Grindability Evaluation of Ultrasonic Assisted Grinding of Silicon Nitride Ceramic Using Minimum Quantity Lubrication Based SiO_(2)Nanofluid

Minimum quantity Lubrication(MQL)is a sustainable lubrication system that is famous in many machining systems.It involve the spray of an infinitesimal amount of mist-like lubricants during machining processes.The MQL system is affirmed to exhibit an excellent machining performance,and it is highly economical.The nanofluids are understood to exhibit excellent lubricity and heat evacuation capability,compared to pure oil-based MQL system.Studies have shown that the surface quality and amount of energy expended in the grinding operations can be reduced considerably due to the positive effect of these nanofluids.This work presents an experimental study on the tribological performance of SiO_(2)nanofluid during grinding of Si_(3)N_(4)ceramic.The effect different grinding modes and lubrication systems during the grinding operation was also analyzed.Different concentrations of the SiO_(2)nanofluid was manufactured using canola,corn and sunflower oils.The quantitative evaluation of the grinding process was done based on the amount of grinding forces,specific grinding energy,frictional coefficient,and surface integrity.It was found that the canola oil exhibits optimal lubrication performance compared to corn oil,sunflower oil,and traditional lubrication systems.Additionally,the introduction of ultrasonic vibrations with the SiO_(2)nanofluid in MQL system was found to reduce the specific grinding energy,normal grinding forces,tangential grinding forces,and surface roughness by 65%,57%,65%,and 18%respectively.Finally,regression analysis was used to obtain an optimum parameter combinations.The observations from this work will aid the smooth transition towards ecofriendly and sustainable machining of engineering ceramics.

Fluorographene with Narrow Lateral Size and Thickness Distributions Prepared for Enhancing Lubrication Performance of Bentonite Grease

Fluorographene(FG)with narrow lateral size and thickness distributions was prepared by a liquid-phase exfoliation method,based on liquid cascade centrifugation.The Rtec MFT-5000 tribo-meter was used to investigate the lubricating performance of bentonite grease enhanced by the as-prepared FG.The results showed that the coefficient of friction and the wear volume of bentonite grease with 0.3 wt%FG were decreased by 20.4%and 44.9%,respectively,as compared to those of the base grease.The main reason is that FG can promote the formation of the tribo-chemical reaction film consisting of complex carbon oxide,Fe_(2)O_(3)and FeF_(3)on the friction surface,which can remarkably improve the performance of friction reduction and prevent the appearance of severe wear.

Thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication of modified gear system considering vibration

The thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication characteristics of a modified gear system under a dynamic load were investigated,including the influence of the modification coefficient and vibrations.Based on the dynamic theory of gear systems,a six-degree-of-freedom tribo-dynamics model was established.Thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication characteristics of a modified gear system under vibrations and a static load were analyzed.The results showed that the positive transmission gear system exhibited the better lubrication effect compared with other transmission types.A thick lubricating oil film could be formed,and the friction coefficient between the teeth and the oil film flash temperature were the smallest.As the modification coefficient increased,the lubrication condition was continuously improved,and the scuffing load capacity was enhanced.The increment of the modification coefficient increased the meshing stiffness of the gear system but reduced the stiffness of the oil film.

Tribological Mechanism of Graphene and Ionic Liquid Mixed Fluid on Grinding Interface under Nanofluid Minimum Quantity Lubrication

