A New Kind of Renewable Energy: Production of Aromatic Hydrocarbons Naphtha Chemical by Thermal Degradation of Polystyrene (PS) Waste Plastic

Polystyrene (PS) waste plastic to renewable energy or naphtha grade fuel production through fractional distillation process was applied and PS liquefaction temperature range was 250?C - 430?C and fractional column temperature was 110?C - 135?C for naphtha grade fuel separation. The thermal degradation of PS waste plastic to renewable energy or naphtha grade chemical production was without adding any kind of cracking catalyst and without vacuum system. Polystyrene waste plastic is not bio-degradable and its can remain long period of landfill and creating gas emission for that reason its major cause climate change. For experimental purpose raw sample was use 1 kg of PS waste plastic and experiment was performed under Labconco fume hood and experiment was fully closed system, whole experiment was performed into stainless steel reactor. Produced fuel was analysis by gas chromatography and mass spectrometer, FT-IR and DSC. Analysis result indicate for fuel compounds chemical structure, compound band energy and enthalpy, delta H value. Produced fuel sulfur content less then environmental protection agency (EPA) level and fuel could be use for chemical feedstock refinery for further modification. By using this technology can reduce some foreign oil dependency and boost up renewable energy sector all over the world.

Development of a Composite Material Based on Wood Waste Stabilized with Recycled Expanded Polystyrene

Environmental pollution is a whole world concern. One of the causes of that pollution is the proliferation of plastic waste. Among these wastes there is expanded polystyrene (EPS), mainly from packaging. This study aims to valorize EPS waste by developing a composite material from EPS waste and wood waste. For this purpose, a resin made of EPS has been elaborated by dissolving EPS in acetone. That resin was used as a binder in volume proportions of 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% to stabilize the samples. Some of them were thermoformed. The method of elaboration was based on a device consisting of an extruder for mixing the constituents, and a manual press for shaping and compacting the samples. Analyses show that the drying time depends on the composition of the mixture. Increasing the resin content leads to reduce water absorption and porosity of the samples;it also contributes to homogenize the internal structure of the samples. However, for the same resin contents, the thermoformed samples are less porous;they have more homogeneous internal structure;and absorb less water than non-thermoformed samples.

Performance Evaluation of Novel Eco-Materials Composed of Millet Husks, Rice Husks, and Polystyrene

Managing agricultural waste and expanded polystyrene (EPS) poses significant environmental and economic challenges. This study aims to create composites from millet husks, rice husks, and recycled EPS, using a manufacturing method that involves dissolving the polystyrene in a solvent followed by cold pressing. Various particle sizes and two binder dosages were investigated to assess their influence on the physico-mechanical properties of the composites. The mechanical properties obtained range from 2.54 to 4.47 MPa for the Modulus of Rupture (MOR) and from 686 to 1400 MPa for the Modulus of Elasticity in Bending (MOE). The results indicate that these composites have potential for applications in the construction sector, particularly for wood structures and interior decoration. Moreover, surface treatments could enhance their durability and mechanical properties. This research contributes to the valorization of agricultural and plastic waste as eco-friendly and economical construction materials.

Study of Rice Husks and Expanded Polystyrene Composites for Construction Applications

In the current context of environmental challenges, this study focuses on developing innovative and eco-friendly composites using rice husk and recycled expanded polystyrene. This dual-responsibility approach valorizes a by-product like rice husk, often considered waste, and reuses polystyrene, a plastic waste, thereby contributing to CO2 emission reduction and effective waste management. The manufacturing process involves dissolving recycled polystyrene into a solvent to create a binder, which is then mixed with rice husk and cold-compacted into composite materials. The study examines the impact of two particle sizes (fine and coarse) and different proportions of recycled polystyrene binder. The results show significant variations in the mechanical characteristics of the composites, with Modulus of Rupture (MOR) values varying from 2.41 to 3.47 MPa, Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) ranging from 223.41 to 1497.2 MPa, and Stiffness Coefficient (K) from 5.04 to 33.96 N/mm. These characteristics demonstrate that these composites are appropriate for various construction applications, including interior decoration, panel claddings, and potentially for furniture and door manufacturing when combined with appropriate coatings. This study not only highlights the recycling of agricultural and plastic waste but also provides a localized approach to addressing global climate change challenges through the adoption of sustainable building materials.

Prediction of Sintering Strength for Selective Laser Sintering of Polystyrene Using Artificial Neural Network

In the present work,a study is made to investigate the effects of process parameters,namely,laser power,scanning speed,hatch spacing, layer thickness and powder temperature, on the tensile strength for selective laser sintering( SLS) of polystyrene( PS). Artificial neural network( ANN) methodology is employed to develop mathematical relationships between the process parameters and the output variable of the sintering strength. Experimental data are used to train and test the network. The present neural network model is applied to predicting the experimental outcome as a function of input parameters within a specified range. Predicted sintering strength using the trained back propagation( BP) network model showed quite a good agreement with measured ones. The results showed that the networks had high processing speed,the abilities of error-correcting and self-organizing. ANN models had favorable performance and proved to be an applicable tool for predicting sintering strength SLS of PS.

