Effects of sawdust soil amendment on the soil, growth and yield of Solanum esculentum Linn. in waste engine oil-polluted soil

This study investigated the effects of sawdust as a soil amendment on certain growth parameters of Solanum esculentum Linn. grown in soil polluted with various concentrations of waste engine oil, and changes in the physicochemical proper- ties of the soil. The purpose was to assess the soil remediation potentials of sawdust in waste engine oil-polluted soil. The experiment was divided into three regimes： control （air-dried soil without waste engine oil and with clean sawdust）, pol- luted （waste engine oil-contaminated soil）, and amended （oil-polluted soil amended with sawdust）. Enough 3-kg soil samples were sieved and air-dried to prepare five treatment levels of waste engine oil-contaminated soil （30 mL, 1%; 60 mL, 2%; 90 mL, 3%; 120 mL, 4%; and 150 mL, 5%）, as well as five additional treatment levels （the same amounts ofoil contamination） in soil amended with sawdust. The treatment levels were replicated five times in a completely randomized design. A nursery bed was planted with a hybrid tomato variety （Roma V F） obtained from National Horticultural Research Institute （NIHORT） in Ibadan, Nigeria. During the maturation period, the growth parameters such as plant height, number of leaves, and number of branches per plant were determined and then the harvested plants were oven dried at 70 ℃for 48 hours to determine their dry weights. The effects of the sawdust amendment on the soil were assessed by determining the soil pH （glass electrode pH meter）, total nitrogen （Kjeldahl method）, total phosphorus （Bray-1 solution）, and potassium （on the leacheate by a flame photometer）. Chromium, lead, and cadmium contents were determined using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Analysis of variance and a Duncan multiple-range test were employed to test significant differences in the soil properties of the three regimes. The growth performance ofSolanum esculentum Linn. in the amended regime （soil with sawdust） at the 150-mL waste engine oil-contamination level was significantly higher than in the polluted regime （soil without sawdust）. After plant harvest, the pH of the soil was shown to be clearly affected by the addition of waste engine oil. The control soil （air-dried only, no sawdust, no oil） had the highest pH value, 6.60, which was significantly different from the pH values at other levels of waste engine oil contamination. However, when amended with sawdust, the control soil had a significantly lower pH value than the unamended control soil. This study further demonstrates that sawdust has the potential of amending waste engine oil-contaminated soil for increasing tomato growth performance because it is capable of increasing the soil nutrient content and reducing the soil total hydrocarbon content.

Engine performance and combustion characteristics of a direct injection compression ignition engine fueled waste cooking oil synthetic diesel

Biodiesels produced from various feedstocks have been considered as alternative fuels used in internal combustion engines without major modifications.This research focuses on producing biodiesel from waste cooking oil(WCOSD)by the catalytic cracking method using MgO as the catalyst and comparing the engine operating characteristics of the test engine when using WCOSD and traditional diesel(CD)as test fuels.As a result,the brake power of the test engine fueled WCOSD,and traditional diesel is similar.However,the engine fuel consumption in the case of using WCOSD is slight increases in some operating conditions.Also,the nitrogen oxides emissions of the test engine fueled WCOSD are higher than those of CD at all tested conditions.The trend is opposite for hydrocarbon emission as the HC emission of the engine fueled by WCOSD reduces 26.3%on average.The smoke emission of the test engine in case of using WCOSD is lower 17%on average than that of CD.However,the carbon monoxide emissions are lower at the low and medium loads and higher at the full loads.These results show that the new biodiesel has the same characteristics as those of commercial biodiesel and can be used as fuel for diesel engines.