Graphene has superhigh thermal conductivity up to 5000 W/(m·K),extremely thin thickness,superhigh mechanical strength and nano-lamellar structure with low interlayer shear strength,making it possess great potential in mini-mum quantity lubrication(MQL)grinding.Meanwhile,ionic liquids(ILs)have higher thermal conductivity and better thermal stability than vegetable oils,which are frequently used as MQL grinding fluids.And ILs have extremely low vapor pressure,thereby avoiding film boiling in grinding.These excellent properties make ILs also have immense potential in MQL grinding.However,the grinding performance of graphene and ionic liquid mixed fluid under nano-fluid minimum quantity lubrication(NMQL),and its tribological mechanism on abrasive grain/workpiece grinding interface,are still unclear.This research firstly evaluates the grinding performance of graphene and ionic liquid mixed nanofluids(graphene/IL nanofluids)under NMQL experimentally.The evaluation shows that graphene/IL nanofluids can further strengthen both the cooling and lubricating performances compared with MQL grinding using ILs only.The specific grinding energy and grinding force ratio can be reduced by over 40%at grinding depth of 10μm.Work-piece machined surface roughness can be decreased by over 10%,and grinding temperature can be lowered over 50℃at grinding depth of 30μm.Aiming at the unclear tribological mechanism of graphene/IL nanofluids,molecular dynamics simulations for abrasive grain/workpiece grinding interface are performed to explore the formation mechanism of physical adsorption film.The simulations show that the grinding interface is in a boundary lubrication state.IL molecules absorb in groove-like fractures on grain wear flat face to form boundary lubrication film,and graphene nanosheets can enter into the grinding interface to further decrease the contact area between abrasive grain and workpiece.Compared with MQL grinding,the average tangential grinding force of graphene/IL nanofluids can decrease up to 10.8%.The interlayer shear effect and low interlayer shear strength of graphene nanosheets are the principal causes of enhanced lubricating performance on the grinding interface.EDS and XPS analyses are further carried out to explore the formation mechanism of chemical reaction film.The analyses show that IL base fluid happens chemical reactions with workpiece material,producing FeF_(2),CrF_(3),and BN.The fresh machined surface of workpiece is oxidized by air,producing NiO,Cr_(2)O_(3) and Fe_(2)O_(3).The chemical reaction film is constituted by fluorides,nitrides and oxides together.The combined action of physical adsorption film and chemical reaction film make graphene/IL nano-fluids obtain excellent grinding performance.

Microstructure and preparation of nano S-W-S new solid lubrication system

The method for preparing a new solid lubrication system of nano S W S was presented. The microstructure of the S W S nano cluster was investigated using TEM and XRD. The system is a mixture clusters of both monocrystal and polycrystal of layered hexagonal structure with one tungsten atom linking with two sulphur atoms, and the week Van der Waals’ force bonding together the different layers. The changes of electronic structure were studied with XPS. The hybridization of different electronic shell orbitals of the sulphur atom in the nano cluster is regarded as the quantum size effect. The clusters are found to be of a closed spherical structure without any dangling bond. [

Thermal Aspects in Lubrication System Design for Internal Combustion Engines

The mechanical losses in an internal combustion engine cause a significant decrease in the engine’s overall efficiency. Wherever friction work is dissipated a heat load will inevitably appear. This heat load has to be taken care of in some way, usually with both the water-cooling and the lubrication system. Despite its name, one of the major tasks of the latter one is, to draw out heat from between lubricated surfaces. In contrast to the water cooling system, which is primarily designed for cooling the cylinder block, the lubrication system is mainly required for cooling the crankshaft and piston rod bearings. A lubrication system for today’s automotive engines consists of several components, i.e. an oil pump, a pressure relief valve and an oil filter. This study focuses on the dynamic characteristics of a pressure relief valve and how the system temperature is affected by the critical design parameters of the valve. Using a thermodynamic simulation model together with an optimisation strategy makes it possible to express the desired system characteristics. Then, the optimisation strategy seeks for a similar system configuration with help of the model.

Tribological Performance of Different Concentrations of Al_(2)O_(3)Nanofluids on Minimum Quantity Lubrication Milling

Nanofluid minimum quantity lubrication(NMQL)is a green processing technology.Cottonseed oil is suitable as base oil because of excellent lubrication performance,low freezing temperature,and high yield.Al_(2)O_(3)nanoparticles improve not only the heat transfer capacity but also the lubrication performance.The physical and chemical proper-ties of nanofluid change when Al_(2)O_(3)nanoparticles are added.However,the effects of the concentration of nanofluid on lubrication performance remain unknown.Furthermore,the mechanisms of interaction between Al_(2)O_(3)nanoparti-cles and cottonseed oil are unclear.In this research,nanofluid is prepared by adding different mass concentrations of Al_(2)O_(3)nanoparticles(0,0.2%,0.5%,1%,1.5%,and 2%wt)to cottonseed oil during minimum quantity lubrication(MQL)milling 45 steel.The tribological properties of nanofluid with different concentrations at the tool/workpiece interface are studied through macro-evaluation parameters(milling force,specific energy)and micro-evaluation parameters(surface roughness,micro morphology,contact angle).The result show that the specific energy is at the minimum(114 J/mm^(3)),and the roughness value is the lowest(1.63μm)when the concentration is 0.5 wt%.The surfaces of the chip and workpiece are the smoothest,and the contact angle is the lowest,indicating that the tribological proper-ties are the best under 0.5 wt%.This research investigates the intercoupling mechanisms of Al_(2)O_(3)nanoparticles and cottonseed base oil,and acquires the optimal Al_(2)O_(3)nanofluid concentration to receive satisfactory tribological properties.

