A New Kind of Renewable Energy: Production of Aromatic Hydrocarbons Naphtha Chemical by Thermal Degradation of Polystyrene (PS) Waste Plastic

Polystyrene (PS) waste plastic to renewable energy or naphtha grade fuel production through fractional distillation process was applied and PS liquefaction temperature range was 250?C - 430?C and fractional column temperature was 110?C - 135?C for naphtha grade fuel separation. The thermal degradation of PS waste plastic to renewable energy or naphtha grade chemical production was without adding any kind of cracking catalyst and without vacuum system. Polystyrene waste plastic is not bio-degradable and its can remain long period of landfill and creating gas emission for that reason its major cause climate change. For experimental purpose raw sample was use 1 kg of PS waste plastic and experiment was performed under Labconco fume hood and experiment was fully closed system, whole experiment was performed into stainless steel reactor. Produced fuel was analysis by gas chromatography and mass spectrometer, FT-IR and DSC. Analysis result indicate for fuel compounds chemical structure, compound band energy and enthalpy, delta H value. Produced fuel sulfur content less then environmental protection agency (EPA) level and fuel could be use for chemical feedstock refinery for further modification. By using this technology can reduce some foreign oil dependency and boost up renewable energy sector all over the world.

Performance Evaluation of Novel Eco-Materials Composed of Millet Husks, Rice Husks, and Polystyrene

Managing agricultural waste and expanded polystyrene (EPS) poses significant environmental and economic challenges. This study aims to create composites from millet husks, rice husks, and recycled EPS, using a manufacturing method that involves dissolving the polystyrene in a solvent followed by cold pressing. Various particle sizes and two binder dosages were investigated to assess their influence on the physico-mechanical properties of the composites. The mechanical properties obtained range from 2.54 to 4.47 MPa for the Modulus of Rupture (MOR) and from 686 to 1400 MPa for the Modulus of Elasticity in Bending (MOE). The results indicate that these composites have potential for applications in the construction sector, particularly for wood structures and interior decoration. Moreover, surface treatments could enhance their durability and mechanical properties. This research contributes to the valorization of agricultural and plastic waste as eco-friendly and economical construction materials.

Study of Rice Husks and Expanded Polystyrene Composites for Construction Applications

In the current context of environmental challenges, this study focuses on developing innovative and eco-friendly composites using rice husk and recycled expanded polystyrene. This dual-responsibility approach valorizes a by-product like rice husk, often considered waste, and reuses polystyrene, a plastic waste, thereby contributing to CO2 emission reduction and effective waste management. The manufacturing process involves dissolving recycled polystyrene into a solvent to create a binder, which is then mixed with rice husk and cold-compacted into composite materials. The study examines the impact of two particle sizes (fine and coarse) and different proportions of recycled polystyrene binder. The results show significant variations in the mechanical characteristics of the composites, with Modulus of Rupture (MOR) values varying from 2.41 to 3.47 MPa, Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) ranging from 223.41 to 1497.2 MPa, and Stiffness Coefficient (K) from 5.04 to 33.96 N/mm. These characteristics demonstrate that these composites are appropriate for various construction applications, including interior decoration, panel claddings, and potentially for furniture and door manufacturing when combined with appropriate coatings. This study not only highlights the recycling of agricultural and plastic waste but also provides a localized approach to addressing global climate change challenges through the adoption of sustainable building materials.

Development of a Composite Material Based on Wood Waste Stabilized with Recycled Expanded Polystyrene

Environmental pollution is a whole world concern. One of the causes of that pollution is the proliferation of plastic waste. Among these wastes there is expanded polystyrene (EPS), mainly from packaging. This study aims to valorize EPS waste by developing a composite material from EPS waste and wood waste. For this purpose, a resin made of EPS has been elaborated by dissolving EPS in acetone. That resin was used as a binder in volume proportions of 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% to stabilize the samples. Some of them were thermoformed. The method of elaboration was based on a device consisting of an extruder for mixing the constituents, and a manual press for shaping and compacting the samples. Analyses show that the drying time depends on the composition of the mixture. Increasing the resin content leads to reduce water absorption and porosity of the samples;it also contributes to homogenize the internal structure of the samples. However, for the same resin contents, the thermoformed samples are less porous;they have more homogeneous internal structure;and absorb less water than non-thermoformed samples.