Combined Effect of a Catalytic Reduction Device with Waste Frying Oil-Based Biodiesel on NOx Emissions of Diesel Engines

Internal combustion engines with application in automobiles and other relevant industries constitute significant environmental pollution via the release of toxic exhaust gasses like carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), particulate matter (PM), and nitrogen oxide (NOx). Engine researchers and manufacturers are challenged to develop external and internal measures to ensure environmentally friendly solutions to accommodate and conform to the growing list of emission standards. Therefore, this work presents an experimental investigation of the NOx emission profile of a diesel engine that is fuelled and fitted with waste frying oil-based biodiesel and catalytic converter. Using a single-cylinder, four-stroke air-cooled CI engine at a constant speed of 1900 rpm and different loadings of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%;fitted with a catalytic converter at the exhaust outlet of the engine and linked to a dynamometer and a gas analyser, an experiment was conducted at biodiesel/diesel volume blends of B0 (0/10), B5 (5/95), B20 (20/80), B30 (30/70), B70 (70/30), B100 (100/0);and 30% concentration (v/v), 0.5 litre/hr flow rate of aqueous urea from the catalytic converter. The results show an increasing NOx emission as the biodiesel component increased in the blend. The catalytic converter showed a downward NOx reduction with a significant 68% reduction in efficiency at high exhaust gas temperatures. It is concluded that the combined utilisation of waste frying oil-based biodiesel and the catalytic converter yields substantial NOx emission reduction.

Diffusion and Regeneration Mechanism of Waste Composite Oils Rejuvenator in Aged Asphalt

The physical performance of recycled asphalt was used as the main evaluation index to study the optimal range of a self-made rejuvenator.Through the penetration,viscosity and gel permeation chromatography(GPC)tests,the diffusion degree of the rejuvenator under different temperatures and time process was analyzed,and the diffusion efficiency of the rejuvenator was evaluated from the macro and micro perspective.The regeneration mechanism of the rejuvenator in the aged asphalt was also analyzed using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),scanning electron microscope(SEM)and chemical composition tests.The research results showed that the optimum rejuvenator content was about 3%.Higher temperature and longer time were beneficial to improving the permeability and diffusion of the rejuvenator.During the aging process,the light components were reduced,and more macromolecular asphaltenes were generated as well as a large number of carbonyl and sulfoxide.After diffusion and regeneration,the light components in the asphalt were supplemented,the wrinkles and gullies of the aged asphalt were almost improved to the surface state of the matrix asphalt.

Utilization of Waste Cooking Oil as Diesel Fuel and Improvement in Combustion and Emission

Due to high price of Straight Vegetable Oil （SVO） for bio-diesel production, the use of Waste Cooking Oil （WCO） will be cost effective. Furthermore, utilization of WCO will refrain waterways pollution and endanger ecosystem. In Malaysia, more than 50-tone of WCO from various sources was produced every day. This study evaluates combustion performance and exhaust emission characteristics of several WCOs with different sources. Modification on fuel properties has been done to improve the combustion and exhaust emission of using WCO as diesel fuel. Regular diesel fuel also has been used for comparison in the test. A 0.6 liter, single-cylinder, air-cooled direct injection diesel engine was used to perform this experiment. Experiment was done at variable engine loads at constant speed.

Use of waste plastic oil as a fuel in reactivity-controlled compression ignition engines:a bibliometric investigation from 2017-23

Waste plastic oil,generated through the pyrolysis of plastic without oxygen,known as plastic-to-fuel conversion,stands as a promising alternative fuel.This research employs bibliometric analysis,a quantitative method,to comprehensively assess publications in the domain of waste plastic oil integration within reactivity-controlled compression ignition engines.Utilizing Scopus as the primary repository post-2017,the study categorizes information into pivotal aspects,including influential journals,countries,authors,affiliations,document types,thematic areas,sponsors and keywords.The analysis reveals significant contributions from diverse nations,prominently India,China,Turkey and Malaysia.Noteworthy is the prevalence of Energy,Engineering and Chemical Engineering as thematic focal points,with the journal Fuel leading the count followed by the journal Energy emerging as a prominent conduit.Institutional contributions are prolific,led by Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management University and Vellore Institute of Technology.Renowned authors‘Gugulothu S.K’and‘He Z’play a pivotal role in shaping the discourse.The National Natural Science Foundation of China stands out as a primary patron.This bibliometric analysis provides a structured understanding of waste plastic oil integration in reactivity-controlled compression ignition engines,laying the groundwork for future research avenues.The study identifies potential research platforms beyond Scopus,including Web of Science,CrossRef,Science Direct and Google Scholar,as valuable repositories for further exploration.Moreover,after careful observation of the research articles published by the top 10 authors as found in the study,it was found that the authors share a few common characteristics that helped them in advancing the understanding and application of waste plastic oil in reactivity-controlled compression ignition engines.These are also summarized in the present study with supporting data.