Application of rolling technique lubrication system of 2150 mm hot rolling line

In order to reduce the friction force between the roll and rolling material,decrease the rolling force and consumed power,enhance the product quality and rolling efficiency,rolling technique lubrication has been applied widely in mordern hot rolling mill at present.The constitution and control principle of rolling technique lubrication System of 2 150 Hot Rolling Line are analyzed.In light of the problems that took place while testing and applicating,the reformation measures are pointed out.Since taking measures,some good effect has been obtained,which ensure the technique lubrication system operating steadily.

Assessment of Lubrication Property and Machining Performance of Nanofluid Composite Electrostatic Spraying(NCES)Using Different Types of Vegetable Oils as Base Fluids of External Fluid

The current study of minimum quantity lubrication(MQL)concentrates on its performance improvement.By contrast with nanofluid MQL and electrostatic atomization(EA),the proposed nanofluid composite electrostatic spraying(NCES)can enhance the performance of MQL more comprehensively.However,it is largely influenced by the base fluid of external fluid.In this paper,the lubrication property and machining performance of NCES with different types of vegetable oils(castor,palm,soybean,rapeseed,and LB2000 oil)as the base fluids of external fluid were compared and evaluated by friction and milling tests under different flow ratios of external and internal fluids.The spraying current and electrowetting angle were tested to analyze the influence of vegetable oil type as the base fluid of external fluid on NCES performances.The friction test results show that relative to NCES with other vegetable oils as the base fluids of external fluid,NCES with LB2000 as the base fluid of external fluid reduced the friction coefficient and wear loss by 9.4%-27.7%and 7.6%-26.5%,respectively.The milling test results display that the milling force and milling temperature for NCES with LB2000 as the base fluid of external fluid were 1.4%-13.2%and 3.6%-11.2%lower than those for NCES with other vegetable oils as the base fluids of external fluid,respectively.When LB2000/multi-walled carbon nanotube(MWCNT)water-based nanofluid was used as the external/internal fluid and the flow ratio of external and internal fluids was 2:1,NCES showed the best milling performance.This study provides theoretical and technical support for the selection of the base fluid of NCES external fluid.

Effect of Surface Roughness on Lubrication Performance of Bump-Type Gas Foil Bearings

Taking bump-type gas foil bearings as the research object,a deformation model of bump foil and a thin-plate finite element model of top foil were proposed.By solving Reynolds equation and energy equation,the pressure distribution and the temperature distribution of gas films in foil bearings were obtained.Further,a numerical method for calculating the lubrication performance of gas foil bearings with considering the surface roughness was proposed.With a specific example,effects of the surface roughness on the bearing lubrication performance were parametrically studied.The results indicate that rougher journal surface can lead to larger fluctuation of the lubrication performance,while surface roughness of top foil has few effects on the fluctuation.Moreover,the mean values of performance parameters almost remain constant at different values of surface roughness.

Achieving oxidation protection effect for strips hot rolling via Al_(2)O_(3) nanofluid lubrication

It was discovered the application of Al_(2)O_(3) nanofluid as lubricant for steel hot rolling could synchronously achieve oxidation protection of strips surface.The underlying mechanism was investigated through hot rolling tests and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations.The employment of Al_(2)O_(3) nanoparticles contributed to significant enhancement in the lubrication performance of lubricant.The rolled strip exhibited the best surface topography that the roughness reached lowest with the sparsest surface defects.Besides,the oxide scale generated on steel surface was also thinner,and the ratio of Fe_(2)O_(3) among various iron oxides became lower.It was revealed the above oxidation protection effect of Al_(2)O_(3) nanofluid was attributed to the deposition of nanoparticles on metal surface during hot rolling.A protective layer in the thickness of about 193 nm was formed to prevent the direct contact between steel matrix and atmosphere,which was mainly composed of Al_(2)O_(3) and sintered organic molecules.MD simulations confirmed the diffusion of O_(2) and H_(2)O could be blocked by the Al_(2)O_(3) layer through physical absorption and penetration barrier effect.

