Treatment of tunnel wash waters-experiments with organic sorbent materials.PartⅠ:Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nonpolar oil

Tunnel wash waters characterize all waters that run off after washing procedures of tunnels are performed.These waters represent a wide spectrum of organic and inorganic pollutants,such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)and toxic metals.Removal of such contaminants from water runoff was investigated using laboratory tests after washing procedure was performed on two road tunnels in eastern Norway(Hanekleiv and Bragernes).Due to diverse character of both,treatment media and treated wash waters, the wh...

Treatment of tunnel wash waters-experiments with organic sorbent materials. PartⅡ: Removal of toxic metals

In the first part of the article, the column and the bag experiments concerning removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nonpolar oil (NPO) from tunnel wash waters using organic sorbent materials have been described. This part presents the results of removal of toxic metals. The metals of concern (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mo, Ni, and Zn) were selected based on the priority toxicant pollutants defined in surface water quality criteria. Concentrations of these metals in the collected effluent...

Freeze Concentration of Proteins in Antarctic Krill Wash Water

Water-washing removes fluoride from Antarctic krill but produces large volumes of wash water containing water-soluble proteins and fluoride. The freeze concentration method was tested to determine if it could be used to recover water-soluble proteins while leaving the fluoride in solution. After freezing and thawing the wash water, protein and fluoride contents of the thawed fractions were determined to explore the melting regularity of components in the wash water. The highest concentration factors of protein and fluoride were obtained after 80 min of thawing, such as 1.48 ± 0.06 and 1.35 ± 0.04 times, respectively. The free amino-nitrogen(FAN) content and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis pattern results revealed that the highest concentrations of all ingredients were obtained after 80 min of the process. The degree of hydrolysis of all fractions from the thawing process fluctuated in a narrow range around 12% during the entire process, indicating that the thawing order did not change with various proteins or time during the entire thawing course. These results demonstrate that the freeze concentration method can be used to concentrate protein solutions, even those with fluoride. It was concluded that condensation was achieved and no ingredient could be separated, regardless of fluoride, amino acids, or different proteins in the water.

Economic Analysis of a Large UASB Reactor Producing Biogas from Baggase Wash Water

This paper concerns with the treatment of bagasse wash water, which is generated after washing the stored bagasse before its use in the paper manufacture. The bagasse wash water, treated earlier in open lagoons, is now treated by the anaerobic process using UASB reactor. This study, based upon an operating unit, shows that the UASB reactor reduces COD of wash water by 85% - 90%, and results in significant emission reductions. Economic analysis carried out by using financial indicators such as DSCR, Payback period and IRR reveals very attractive rate of returns and thus, greatly reduces the risks in financing such projects by the financial institutions.

Preparation and characterization of asymmetric ultrafiltration membrane for effective recovery of proteases from surimi wash water

The wash water generated from the surimi processing industry contains a large amount of proteases which are widely used in the food and biotechnology industries. Asymmetric polysulfone and polyethersulfone ultrafiltration （PSf-UF and PES-UF） membranes with three different polymer concentrations were screened for their abilities to recover proteases from surimi wash water. In- house fabricated membranes were prepared via a simple dry/wet phase inversion technique and were characterized in terms of permeability coefficient, membrane morphol- ogy and molecular weight cut-off （MWCO）. The ability of the UF membranes to remove commercial proteases was tested at various pressures （up to 10 bars）. The membrane with the best performance, 15 wt-% PSf-UF, was further tested with actual surimi wash water. The effect of the pH of the feed solution （4 to 8） in the pre-treatment stage was also evaluated to recover the highest amount of proteases. The highest retention of protease was 96% with a flux of 25.6 L/（mZ.h） which was achieved with the 15 wt-% PSf- UF membrane.