An energetic nano-fiber composite based on polystyrene and 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane fabricated via electrospinning technique

Electrospinning is a simple technique used to fabricate polymeric nano-fibrous membranes.These nano-fibers have found a wide range of valuable applications in the biomedical field.However,it has not been utilized with solid high explosives yet.Herein,the electrospinning technique has been used to fabricate polystyrene(PS)/1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane(RDX)composite nanofibers.The governed electrospinning parameters,voltage,distance from the collector,flow rate,mandrel rotating speed,time,and solution concentration,that greatly affect the morphology of the obtained nanofibers were optimized.The fabricated PS/RDX nano-fibers were characterized using scanning electron microscopy(SEM),X-ray diffractometer(XRD),and Fourier Transform Infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy.The impact and friction sensitivities of PS/RDX were also measured.The thermal behavior of the prepared composite and the pure materials were studied by the thermal gravimetric analysis technique(TGA).SEM results proved the fabrication of PS/RDX fibers in the nano-size via electrospinning.FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the existence of the characteristic functional groups of both PS and RDX in the composite nano-fibers.XRD sharp peaks showed the conversion of amorphous PS into crystalline shape via electrospinning and also confirmed the formation of PS/RDX composite.The PS fibers absorbed the heat and increased the onset decomposition of the pure RDX from 181.5 to 200.7℃in the case of PS/RDX fibers.Interestingly,PS/RDX nano-fibers showed the relatively low impact and friction sensitivities of 100 J and 360 N respectively.These results could introduce PS/RDX nanofibrous composite in the field of explosives detection with high levels of safety.

不同电荷修饰的聚苯乙烯纳米塑料对海洋微拟球藻(Nannochloropsis oceanica)生长及光合活性的影响

评估了30 nm阴离子羧基修饰(-COOH)和100 nm阳离子氨基修饰(-NH_(2))的聚苯乙烯(PS)NPs及其不同浓度下(PS-COOH:0、2、5、8和10 mg·L^(-1);PS-NH_(2):0、0.2、0.3、0.4和0.5 mg·L^(-1))对海洋微藻微拟球藻(Nannochloropsis oceanica)在生长及光合活性中产生的影响。结果表明,两种NPs在培养基中均出现了聚集和电位绝对值的下降;经过羧基修饰的PS对海洋微拟球藻的生长及光合活性并未产生明显的影响,而经过氨基修饰的PS在不同浓度下对海洋微拟球藻的生长及光合活性产生了不同的影响:低浓度(0.2 mg·L^(-1))PS-NH_(2)对海洋微拟球藻生长产生促进作用,高浓度(0.4和0.5 mg·L^(-1))PS-NH_(2)对海洋微拟球藻生长产生抑制作用,海洋微拟球藻在不同浓度PS-NH_(2)胁迫下显示出了低促高抑现象;并且当海洋微拟球藻暴露于0.2 mg·L^(-1)PS-NH_(2)时,叶绿素a(Chl a)含量较对照组高,而其他处理组均低于对照组;此外,在0.2 mg·L^(-1)PS-NH_(2)处理下的海洋微拟球藻Fv/Fm值一直高于对照组,而在0.5 mg·L^(-1)高浓度的PS-NH_(2)胁迫下,海洋微拟球藻的最大光化学效率始终低于对照组,这些结果与生长数据相吻合。

OBC/WPS增容母料的制备及其在三元乙丙橡胶中的应用

利用Friedel-Crafts烷基化反应制备了乙烯-辛烯嵌段共聚物(OBC)/废旧聚苯乙烯(WPS)增容母料,考察了无水AlCl3用量对WPS的接枝率、共混物性能以及增容母料用量对三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)综合性能的影响。结果表明,WPS可以与OBC发生反应,生成OBC-g-WPS接枝共聚物;当无水AlCl3用量为0.4份时,WPS的接枝率最高,为25.3%,且无凝胶产生,共混物的综合性能最好;将上述共混物作为增容母料应用于EPDM中,添加增容母料的硫化胶,其拉伸强度、撕裂强度和耐热空气老化性能优于纯EPDM硫化胶,且优于添加相同量OBC/WPS简单共混物;添加OBC/WPS增容母料的硫化胶中WPS分散均匀且细小。