Emissions of intermediate volatility organic compound from waste cooking oil biodiesel and marine gas oil on a ship auxiliary engine

Ship auxiliary engines contribute large amounts of air pollutants when at berth.Biodiesel,including that from waste cooking oil(WCO),can favor a reduction in the emission of primary pollutant when used with internal combustion engines.This study investigated the emissions of gaseous intermediate-volatile organic compounds(IVOCs)between WCO biodiesel and marine gas oil(MGO)to further understand the differences in secondary organic aerosol(SOA)production of exhausts.Results revealed that WCO exhaust exhibited similar IVOC composition and volatility distribution to MGO exhaust,despite the differences between fuel contents.While WCO biodiesel could reduce IVOC emissions by 50%as compared to MGO,and thus reduced the SOA production from IVOCs.The compositions and volatility distributions of exhaust IVOCs varied to those of their fuels,implying that fuel-component-based SOA predicting model should be used with more cautions when assessing SOA production of WCO and MGO exhausts.WCO biodiesel is a cleaner fuel comparing to conventional MGO on ship auxiliary engines with regard to the reductions in gaseous IVOC emissions and corresponding SOA productions.Although the tests were conducted on test bench,the results could be considered as representative due to the widely applications of the test engine and MGO fuel on real-world ships.

Study of engine performance, emission and combustion characteristics fueled with diesel-like fuel produced from waste engine oil and waste plastics

Utilizing oil extracted from waste engine oil and waste plastics, by pyrolysis, as a filel for internal combustion engines has been demonstrated to be one of the best available waste management methods. Separate blends of fuel from waste engine oil and waste plastic oil was prepared by mixing with diesel and experimental investigation is conducted to study engine performance, combustion and exhaust emissions. It is observed that carbon monoxide （CO） emission increases by 50% for 50% waste plastic oil （50WPO：50D） and by 58% for 50% waste engine oil （50WEO：50D） at full load as compared to diesel. Unburnt hydrocarbon （HC） emission increases by 16% for 50WPO：50D and by 32% for 50WEO：50D as compared to diesel at maximum load. Smoke is fotmd to decrease at all loading conditions for 50WPO：50D operation, but it is comparatively higher for 50WEO：50D operation. 50WPO：50D operation shows higher brake thermal efficiency for all loads as compared to 50WEO：50D and diesel fuel operation. Exhaust gas temperature is higher at all loads tbr 50WPO：50D and 50WEO：50D as compared to diesel fuel operation.

Impact of different nano additives on performance, combustion, emissions and exergetic analysis of a diesel engine using waste cooking oil biodiesel

Biodiesel is derived from waste cooking oil (WCO) by transesterification. Methylester was prepared by mixing diesel and biodiesel oils as 20% by volume. Nano particles asTiO2, Al2O3 and CNTs were blended with biodiesel blend at different concentrations of 25,50, and 100 mg/l to enhance the physicochemical fuel characteristics to obtain clean and effi-cient combustion performance. An experimental setup was incorporated into a diesel engine toinvestigate the influence of these nano-materials on engine performance, exergy analysis, combustion characteristics and emissions using WCO biodiesel-diesel mixture. Enriching methylester mixture with 100 ppm titanium, alumina and CNTs (B20T100, B20A100 andB20C100) increased the thermal efficiency by 4%, 6% and 11.5%, respectively compared toB20. Biodiesel blending with nano additives B20T100, B20A100 and B20C100 decreasedthe emissions of CO (11%, 24% and 30%, respectively), HC (8%, 17% and 25%, respectively)and smoke (10%, 13% and 19%, respectively) compared to B20. However, the noticeable increase of NOx was estimated by 5%, 12% and 27% for B20T100, B20A100 and B20C100,respectively. Finally, the results showed the rise in peak cylinder pressure by 5%, 9% and 11% and increase in heat release rate by 4%, 8% and 13% for B20T100, B20A100 andB20C100, respectively. The fuel exergy of B20T100, B20A100 and B20C100 are lower thanbiodiesel blend B20 by 6.5%, 16% and 23% but the exergetic efficiency are increased by 7%,19% and 30% at full load about B20.