Effect of Water Washing Pre-treatment on the Properties of Glass-ceramics from Incinerator Fly Ash Using Electronic Arc Furnace

Production of glass-ceramics by sintering the molten slag obtained from electric arc furnace treatment of fly ash was investigated. The effect of washing pretreatment prior to melting the fly ash on the microstructure and properties of the glass-ceramics was examined. The results show that washing pretreatment of fly ash can decrease alkali metal chloride and increase network former in fly ash, which results in the increase of peak crystallization temperature of parent glass and strengthening of properties of bending strength and chemical stability of the glass-ceramics. The optimal heat treatment temperature for parent glass of washed fly ash is 1 173 K, at which the crystalline phase of glass-ceramics is composed of gelignite （Ca2A12SiO7） and akermanite （Ca2MgSi207）. Glass-ceramics produced at optimal heat treatment temperature are excellent in term of the physical and chemical properties and leaching characteristics, indicating attractive potential as substitute of nature materials.

CO_2 Removal from Biogas by Water Washing System

CO2 removal from biogas by water washing system was investigated with various parameters, including liquid/ gas ratio, pressure, temperature, and CO2 content. The results indicate that CO2 removal ratio could reach 34.6%- 94.2% as liquid/gas ratio increased from 0.14 to 0.50. Increasing pressure （from 0.8 to 1.2 MPa） could improve gas purification with a constant inflow rate of gas. Temperature played a key role in the process and lower temper- ature in absorption tower was beneficial for reducing CO2 content. CO2 removal ratio could reach 24.4%-83.2% when CO2 content in the simulated gas was 25%-45%. The lowest CO2 content after absorption was 2.6% at 1.2 MPa with 400 L·h-1 gas flow and 200 L·h-1 water flow, which meets the requirement of CO2 content in natural Ras for vehicle fuel.

Effect of Water Washing on Hydrocarbon Compositions of Petroleum Sandstone Reservoir Rocks in Tarim Basin, NW China

Gross compositions and distribution of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons in Carboniferous sandstone reservoir rocks in oil and water zones for Tazhong\|10 well of the Zhongyang Uplift in the Tarim Basin were studied in detail by means of Rock\|Eval pyrolysis, thin\|chromatograph\|flame ionization detection (TLC\|FID), gas chromatography, gas chromatography\|mass spectrometry. The results suggest that the gross composition of reservoir hydrocarbons between the oil zone and the water zone show significant differences. Water washing has a dramatic effect on saturated hydrocarbon biomarkers, especially drimane series compounds. Drimane series compounds in the water zone have been depleted completely. However, the contents of tricyclic diterpanes and pentacyclic triterpanes tend to decrease slightly, but the water\|zone reservoir hydrocarbons contain a large amount of gammacerane. This suggests that gammacerane be more resistant to water washing than diterpanes and homohopanes. The contents of pregnane, homopregrane, diasteranes relatively decrease as a result of water washing. Water washing has a noticeable effect on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds, especially aromatic sulfur compounds, and the contents of dibenzothiophene series compounds and benzonaphiothiophene decrease significantly as a result of water washing. However, the contents of bicyclic and tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbons decrease slightly and those of tetracyclic and pentacyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, especially benzofluoranthene and benzopyrenes, increase markedly owing to a decrease in light aromatic hydrocarbons as a result of water washing.

Surfactant-Enhanced Washing of Soils Contaminated with Wasted-Automotive Oils and the Quality of the Produced Wastewater

An old automotive industrial site located at Mexico City with many years of operation and contaminated with heavy oil hydrocarbons, particularly spent oils, was assessed for restoration using the surfactant enhanced soil washing (SESW) process. The main goal of this study was to characterize the contaminated soil in terms of TPHs, BTEX, PAHs, and metals contents as well as microbiologically (total heterotrophs and specific degrading microorganisms). We also aimed to determine the surfactant type and concentration to be used in the SESW process for the automotive waste oil contaminated soil. At the end, sixteen kg of contaminated soil were washed and the produced wastewater (approximately 40 L) was characterized in terms of COD, BOD;solids, and other physico-chemical parameters. The soil contained about 14,000 mg of TPH/kg soil (heavy fraction), 0.13 mg/kg of benzo (k) fluoranthene and 0.07 mg/kg of benzo (a) pyrene as well as traces of some metals. Metals concentrations were always under the maximum concentration levels suggested by Mexican regulations. 15 different surfactants were used to identify the one with the capability to achieve the highest TPH removal. Surfactants included 5 anionics, 2 zwitterionic, 5 nonionics and 3 natural gums. Sulfopon 30 at a concentration of 0.5% offered the best surfactant performance. The TPH removals employing the different surfactants were in the range from 38% to 68%, in comparison to the soil washing with water (10% of TPH removal). Once the surfactant was selected, 70 kg of soil were washed and the resulting water contained approximately 1300 mg/L of COD, 385 mg/L of BOD (BOD/COD = 0.29), 122 mg/L of MBAS, and 212 mg/L of oil and greases, among other contaminants.