“Cutting effect” of organoclay platelets in compatibilizing immiscible polypropylene/polystyrene blends

In this work, polypropylene (PP)/polystyrene (PS) blends with different organoclay concentrations were prepared via melt compounding. Differing from the results of previous reports, the organoclay platelets are mostly located in the dispersed PS phase instead of the interface. The dimensions of the dispersed PS droplets are greatly reduced and apparent compatibilization effect still exists, which cannot be explained by the traditional compatibilization mechanism. A novel compatibilization mecha- nism, "cutting" to apparently compatibilize the immiscible PP/PS blends was proposed. The organoclay platelets tend to form a special "knife-like structure" in the PS domain under the shear stress of the continuous PP phase during compounding. The "clay knife" can split the dispersed PS domain apart and lead to the dramatic reduction of the dispersed domain size.

Prediction of long-term creep behaviour and lifetime of polystyrene by linear extrapolation

The universal creep function derived from the kinetic equations is successful in relating the creep (ε) to the aging time (t a), coefficient of retardation time (β), and intrinsic time (t 0). The relation was used to treat the creep experimental data for polystyrene (PS) specimens which were aged at a given temperature and different times (short term) and tested at a certain temperature and different stress levels. Then unified master lines were constructed with the treated data and curves according to the universal equation. The master lines can be used to predict the long term creep behaviour and lifetime by extrapolating to a required ultimate strain. The verifications of results obtained with this method were shown as well.

SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF POLYSTYRENE/LAPONITE NANOCOMPOSITES

Exfoliated polystyrene (PS)/laponite nanocomposites were prepared successfully. The characteristic d001 diffraction peak of organo-laponite disappeared in the XRD patterns of nanocomposites, indicating that the laponite layers were exfoliated and the ordered crystal structure of laponite was destroyed because of the styrene polymerization. TEM observations showed that the exfoliated laponite primary particles were dispersed randomly in the PS matrix with lateral dimensions from 1 nm to 10 nm. SEM results showed that the PS/laponite nanocomposite particles were almost monodispersed spheres with the size of about 120 nm. Because of the interaction between PS and laponite nanolayers, the nanocomposites exhibited higher thermal stability and glass transition temperature when compared to pure PS.

A METHOD TO QUANTIFY CRAZING DEFORMATION BY TENSILE TESTS FOR POLYSTYRENE/POLYOLEFIN ELASTOMER IMMISCIBLE BLENDS

A method to quantify crazing deformations by tensile tests for polystyrene （PS） and polyolefin elastomer （POE） blends was investigated. The toughness of PS/POE blends, reflected by the Charpy impact strength, increased with the content of POE. SEM micrographs showed the poor compatibility between PS and POE. In simple tensile tests, it is very easy to achieve the ratio of crazing deformation, i.e. K by measuring the size changes of samples. The K values decreased with increasing the content of POE, and the deformations of PS/POE blends were dominated by crazing. The plots of the change of volume （△V） against longitudinal variation （△I） showed a linear relationship, and the slope of lines decreased with the content of POE. Measuring samples at the tensile velocities of 5 mm/min, 50 mm/min, and 500 mm/min respectively, the K values kept unchanged for each PS/POE blends.

An energetic nano-fiber composite based on polystyrene and 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane fabricated via electrospinning technique

Electrospinning is a simple technique used to fabricate polymeric nano-fibrous membranes.These nano-fibers have found a wide range of valuable applications in the biomedical field.However,it has not been utilized with solid high explosives yet.Herein,the electrospinning technique has been used to fabricate polystyrene(PS)/1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane(RDX)composite nanofibers.The governed electrospinning parameters,voltage,distance from the collector,flow rate,mandrel rotating speed,time,and solution concentration,that greatly affect the morphology of the obtained nanofibers were optimized.The fabricated PS/RDX nano-fibers were characterized using scanning electron microscopy(SEM),X-ray diffractometer(XRD),and Fourier Transform Infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy.The impact and friction sensitivities of PS/RDX were also measured.The thermal behavior of the prepared composite and the pure materials were studied by the thermal gravimetric analysis technique(TGA).SEM results proved the fabrication of PS/RDX fibers in the nano-size via electrospinning.FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the existence of the characteristic functional groups of both PS and RDX in the composite nano-fibers.XRD sharp peaks showed the conversion of amorphous PS into crystalline shape via electrospinning and also confirmed the formation of PS/RDX composite.The PS fibers absorbed the heat and increased the onset decomposition of the pure RDX from 181.5 to 200.7℃in the case of PS/RDX fibers.Interestingly,PS/RDX nano-fibers showed the relatively low impact and friction sensitivities of 100 J and 360 N respectively.These results could introduce PS/RDX nanofibrous composite in the field of explosives detection with high levels of safety.