Multifunctional Lubricant Additive Improves Lubrication and Antioxidation Properties of Tung Oil

It is of considerable significance to develop efficient and environmentally friendly machinery lubricant additives because of the increasing depletion of petrochemical resources and severe environmental problems.Herein,we proposed a facile strategy to synthesize a multifunctional vegetable oil-based lubricant via the lignin derivative vanillin coupled to amine and diethyl phosphite to produce a lubricating additive with both extreme pressure and antioxidant properties.Compared with pure tung oil,the lubricating and antioxidant performance of tung oil is significantly improved after adding additives.Adding the 1.0 wt%additive to the tung oil reduced the friction wear coefficient and the volume,and the oxidation induction time was much longer than pure tung oil.

Design and Engineering Application of Direct Mixing Lubrication System for Emulsion Pipeline in Secondary Cold Rolling Mill

With the benefit fierce competition in the steel industry market in recent years,double cold reduction products have been developed towards strength improvement and thickness reduction.The traditional cold-rolling lubrication process with a fixed flow rate and concentration cannot solve the problems,which are uncontrollable plate shape and the excessive consumption of lubricating oil.Moreover,based on the analysis of the traditional direct aplication lubrication system of double cold reduction mill,a set of design scheme suitable for the emulsion pipeline direct mixing lubrication system of double cold reduction mill unit was proposed.The design completed the selection of key components,which included the static mixer and atomization nozzle selection,pump and oil pump design selection,pipeline design selection,flow type selection,pressure gauge selection,electronic control cabinet design selection and other eight aspects.Equipment of the emulsion pipeline direct mixing lubrication system of double cold reduction has been developed.Comparing with characteristics of the traditional direct aplication lubrication system,the emulsion pipeline direct mixing lubrication system was better applied to the production practice of a 1220 double cold reduction mill.The consumption of ton of steel was reduced by 9.6%.The rolling energy consumption and fuel consumption comprehensive costs decreased by 10.7%,and the strip steel section thickness difference was reduced by 19.3%.In addition,the plate shape quality defect rate decreased by 25.6%,otherwise creating a large economic benefit for the unit and promoting the application value.

Simulation analysis of wear characteristics of connecting rod bearing bush based on improved mixed lubrication model

The failure rate of crankpin bearing bush of diesel engine under complex working conditions such as high temperature,dynamic load and variable speed is high.After serious wear,it is easy to deteriorate the stress state of connecting rod body and connecting rod bolt,resulting in serious accidents such as connecting rod fracture and body damage.Based on the mixed lubrication characteristics of connecting rod big endbearing shell of diesel engine under high explosion pressure impact load,an improved mixed lubrication mechanism model is established,which considers the influence of viscoelastic micro deformation of bearing bush material,integrates the full film lubrication model and dry friction model,couples dynamic equation of connecting rod.Then the actual lubrication state of big end bearing shell is simulated numerically.Further,the correctness of the theoretical research results is verified by fault simulation experiments.The results show that the high-frequency impact signal with fixed angle domain characteristics will be generated after the serious wear of bearing bush and the deterioration of lubrication state.The fault feature capture and alarm can be realized through the condition monitoring system,which can be applied to the fault monitoring of connecting rod bearing bush of diesel engine in the future.

MoSe_(2)/石墨烯-不锈钢自润滑材料的减摩机理

为克服不锈钢摩擦副零件摩擦因数大、易磨损的不足,利用粉末冶金不锈钢基体贯通孔隙特征和异质结纳米润滑剂超滑效应,采用真空浸渍和水热合成两步法工艺制备出了MoSe_(2)/石墨烯-不锈钢自润滑材料,并对其摩擦学特性与减摩机理进行了研究。研究发现:摩擦过程中,加入到基体孔隙的MoSe_(2)/石墨烯异质结润滑剂在摩擦表面形成了均匀润滑膜,显著减小了摩擦副的摩擦因数和磨损率。在常温、载荷40 N、转速100 r/min工况下,MoSe_(2)/石墨烯-不锈钢自润滑材料的摩擦因数低至0.106,磨损率降至6.45×10^(-5)mm^(3)/(N·m),与不锈钢基体相比,其摩擦因数和磨损率分别降低了86%和93%。