餐厨废大豆油改性沥青性能研究

公路建设消耗大量的石油资源,给节约资源、保护环境带来一定的压力。生物沥青的研发一方面促进了生物质资源的再生利用,另一方面直接或间接减少了石油沥青的开采。以餐厨废大豆油为添加剂,制备了废大豆油改性沥青。通过针入度、软化点和黏度等常规性能试验以及多重应力蠕变与恢复试验(MSCR)、线性振幅扫描试验(LAS)等流变性能探究了废大豆油对基质沥青路用性能的影响。结果表明:由于废大豆油自身轻质组分多、黏度小等物化特征,废大豆油提高了沥青的针入度,降低了沥青的软化点及黏度,并且废豆油掺量越多,这种改性效果越明显。掺入6%的废豆油能使70^(#)和90^(#)基质沥青的针入度分别提高93.2%和68.6%,使软化点分别降低7.9℃和4.9℃,使黏度分别降低31.3%和22.9%。黏度的降低改善了沥青的施工和易性,6%掺量的废豆油可使70^(#)和90^(#)沥青的拌合温度降低9.4℃和6.6℃,压实温度降低10.8℃和8.2℃。此外,废大豆油增加了沥青的不可恢复蠕变柔量,降低了变形恢复率。因此,废豆油使沥青黏性成分增加,抗高温蠕变性能降低,但增加了重复荷载下沥青的疲劳寿命。实际应用中,废豆油掺量可根据地区温度差异进行调整,应在不过多损害高温性能的同时提高低温性能或施工简易性。

基于性能演变的富油胶粉再生剂-老化沥青融合行为分析

富油胶粉(ORR)再生剂是由餐饮废油(CWO)与胶粉(RP)在一定的工艺下共混制备的环保型生物再生剂,其综合利用了CWO和RP的优势,有助于实现老化沥青再生过程中的高低温性能均衡.然而,油胶两相的特征导致ORR再生剂与老化沥青的融合行为较为复杂,不利于洞察ORR再生剂的应用潜力.本研究设计了再生剂-老化沥青融合试验,依据不同取样深度老化沥青样品的性能演变分析了温度和时间影响下ORR再生剂-老化沥青的融合效率及特征,并通过红外光谱检测技术进行了验证.同时,对比了ORR再生剂和CWO与老化沥青融合行为的差异,以期更加明晰地展现ORR再生剂-老化沥青的融合特征.结果表明,升高温度及延长时间有利于ORR再生剂-老化沥青的融合.与130℃融合温度相比,在150℃融合温度下延长融合时间更有利于ORR再生剂与老化沥青的融合.此外,130℃的融合温度下,ORR再生剂中降解RP成分进入老化沥青滞后于CWO成分.但在150℃的融合温度下,降解RP成分进入老化沥青滞后于CWO成分的现象并不明显.整体来说,ORR再生剂与老化沥青的融合效率不及CWO,但两者的差异并不显著.建议在150℃以上拌合ORR再生剂与沥青混合料回收料(RAP),以确保ORR再生剂尽可能充分发挥再生作用.研究成果可以促进ORR再生剂的工程应用,研究方法也可以为类似研究提供参考.