Emission Behaviors of Submicron Particles(PM_(1))Generated by the Combustion of Sesame Stalk after Combined Water Washing and Carbonization Pretreatment

Pretreatment before biomass combustion is significant for its efficient utilization and that combined water washing and carbonization can be efficient.An agricultural processing residues sesame stalk was selected and carried out two pretreatments separately,i.e.,water washing-torrefaction(W-T)and torrefaction-water washing(T-W),to explore the effect on the fuel properties,combustion characteristics and particulate matter(PM)emission.The obtained biochar was also combusted under air and oxy50(CO_(2):O_(2)=50:50)conditions for the sake of investigating the effect of pretreatment and combustion atmosphere.The results indicate that,W-T and T-W both not only have great effect on the improvement of fuel properties but also reduce the content of water-soluble elements like K,Cl,etc.Due to the difference in hydrophobicity,the biochar obtained by W-T have the optimal fuel properties.At the same time,the pretreatment also hinder the combustion in a certain extent in which the comprehensive combustion characteristics(SN)show a downward trend.Furthermore,both two pretreatments have obvious benefit on the reduction of PM_(1)emission and W-T have the best effect related to the higher removal efficiency of inorganic elements(especially K+Na+Cl+S).Under oxy50 condition,the oxygen concentration and combustion temperature is higher,improving the sulfation of K and vaporization of Ca,P and Mg which result in weakening in the pretreatment reduction effect on PM_(1)emission.

Gas Turbine Performance Optimization Using Compressor Online Water Washing Technique

The ability to predict the behaviour of a gas turbine engine and optimize its performance is critical in eco-nomic, thermal and condition monitoring studies. Having identified fouling as one of the major sources of compressor and therefore gas turbine deterioration, a computer-based engine model was developed to optimize the performance of gas turbines. The paper thus presents an analysis of compressor hand cleaning, on and offline compressor washing to actualize the technique using a computer program in Visual Basic programming language with data collected over a period of fifteen weeks for 2 gas turbine plants GT1 and GT2. The results of the data collected, when collated, shows that after washing, the overall operational efficiency changed from 39.2% to 46.25%. To optimize the performance of gas turbine engines, it is therefore recommended that operators should perform a combination of compressor hand cleaning, offline and online washing simultaneously.

钼焙砂焙烧过程中杂质的可溶性转化机理

钼焙砂中杂质的去除因酸洗的取消而成为企业面临的新挑战,在焙烧过程中杂质矿物能否转化为可溶离子对当前水洗除杂具有重要意义。采用激光粒度仪、X射线衍射(XRD)等传统方法对钼精矿的粒度、孔径、元素等进行了分析,结合矿物解离分析仪(MLA)和Factsage热力学软件研究了钼焙砂生产过程中杂质元素的赋存形态变化,探索了杂质矿物转变为可溶性离子的具体路径。结果表明,钼精矿和钼焙砂都存在纳米级孔隙,会阻碍水洗除杂。铝钾矿物作为主要的不可溶性杂质对高纯钼产品生产有较大影响,且多以较大分子量的碱性矿物形式存在。钼精矿在焙烧过程中,白云母、正长石等含K矿物可部分转化为K+、Al3+等可溶性离子,再经水洗去除。加湿提高了正长石在焙烧过程中向可溶性离子的转化程度,有利于洗涤过程中杂质的去除。