266 nm纳秒固体激光在PS上打孔的工艺实验研究

为了研究266 nm纳秒固体激光在聚苯乙烯(PS)上打孔的材料去除机理、工艺规律和优化工艺参数,采用了单因素实验法和正交实验法进行了单脉冲和多脉冲打孔的实验研究。分析了材料的去除机理,得到了脉冲数量、脉冲能量以及离焦量对微孔直径和深度的影响规律,获得了满足要求的工艺参数的优化组合。结果表明,单脉冲打孔条件下,脉冲能量为0.110 mJ时加工出的微孔形状规则、圆度较好以及重铸层宽度较小,脉冲能量为0.500 mJ时,加工出的微孔形状和圆度质量变差,重铸层宽度增大;多脉冲打孔条件下,脉冲能量为0.040 mJ时,加工出的通孔入口处无重铸层,去除机理以光化学作用为主,脉冲能量为0.390 mJ时,加工出的通孔入口处重铸层较为明显,且入口边缘出现过烧蚀现象,去除机理以光热作用为主;脉冲能量和离焦量对孔径影响较大,脉冲数量和正离焦量对孔深影响较大;正交实验得到的优化参数组合为脉冲数量50、脉冲能量0.021 mJ、离焦量0μm时,可以加工出质量较好的微孔。本研究为266 nm纳秒激光加工聚苯乙烯靶球提供了参考依据。

Prediction of Sintering Strength for Selective Laser Sintering of Polystyrene Using Artificial Neural Network

In the present work,a study is made to investigate the effects of process parameters,namely,laser power,scanning speed,hatch spacing, layer thickness and powder temperature, on the tensile strength for selective laser sintering( SLS) of polystyrene( PS). Artificial neural network( ANN) methodology is employed to develop mathematical relationships between the process parameters and the output variable of the sintering strength. Experimental data are used to train and test the network. The present neural network model is applied to predicting the experimental outcome as a function of input parameters within a specified range. Predicted sintering strength using the trained back propagation( BP) network model showed quite a good agreement with measured ones. The results showed that the networks had high processing speed,the abilities of error-correcting and self-organizing. ANN models had favorable performance and proved to be an applicable tool for predicting sintering strength SLS of PS.

“Cutting effect” of organoclay platelets in compatibilizing immiscible polypropylene/polystyrene blends

In this work, polypropylene (PP)/polystyrene (PS) blends with different organoclay concentrations were prepared via melt compounding. Differing from the results of previous reports, the organoclay platelets are mostly located in the dispersed PS phase instead of the interface. The dimensions of the dispersed PS droplets are greatly reduced and apparent compatibilization effect still exists, which cannot be explained by the traditional compatibilization mechanism. A novel compatibilization mecha- nism, "cutting" to apparently compatibilize the immiscible PP/PS blends was proposed. The organoclay platelets tend to form a special "knife-like structure" in the PS domain under the shear stress of the continuous PP phase during compounding. The "clay knife" can split the dispersed PS domain apart and lead to the dramatic reduction of the dispersed domain size.

SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF POLYSTYRENE/LAPONITE NANOCOMPOSITES

Exfoliated polystyrene (PS)/laponite nanocomposites were prepared successfully. The characteristic d001 diffraction peak of organo-laponite disappeared in the XRD patterns of nanocomposites, indicating that the laponite layers were exfoliated and the ordered crystal structure of laponite was destroyed because of the styrene polymerization. TEM observations showed that the exfoliated laponite primary particles were dispersed randomly in the PS matrix with lateral dimensions from 1 nm to 10 nm. SEM results showed that the PS/laponite nanocomposite particles were almost monodispersed spheres with the size of about 120 nm. Because of the interaction between PS and laponite nanolayers, the nanocomposites exhibited higher thermal stability and glass transition temperature when compared to pure PS.

