能控制系统设置的参考,通过优化入射角控制设置降低能耗、提高建筑舒适性。

增温背景下不同土壤对冬小麦产量品质影响评价

利用冬小麦品种‘镇麦168’,以黄棕壤、砂礓黑土、风沙土、红壤、潮土、黑土、黄土、灰钙土、紫色土、砖红壤、盐碱土和棕壤共12种典型农田土壤为基质,在开放式增温系统开展模拟大气增温框栽试验。试验设置常温对照(CK)和增温1.5℃(eT)两个处理,增温处理为冬小麦全生育期增温。以成熟期冬小麦单穗粒数、千粒重等表征产量变化,籽粒淀粉、蛋白质及其组分等营养指标体现品质构成。结果表明:(1)全生育期增温分别使黄棕壤、风沙土、黑土、黄土、灰钙土和紫色土冬小麦较常温对照减产33.82%、20.96%、16.60%、55.92%、28.45%和21.19%,但潮土冬小麦增产16.13%(P<0.05),其他土壤条件下冬小麦产量无明显变化。(2)就冬小麦营养品质,直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量在增温作用下较常温对照存在不同程度下降,且直链淀粉降幅大于支链淀粉,在红壤、黑土、黄土、灰钙土、紫色土、盐碱土和棕壤条件下冬小麦总淀粉含量显著降低(P<0.05)。籽粒蛋白质及其组分,清蛋白和球蛋白呈显著增加趋势,而醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白显著下降,且降幅大于前两者增幅,除红壤冬小麦总蛋白含量无显著变化以外,其他11种土壤条件下冬小麦总蛋白含量均较常温对照显著降低(P<0.05)。冬小麦可溶性总糖仅在潮土、灰钙土和紫色土条件下显示出显著增加趋势(P<0.05)。(3)利用隶属函数对常温对照和增温各处理进行综合品质排名,表现最好的为常温组黑土冬小麦(U=0.707),常温组中棕壤(U=0.691)、灰钙土(U=0.647)、紫色土(U=0.644)和黄土冬小麦(U=0.644)次之,品质最差的是常温下红壤冬小麦(U=0.364)和增温下红壤冬小麦(U=0.368)。除潮土冬小麦以外,其他11种土壤冬小麦品质均表现为增温劣于对照。(4)常温条件下冬小麦产量最大影响因素为单穗粒数,直接通径系数为0.630,其次为有效穗数和球蛋白,均体现为直接作用,直接通径系数分别为0.538和-0.118;增温条件下冬小麦产量最大影响因素也是单穗粒数,直接通径系数为0.603,其次为有效穗数、千粒重和总淀粉,有效穗数和总淀粉通过与单穗粒数的间接作用对冬小麦产量产生影响,间接通径系数分别为0.322和0.381。综合而言,增温通过对冬小麦产量构成和籽粒营养成分的综合作用影响品质,12种典型农田土壤中,潮土冬小麦对增温表现为正效应,其他土壤为负效应,冬小麦产量品质形成对气候变暖响应受到土壤类型的调控。

夏热冬暖地区光伏驱动型光催化墙节能潜力研究

为延长Trombe墙系统的运行时间,充分利用太阳能,文章提出光伏驱动型光催化Trombe墙模型,研究系统在夏热冬暖地区全年运行状况,对系统发电量,净化空气量,总节约能量变化情况进行分析。结果表明,全年总发电量为1250.16 kWh,全年总净化空气量为104209.02 m^(3),全年总节约能量为1440.01 kWh,冬夏两季系统运行性能平均值与全年平均值相比波动在20%以内,系统具有全年运行的可行性。本研究为光伏驱动型光催化Trombe墙系统在夏热冬暖地区全年运行提供理论和基础。

装配式模块化集成凸窗设计思考

通过对以广州市为代表的夏热冬暖地区既有建筑窗使用功能需求及现存问题的剖析,提出集成凸窗产品设计必要性及设计策略,在此基础上,分别从功能、形式、尺寸三方面阐述装配式模块化集成凸窗产品的基础版及升级版产品设计思考,并应用工业化建筑“集成”的设计理念来实现立面形式的标准化与多样化统一。装配式模块化集成凸窗以产品化设计思维,采用工厂预制现场安装的装配式设计理念,以模块化功能集成的方式作为产品设计可应用于夏热冬暖地区既有建筑改造及新建建筑项目,响应城市更新的国家政策及行业要求,以期为我国城市更新发展提供设计思考,进一步推动我国住宅工业化发展。