基于核磁共振技术储层物性变化规律

冀东油田经多年的注水开发已经进入特高含水阶段,出现注水压力增大,开发效果差等问题。针对此问题,利用目标岩心分析了黏土矿物含量和粒度分布,结合二维核磁共振技术开展高倍数水洗实验,研究储层物性变化规律及原因。实验结果表明:岩心8-2、岩心16-1分别定义为含中砂质细砂岩、含粉砂中砂质细砂岩,其黏土矿物含量分别为2.41%、2.57%;随着注水倍数的增加,核磁孔隙度表现为先降低后上升的变化规律;随着注水倍数的增加,渗透率(水)波动式变化,前期降低幅度较大,后期出现短暂的上升后持续降低;注水过程中损害主要发生在中、大孔隙且岩心8-2的损害程度要大于岩心16-1;岩心核磁二维谱中自由水的信号变化规律与核磁T_(2)谱中中、大孔隙信号强度变化规律一致。研究认为:注水过程中受到水的冲刷作用,微粒以及胶结物中的黏土矿物容易脱落运移至孔隙喉道处发生堵塞,对孔隙喉道产生一定损害导致渗透率(水)降低,所以注水井出现注水困难和注水压力增大等问题,从而影响油田的开发效果。

基于5G通信的船舶洗舱水监测系统开发

针对化学品船舶洗舱无法实时监测洗舱效果的问题,设计了基于5G通信的船舶洗舱水监测系统。系统由数据控制采集系统、5G数据传输系统和数据监测处理系统组成,数据控制采集系统通过传感器对船舶洗舱水中多参数进行实时采集,基于STM32芯片将采集的数据传输至5G数据传输系统,数据经5G数据传输系统处理后发送至数据监测处理系统,数据监测处理系统通过监测平台将数据显示。该系统通过对船舶洗舱水中多参数的实时监测,有效检测船舶洗舱效果,降低了洗舱和验舱成本以及检舱不合格的风险。

基于数字孪生的压气机水洗运维决策

为了提高燃气轮机的发电效率,针对压气机水洗运维经济成本过高的问题,对压气机进行基于数字孪生的运维决策研究,提出一种基于数字孪生的电厂燃气轮机健康管理框架,基于该框架对压气机运行数据进行处理,使用极端梯度提升树算法搭建水洗周期预测模型,选取数据集内部分参数作为模型输入量,气耗量为输出量,分析其变化规律及其与输入量之间的关系,对水洗周期及水洗恢复率进行计算和比较,得出合适的水洗周期,对压气机进行运维决策。模型预测结果表明:8次水洗气耗量预测的平均R 2_score达到0.98,预测结果准确;8次水洗中,第2、第3次水洗周期合适,第3次水洗恢复率最优,得出压气机水洗周期的指导小时数为1824 h;与电厂实际执行的平均水洗周期相比,每次水洗成本可以降低2190万元。

气体分离装置碳五组分进烷基化装置加工的方法实践

为了拓宽SINOALKY硫酸法烷基化装置原料适应范围,提高烷基化油收率,解决夏季汽油蒸气压高的问题,某石化公司进行了烷基化装置掺炼少量气体分离装置碳五组分(气分碳五)的工业实践。2021年8月发现烷基化装置反应器进料管线压差异常升高0.6 MPa,通过现场逐段测压判断出堵塞部位为烷基化反应器进料管线及相关设备。经过多种方法的检测分析,判断出烷基化反应器进料管线及设备压差升高的主要原因是气分碳五中含有微量N-甲基二乙醇胺杂质,该物质与循环异丁烷中的二氧化硫反应,生成棕黄色的亚硫酸胺盐,造成进料管线及相关设备堵塞。通过创新流程设施,增设气分碳五水洗和聚结脱水流程,经过生产实践证明该气分碳五加工方法脱杂质效果良好,气分碳五水洗罐中水洗水及中和池总排口水样氮质量浓度分别稳定控制在126.2 mg/L和47.5 mg/L左右,中和池总排口水样pH稳定在6~7,在水洗污水排放指标符合要求的同时,所得烷基化油产品质量也达标,成功实现了气分碳五连续掺炼,为该气分碳五加工方法的研究和推广应用提供了强有力的理论支撑。