Prediction of long-term creep behaviour and lifetime of polystyrene by linear extrapolation

The universal creep function derived from the kinetic equations is successful in relating the creep (ε) to the aging time (t a), coefficient of retardation time (β), and intrinsic time (t 0). The relation was used to treat the creep experimental data for polystyrene (PS) specimens which were aged at a given temperature and different times (short term) and tested at a certain temperature and different stress levels. Then unified master lines were constructed with the treated data and curves according to the universal equation. The master lines can be used to predict the long term creep behaviour and lifetime by extrapolating to a required ultimate strain. The verifications of results obtained with this method were shown as well.

A METHOD TO QUANTIFY CRAZING DEFORMATION BY TENSILE TESTS FOR POLYSTYRENE/POLYOLEFIN ELASTOMER IMMISCIBLE BLENDS

A method to quantify crazing deformations by tensile tests for polystyrene （PS） and polyolefin elastomer （POE） blends was investigated. The toughness of PS/POE blends, reflected by the Charpy impact strength, increased with the content of POE. SEM micrographs showed the poor compatibility between PS and POE. In simple tensile tests, it is very easy to achieve the ratio of crazing deformation, i.e. K by measuring the size changes of samples. The K values decreased with increasing the content of POE, and the deformations of PS/POE blends were dominated by crazing. The plots of the change of volume （△V） against longitudinal variation （△I） showed a linear relationship, and the slope of lines decreased with the content of POE. Measuring samples at the tensile velocities of 5 mm/min, 50 mm/min, and 500 mm/min respectively, the K values kept unchanged for each PS/POE blends.

Coefficient of retardation time found out by polynomial fitting to predict creep behaviour of polystyrene

The universal creep function is successful in relating the creep （ε） to the ageing time （ta）, coefficient of retardation time （β）, and intrinsic time （t0）. The relation was used to treat the creep experimental data for polystyrene （PS） specimens at a given aged time and different stress levels. Comparing with “middle-point” method reported in the literatures, β is found out by another method “polynomial fitting” in this work. Then unified master lines were constructed with the treated data and curves according to the universal equation. The master lines can be used to predict the long-term creep behaviour and lifetime by extrapolating to a required ultimate strain.

PUF、PP和PS阻燃复合塑料研究现状和发展趋势

塑料阻燃复合材料的发展对于扩大塑料应用范围具有重要意义。聚氨酯泡沫(PUF)、聚丙烯(PP)和聚苯乙烯(PS)作为典型通用塑料,被应用于众多领域。然而,这三种塑料的内在结构和自身性质使其表现出热稳定性差、易燃烧和燃烧释放CO等毒气的特性,严重危害生命和财产安全,从而限制了它们的使用范围。添加阻燃剂改性而形成复合塑料是目前改善塑料阻燃性能的常用方法。本文分析了阻燃塑料的性能表征和原理,同时基于近年来的研究工作,回顾了典型PUF、PP和PS阻燃复合塑料的研究现状,探讨了阻燃剂组织及其对阻燃性能的影响,并总结了阻燃剂的制备技术。此外,结合塑料的阻燃应用需求和碳减排背景,梳理了其发展方向和前景。

有机蛭石/竹炭/PS废塑料的制备及表征

先对蛭石(VMT)进行改性,得到有机蛭石(O-VMT),并用FTIR和XRD对其进行表征。再通过熔融挤出制备PS废机壳(J-PS)系列复合材料,对复合材料的力学性能和尺寸稳定性进行分析,结果发现,J-PS能够填满竹炭(BC)的内部孔隙;加入O-VMT后,复合材料的物理性能与添加VMT相比更佳;加入BC或O-VMT后,J-PS的尺寸稳定性提升,当加入4%的O-VMT时,J-PS的弯曲模量提高了8.3%,缺口冲击强度下降了28.2%;当加入4%的BC时,J-PS的弯曲模量提高了4.9%,缺口冲击强度下降了11.5%;在O-VMT/J-PS-4中加入4%的BC,复合材料的拉伸强度、弯曲强度和模量分别提高了12.9%、9%和12.7%,伸长率和缺口冲击强度分别下降了17.8%和19.6%,垂直和水平方向的模后收缩率分别降低至41.7%和36.5%。