一种废机油型乳化炸药水相配方的研究与应用

在研究废机油资源化应用的基础上,对国外某特大型矿山使用的乳化炸药的成本进行优化,制备了以少量氯化钠代替硝酸钠作为水相添加剂的废机油型乳化炸药,并对其水相析晶点、储存期、泵送次数、抗颠簸性能、爆速及爆后岩石块度进行基础性试验研究。结果表明:添加氯化钠可以降低水相析晶点10℃左右;制备的乳化炸药储存稳定性良好,满足多次泵送和长距离运输的需求;爆速可以到达4600 m/s以上;殉爆距离为14 cm。虽性能略有降低,但不影响正常使用,爆破后的岩石块度符合矿山铲运要求。相比原有配方,废机油型乳化炸药的成本可以节约49.59美元/t,具有一定的实用价值和经济效益。

基于分子动力学的废植物油再生沥青扩散行为研究

为研究不同废植物油掺配量、扩散温度及时间对废植物油与老化沥青相互扩散行为的影响,提出了考虑沥青老化程度随沥青膜深度变化的三层分子扩散模型,并结合傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)测试及宏观尺度的软化点试验,分析废植物油再生剂与老化沥青之间的相互扩散行为。结果表明:废植物油再生剂通过补充老化沥青中的轻质组分、减少沥青质的团聚从而实现老化沥青的再生。温度的升高、废植物油掺量及扩散时间的增加均会增强废植物油与老化沥青的相互扩散效率,其中温度的影响最为显著;但随着温度增高,其对于扩散效率的增幅程度降低。皮尔逊相关性分析结果显示,模拟与宏观之间扩散系数相关性显著,三层分子扩散模型能够有效表征再生剂与老化沥青的相互扩散行为。

废胶粉的预脱硫处理工艺及其改性沥青的性能研究

我国厨余油产生量大、分布广,存在严重的环境风险且对人体健康造成危害。将其作为橡胶粉脱硫剂,参与沥青改性,可提高其二次利用率。文中对废胶粉的预脱硫处理工艺进行了研究,采用多因素控制变量法分析了不同预处理时间和食用油用量对脱硫效率的影响,确定了最优预脱硫工艺。采用最佳脱硫胶粉制备改性沥青,通过对改性沥青的粘度、延伸度、软化点等进行表征,确定改性沥青的性能。结果表明,在预处理时间为1 h、脱硫剂用量为40%的条件下,可获得最佳脱硫工艺,且该产品作为改性剂制备的沥青具备比基质沥青更出色的温度敏感性、可加工性等性能。

废植物油再生沥青流变性能研究

为有效提升废植物油的再生利用效率,研发出基于废植物油生产的再生剂,以便实现对沥青的再生利用。针对老化沥青在不同废植物油再生剂作用下的特性,包括闪点、质量损失、针入度、软化点、延度、黏度,高低温稳定性、频率特性等流变性能指标,构建植物油基础油(代号YJ)掺量与其再生沥青物理指标、流变性能指标之间的对应函数。研究发现,老化沥青的针入度受生催化剂影响,后者的加入提高了针入度,再生沥青针入度与YJ掺量之间有着较好的线性关系。加入再生剂后,软化点降低,二者呈线性关系,且掺量越高,改善越明显。随着YJ掺量的增加,再生沥青的初始模量不断降低。当YJ掺量为10%时,老化沥青含再生剂时,可显著改善老化沥青在低温条件下的抗塑性变形能力,使再生沥青逐渐达到与原样沥青同等的初始模量水平。在YJ掺量5%时,可恢复老化沥青疲劳性能至原样沥青水平。老化沥青的低温抗裂能力随着植物油再生剂的加入而有所提高,抗裂效果与YJ掺量是正相关的。研究进一步表明,植物油再生剂不利于老化沥青的抗变形能力。