气压搅水式自动蔬菜清洗机的设计

蔬菜清洗机的主要作用是洗掉蔬菜上残留的农药、化肥、泥土及虫子,使蔬菜保持一定的清洁度,从而满足市场对净菜的供应需求。目前大部分蔬菜清洗机采用的工作原理是利用水与蔬菜、蔬菜与蔬菜之间的摩擦作用进行清洗,导致蔬菜破损率较高。利用正压气体在水中的爆气原理,设计一种气压搅水式自动蔬菜清洗机,增加水流对蔬菜的柔性,减少蔬菜与蔬菜之间的硬性摩擦。试验表明,该机生产率高,对蔬菜破坏作用小,洗净率高。

鲢鱼糜漂洗液中不同回收方式肌浆蛋白的结构和功能特性

以鲢鱼糜漂洗废液中的肌浆蛋白为对象,对比分析回收方式对肌浆蛋白的结构和功能特性的影响。结果表明:酸偏移和热处理对肌浆蛋白的巯基向二硫键转化程度、表面疏水性、色氨酸内源荧光光谱强度、溶解性、起泡性的影响较大;通过对肌浆蛋白二级结构分析发现,冷冻干燥和热处理法下β-折叠相对含量较大,等电点沉淀法、酸偏移法和酸偏移耦合壳聚糖絮凝法下无规则卷曲相对含量较大,壳聚糖絮凝法下β-转角相对含量较大,所有回收方式下α-螺旋相对含量均较小,总体上肌浆蛋白二级结构由有序向无序不同程度转化;此外,壳聚糖与肌浆蛋白结合,絮凝产生大分子复合物,而酸偏移导致部分蛋白解聚。不同回收方式下肌浆蛋白结构变化进而影响到功能性质,其中酸偏移耦合壳聚糖絮凝法制备的肌浆蛋白在pH值和壳聚糖双重作用下表面疏水性明显增加,促使乳化性降低;而经冷冻干燥、等电点沉淀法和壳聚糖絮凝回收得到肌浆蛋白的乳化性较大,特别是壳聚糖处理能有效改善肌浆蛋白的乳化性。

短链含氟聚丙烯酸酯功能整理剂的制备及应用

为制备耐水洗性能优良的三防整理剂,以丙烯酸十三氟辛酯(Tridecooctyl acrylate,C6F)和丙烯酸十八酯(Octaglycidyl acrylate,SA)为主要单体,甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(Glycidyl methacrylate,GMA)为交联单体,通过细乳液聚合法制备了一种短链含氟丙烯酸酯共聚物细乳液,并将其作为整理剂应用在棉织物上;通过红外光谱分析、粒径分析和热重分析对乳液进行表征,采用场扫描电镜和X射线光电子能谱仪对棉织物表面结构进行分析,探究C6F和SA的用量对该共聚物薄膜表面能的影响。结果表明:当C6F质量分数为50%,SA质量分数为25%时,共聚物薄膜的表面能低至9.16mN/m;整理后棉织物的水接触角为150.8°,橄榄油接触角为141.2°,拒水等级4级,拒油等级4级,耐沾污等级5级;整理后棉织物经过20次水洗后水接触角仍有135.7°,橄榄油接触角为124.8°,表现出良好的耐水洗性能。该文可为制备短链C6型含氟丙烯酸酯共聚物提供数据参考。

盐泥中钾镁资源的回收利用研究

以氯碱企业中生产的固体废弃物盐泥为原料,采用旋转液膜反应器强化水洗及CO_(2)碳化方式分别浸取其中的氯化钾和氢氧化镁资源,考察了盐泥浆液的固液比及浆化温度对氯化钾浸出含量的影响以及碳化反应条件对盐泥中氢氧化镁浸取率的影响。实验结果表明,在盐泥与水的固液比为1∶5、浆化温度为35℃时,盐泥中氯化钾的浸出率可达到95.12%。氢氧化镁碳化浸取实验中,当固液比为1∶13、碳化温度为25℃、搅拌转速为900 r/min、CO_(2)通入流量为45 mL/min、通入时间为140 min时,盐泥中氢氧化镁的浸出率可以达到95.43%。水解实验结果表明,在100℃下水解30 min,可得到纳米花状的Mg5(CO_(3))_(4)(OH)_(2)·4H_(2)O产品,水解率达到95.30%。该工艺操作简便,对环境友好,为盐泥的综合利用提供了新的思路。