Friedel-Crafts烷基化反应就地增容WPS/OBC合金研究

采用不同种类的回收废旧聚苯乙烯(PS)与乙烯辛烯嵌段共聚物(OBC)进行Friedel-Crafts烷基化反应,考察了催化剂无水AlCl_(3)用量对废旧PS接枝率和共混物结构、性能的影响。结果表明:由于杂质的存在,回收造粒的发泡PS废旧制件(WEPS)不能与OBC直接进行Friedel-Crafts烷基化反应;而回收造粒的非发泡PS废旧制件(WPS)可以与OBC进行Friedel-Crafts烷基化反应,生成OBC-g-WPS接枝物;当反应温度为140℃,WPS、OBC、无水AlCl_(3)质量比为50.0/50.0/0.4时,WPS接枝率达到了23.5%,与WPS/OBC简单共混物相比,WPS/OBC/无水AlCl_(3)共混物拉伸强度和断裂伸长率分别增加了125.4%和2913.5%;WPS/OBC/无水AlCl_(3)共混物中OBC的熔点和结晶温度均降低,OBC和WPS两相的相容性得到明显提高;以WPS/OBC/无水AlCl_(3)(质量比50.0/50.0/0.4)共混物为增容母料增韧WEPS,制备了WEPS/增容母料(质量比40.0/60.0)共混物,其冲击强度比纯WEPS提高了1044.4%,比WEPS/OBC共混物提高了415.0%。

汽车漆渣挥发性有机物释放特性及动力学研究

汽车油漆废渣(PS)是汽车制造喷漆环节产生的危险废物,由于存在挥发性有机物(VOCs)、重金属含量高和燃点低等危险特性,PS具有很高的环境污染风险.然而,PS在储存过程中释放的VOCs的环境风险尚未被探究.本文通过环境试验箱,考察了4种典型PS中VOCs的释放特性,并研究PS中VOCs的释放动力学.结果表明:PS的内扩散阶段在整个释放期间占主导地位,释放的VOCs中含氧化合物比芳香烃化合物更容易从PS中扩散到空气中,油基湿式油漆废渣(OBWPS)具有较高的总挥发性有机物(TVOC)和较长的释放时间.PS中个体以及TVOC的累积释放通量符合一级动力学方程,并且相关系数R^(2)>99%.

PS/PMMA复合材料的光散射

对以聚苯乙烯(PS)和自行合成的纳米"类双亲"PMMAPS为光散射剂,以聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)为基体的复合光散射材料进行了实验研究。测试并分析了样品的雾度及透光率与添加量之间的关系,目的在于通过调节散射剂添加量来调控以PMMA为基体的高聚物材料的光散射性能。实验结果表明,添加少量PS到PMMA中即可制备出光散射材料,PS添加量为1%时,复合光散射材料的透光率为80%;不添加PMMAPS时雾度为50%,添加了PMMAPS时雾度达到80%,PMMAPS可以改善PMMA和PS之间的相容性,提高样品的雾度值。因此通过调节散射剂PS和PM-MAPS添加量可实现光散射高雾度和高透光率的双高要求。

乳液聚合法制备剥离型PS/MMT纳米复合材料

以阳离子表面活性剂十八烷基三甲基氯化铵(OTAC)和烯丙基十八烷基二甲基氯化铵(ATAC)为插层处理剂改性蒙脱土(MMT),原位乳液聚合分别制备了PS/C18MMT和PS/AC18MMT两种纳米复合材料.XRD和TEM分析表明,MMT均被剥离成单个或几个片层无规的分散在PS基体中,TGA分析表明,MMT的加入提高了材料的耐热性能,当PS基体与有机化处理的MMT片层发生一定的化学连接后,PS/AC18MMT纳米复合材料表现出更好的耐热性能.动态力学分析表明,MMT的加入提高了PS的玻璃态储能模量,降低了材料的动态损耗;PS/AC18MMT纳米复合材料的玻璃化温度较PS有所提高,而PS/C18MMT的玻璃化温度与PS相比略有降低.