夏热冬暖地区冰球馆空调系统节能设计实践

以地处夏热冬暖地区的福州某学校冰球馆空气调节系统为例,从分析福州气候特征、冰球馆空调负荷特性着手,抓住温湿度控制要点,开展节能优化设计。该项目以传统冷冻除湿、再热的手段为基础,结合冷凝热回收技术、转轮除湿技术进行改良优化,有效降低运行能耗,为冰球馆控湿防雾、节能运行保驾护航。

广州某大型医院冷热源方案选型及水系统设计分析

介绍了广州市某大型综合医院空调系统设计,基于对综合医院所处位置及实际需求的深入分析,探讨非净化区与净化区空调冷热源系统的方案选型。另外,通过一级泵变流量系统与二级泵变流量系统方案的对比,根据实际情况探索该大型医疗综合楼空调水系统的最佳方案。

Interdecadal Variations of Winter Temperatures in East China During the Past 100 Years and Related Atmospheric Circulation

The winter temperature changes in East China during the past 100 years are investigated by using the Twentieth Century Version 2(20th-v2)Reanalysis.Four typical warm(P1,1911–30;P4,1991–2010)and cold(P2,1938–57;P3,1961–80)periods are identified for the East China winter temperature index.Comparison of160-station observational data,NCAR sea level pressure(SLP)data,and NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis shows that the20th-v2 Reanalysis can successfully depict the major features of the warming from P3 to P4,which is part of the global warming phenomenon.The cooling from P1 to P2is a regional phenomenon under global warming.However,both changes are consistent with the phase change of the Arctic Oscillation(AO),while the second change is also accompanied by the phase change of Antarctic Oscillation(AAO)from negative to positive.Original sources of the interdecadal shifts of the AO and winter temperature in East China require further research.

夜间增温对铅危害下小麦物质积累分配与根系生长的影响

为揭示气候变暖与土壤铅污染对农作物及其地下根系生长的影响,利用夜间增温系统研究了4种土壤铅水平下冬小麦关键生育期的干物质积累及其地上地下分配、收获指数、根系活性的变化。结果表明,夜间增温提升小麦全生育期的土壤温度0.6~1.4℃,增温效果明显。未污染处理的小麦蜡熟期总生物量与籽粒产量在夜间增温下显著提高,但收获指数却显著降低。铅污染加重造成小麦籽粒产量与总生物量下降,但夜间增温使铅污染处理小麦的产量显著增加14.7%~19.1%、总生物量显著增加13.0%~26.5%,其收获指数增加,表明夜间增温提高了小麦抗铅污染危害的能力。增温对提高小麦根干物质积累表现为正效应而铅污染胁迫则表现为负效应,增温具有增加小麦根系干重及根冠比的趋势,但受铅污染程度、作物生长时期制约。小麦根系活性随土壤铅污染加重而下降,而夜间增温具有提高低铅土壤小麦各时期根系活性的趋势,夜间增温在抽穗期显著提高了4个铅处理的小麦根系活性(12.2%~40.2%),增温下根系活性的增强有助于作物抵御铅污染危害。研究结果表明增温对小麦地下系统的正效应影响有助于提高其抵御铅污染胁迫的能力。

Impact of Arctic amplification on East Asian winter climate

1.Introduction The Arctic region warms about twice as much as the global average,and this so-called Arctic amplification(AA)might increase the moisture flux towards Siberia(Cohen et al.2014).Furthermore,because of strong radiative cooling over Siberia in winter,AA might enhance the snowfall in that region and reinforce cold spells in East Asia(Wu,Su,and Zhang 2011).Since 2000,the loss of Arctic sea ice during autumn has enhanced snowfall in Siberia during

Composite Simulation of Dynamic Water Content and Water Use Efficiency of Winter Wheat

In order to forecast the effect of climate warming on agriculture,ENWATBAL model was used to simulate evapotranspiration of winter wheat due to the change of air temperature and precipitation in the coming decades.The effect of climate warming on winter wheat yield in the future decades was speculated by the past yield and climate data in last decades,and the possible water use efficiency in the future decades was calculated.The results indicate that climate warming would increase winter wheat evapotranspiration,and decrease yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat.It shows that climate warming would intensify the water shortage in agriculture,and it is necessary to develop watersaving agriculture.