纤维材质对UHMWPE水润滑轴承复合材料摩擦学性能的影响

超高分子量聚乙烯(Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, UHMWPE)在水润滑轴承领域具有巨大的发展潜力,然而单一的UHMWPE难以满足水润滑轴承的耐磨性需求,尤其是在低速重载工况下.通过纤维改性的方法可以提高其摩擦学性能,但是纤维材质的不同特性对于复合材料摩擦学性能的影响存在差异.通过热压模具分别制备剑麻纤维(Sisal fiber,SF)、碳纤维(Carbon fiber,CF)和聚酯纤维(Polyester fiber,PETF)与UHMWPE混合的定向纤维复合材料,并与纯UHMWPE做对照试验.利用R-tec往复摩擦试验机模拟不同载荷(5和10 N)和不同速度(20、40和60 mm/s)下铜球与不同复合材料的摩擦过程,通过邵氏硬度和极限抗弯强度试验对复合材料力学性能进行表征测试,采用接触角测试复合材料的浸润性,试验结束后用扫描电子显微镜观察表面磨损形貌.结果表明:纤维的力学性能,尤其是硬度和抗弯强度是影响定向纤维复合材料摩擦学性能的关键因素,所添加纤维在复合材料中强有力的支撑作用使摩擦学性能显著提高,纤维的耐磨性和浸润性是次要因素.试验工况下,CF/UHMWPE摩擦系数最低,且在低速重载(载荷10 N,速度20 mm/s)时的摩擦系数与纯UHMWPE相比降低了36.92%;添加耐磨性强的PETF纤维后,复合材料磨损体积与纯UHMWPE相比降低了30.56%.

润滑条件对TC4钛合金切削加工影响的实验研究

为了研究冷却润滑条件及切削参数对TC4钛合金的切削力和表面粗糙度的影响,分别开展CMQL、冷风、浇注式冷却润滑条件的TC4钛合金高速切削实验、四种不同润滑环境的粗/半精/精加工实验以及CMQL条件下TC4钛合金正交切削试验,通过单因素分析和正交试验法研究冷却润滑条件及切削参数对切削加工性的影响。研究表明:CMQL冷却润滑条件可在TC4钛合金高速切削时有效降低切削阻力和改善表面粗糙度,并在高速精车削阶段体现出降低切削阻力的优势。考虑CMQL条件下高速精车TC4钛合金加工效率,最佳参数组合为较高的切削速度、较小的精加工余量和合适范围内较大的进给量。

基于红外光谱技术智能识别润滑油的研究进展

机器学习作为人工智能发展的核心,在各行业得到快速发展,近年来也成为润滑油领域研究的热点之一,标志着润滑油的研究不再局限于大规模的试验研究,高通量数据、机器学习、优化算法开始应用于润滑油的研究。文章介绍了基于红外光谱技术在润滑油种类鉴别、润滑剂筛选、润滑性能评估和润滑监测等方面的研究进展,并对未来基于红外光谱技术应用于智能识别润滑油的研究进行了展望。

航空发动机滑油系统LRU级故障树建模与分析

滑油系统是航空发动机的关键系统之一,一旦发生故障,严重影响飞行安全。滑油系统结构复杂,排故难度较大。对滑油系统进行LRU级故障树建模和分析,能够为快速定位LRU级故障源提供指导性建议。根据滑油系统工作原理、组成与运行特点,构建了以LRU级故障为底事件故障树模型,运用下行法求解故障树最小割集,采用不交化的最小割集表达式,计算滑油系统顶事件故障发生概率,以及滑油压力异常、油液污染、滑油消耗量大、滑油系统部件损坏等典型故障发生概率;在不交化最小割集矩阵中,与求顶事件概率相对应,分析LRU级故障树底事件概率重要度和相对概率重要度;通过概率重要度分析明确航空发动机滑油系统的易损部件,为日常维护与管理提供参考。

矩形沟槽结构参数对水润滑轴承润滑性能的影响

为了研究矩形沟槽结构参数对水润滑轴承弹流润滑性能的影响,建立水润滑轴承流固耦合(FSI)分析模型,采用有限元法,通过比对轴承周向水膜压力、最大水膜压力、摩擦系数、承载力、偏位角和轴承最大径向变形等参数,阐述了矩形沟槽结构参数对轴承润滑性能的变化规律。结果表明,沟槽宽度或深度越大的轴承,其承载性能越差。通过合理调整沟槽的宽深比,可以有效地改善轴承的润滑状态。在相同流水槽总断面积下,沟槽宽深比过大或过小均不是轴承弹流润滑的最好状态,沟槽宽度对轴承承载性能的影响要高于沟槽深度对轴承的影响。