试验室发动机废机油回收技术研究

发动机试验过程中要对废旧机油进行回收,保障试验的有效、合规开展,但现有的人力方式大大降低试验效率,文章开展试验室发动机废机油回收技术研究。文章首先剖析了现有发动机人力回收的问题所在;然后,提出可移动式废旧发动机机油回收小车设计方案,并按照设计原理打造出实物;最后,通过实践应用进行效益分析,验证了设计方案的可行性,提升了试验室发动机试验的效率,为国内外试验室发动机废机油回收提供技术参考。

废旧塑料/植物油复合再生沥青流变性能研究

为研究废旧塑料(PE)与植物油(Plant oil,PO)复合再生沥青流变性能,选用70#A级沥青作为基质沥青,采取室内老化的方式制备老化沥青,并通过正交试验获取废塑料、植物油最佳的掺量水平以及最佳制备温度,开展复合再生沥青流变性能研究。试验结果表明:植物油掺量6%、PE掺量6%、制备温度160℃时,复合再生沥青的三大指标较优;植物油掺入老化沥青后显著改善老化沥青的低温性能,降低老化沥青的黏度,但相比基质沥青高温性能有明显降低;而经过废塑料复合改性再生后,提高了植物油再生沥青的高温性能,增加了植物油再生沥青的黏性,同时对再生沥青的低温性能也有增益作用。复合再生沥青的高温性能、疲劳性能、低温性能明显优于植物油再生沥青。

废机油底渣对沥青的不利影响及机理初探

为准确预估废机油底渣(WEOB)对沥青长期耐久性的影响,通过在直馏沥青中添加不同用量的废机油底渣来制备改性沥青,并对改性沥青进行不同程度的老化:旋转薄膜烘箱老化(RTFO),压力箱老化(PAV)及扩展压力箱老化(ExPAV).采用双边缺口拉伸(DENT)试验的临界裂纹张开位移(CTOD)研究沥青的抗延性断裂性能,采用扩展弯曲梁流变(Ex-BBR)试验得到的分级损失来评估物理硬化对沥青低温可靠性的影响,采用ΔTc指标(蠕变劲度临界温度与蠕变速率临界温度之差)评估沥青的长期耐久性,此外通过原子力显微镜(AFM)观察添加WEOB前后沥青的微观结构形态.结果表明:延长老化时间(ExPAV)可以更明显识别WEOB对沥青低温性能的不利影响,而常规沥青老化时间(PAV)并不能明显捕捉这种不利影响;添加WEOB会使沥青产生物理硬化并导致抗延性断裂性能降低;WEOB可使沥青中蜡晶粒明显增加,而蜡晶粒的低温结晶及其相界造成的应力集中是导致废机油底渣长期低温性能降低的主要原因.

废机油净化甲苯废气的工艺研究

在填料吸收塔中,应用废机油为吸收剂对含甲苯废气进行了实验研究。系统地考察了填料层高度、进口甲苯浓度、空塔气速、液气比等因素对吸收效率的影响,确定了最佳工艺条件。实验结果表明,废机油能有效净化废气中的甲苯,去除率达到95%～98%。吸收尾液蒸馏能回收甲苯和废机油。

废食用油生物柴油的制备及其掺烧时的动力与排放特性

为了查明生物柴油对环境的影响以及废食用油制备的生物柴油对发动机性能和排放特性的影响,研究了生物柴油环境生命周期评价及其对环境的影响以及废食用油生物柴油的生产工艺流程,即甲醇与废食用油在催化剂作用下发生酯交换反应生产出生物柴油.所制备的生物柴油和柴油,按2 0 %和5 0 %掺混后在2台车用增压直喷式柴油机上进行了台架动力和排放特性的测试.试验结果表明,与柴油相比,掺混燃料的动力性和油耗率分别约有3%的下降和8%的上升,烟度、HC、CO和PM排放降低幅度最大分别达6 5 %、1 1 %、33%和1 3%,而NOx 排放有不同程度的上升.本研究表明,发动机燃用低比例的生物柴油掺混燃料,在发动机不作任何改动和调整时,可以在经济性、动力性和排放等方面取得令人满意的综合结果.