Coefficient of retardation time found out by polynomial fitting to predict creep behaviour of polystyrene

The universal creep function is successful in relating the creep （ε） to the ageing time （ta）, coefficient of retardation time （β）, and intrinsic time （t0）. The relation was used to treat the creep experimental data for polystyrene （PS） specimens at a given aged time and different stress levels. Comparing with “middle-point” method reported in the literatures, β is found out by another method “polynomial fitting” in this work. Then unified master lines were constructed with the treated data and curves according to the universal equation. The master lines can be used to predict the long-term creep behaviour and lifetime by extrapolating to a required ultimate strain.

不同电荷修饰的聚苯乙烯纳米塑料对海洋微拟球藻(Nannochloropsis oceanica)生长及光合活性的影响

评估了30 nm阴离子羧基修饰(-COOH)和100 nm阳离子氨基修饰(-NH_(2))的聚苯乙烯(PS)NPs及其不同浓度下(PS-COOH:0、2、5、8和10 mg·L^(-1);PS-NH_(2):0、0.2、0.3、0.4和0.5 mg·L^(-1))对海洋微藻微拟球藻(Nannochloropsis oceanica)在生长及光合活性中产生的影响。结果表明,两种NPs在培养基中均出现了聚集和电位绝对值的下降;经过羧基修饰的PS对海洋微拟球藻的生长及光合活性并未产生明显的影响,而经过氨基修饰的PS在不同浓度下对海洋微拟球藻的生长及光合活性产生了不同的影响:低浓度(0.2 mg·L^(-1))PS-NH_(2)对海洋微拟球藻生长产生促进作用,高浓度(0.4和0.5 mg·L^(-1))PS-NH_(2)对海洋微拟球藻生长产生抑制作用,海洋微拟球藻在不同浓度PS-NH_(2)胁迫下显示出了低促高抑现象;并且当海洋微拟球藻暴露于0.2 mg·L^(-1)PS-NH_(2)时,叶绿素a(Chl a)含量较对照组高,而其他处理组均低于对照组;此外,在0.2 mg·L^(-1)PS-NH_(2)处理下的海洋微拟球藻Fv/Fm值一直高于对照组,而在0.5 mg·L^(-1)高浓度的PS-NH_(2)胁迫下,海洋微拟球藻的最大光化学效率始终低于对照组,这些结果与生长数据相吻合。

PS-MPs和DEHP联合暴露通过NO/iNOS/NF-κB通路诱导小鼠结肠上皮细胞自噬的作用机制研究

【目的】探究聚苯乙烯微塑料(PS-MPs)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)联合暴露通过NO/iNOS/NF-κB通路诱导小鼠结肠上皮细胞(MCEC)自噬的作用机制。【方法】依据CCK-8法测定的PS-MPs和DEHP对MCEC的半数抑制浓度(IC 50),将MCEC分为5组:对照组、PS-MPs组、DEHP组、联合组和抑制组,各组MCEC分别用培养基及含有200μg/L PS-MPs、100μmol/L DEHP、200μg/L PS-MPs+100μmol/L DEHP、200μg/L PS-MPs+100μmol/L DEHP+5 nmol/L硼替佐米(PS-341)的培养基处理24 h后,采用生化试剂盒检测NO含量及iNOS活性,通过MDC法检测自噬小体,利用免疫荧光染色、实时荧光定量PCR和Western blotting检测自噬,以及NO/iNOS/NF-κB通路相关基因的mRNA和蛋白表达水平。【结果】PS-MPs和DEHP均可抑制MCEC的活力,且IC 50分别为2315μg/L和1477μmol/L。与对照组相比,PS-MPs、DEHP、联合组细胞中NO含量、iNOS活性及NO/iNOS/NF-κB通路相关基因的mRNA和蛋白表达水平均显著升高(P<0.05),MDC法与免疫荧光染色的荧光强度均显著增强(P<0.05),MCEC的自噬相关基因(Beclin1、ATG5、LC3-B)的mRNA和蛋白表达水平显著上调(P<0.05);PS-341可显著缓解PS-MPs和DEHP对MCEC暴露引起的上述检测指标的变化。【结论】联合暴露于PS-MPs和DEHP可激活iNOS,使NO含量激增,上调NO/iNOS/NF-κB通路,从而诱导小鼠结肠上皮细胞自噬。

OBC/WPS增容母料的制备及其在三元乙丙橡胶中的应用

利用Friedel-Crafts烷基化反应制备了乙烯-辛烯嵌段共聚物(OBC)/废旧聚苯乙烯(WPS)增容母料,考察了无水AlCl3用量对WPS的接枝率、共混物性能以及增容母料用量对三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)综合性能的影响。结果表明,WPS可以与OBC发生反应,生成OBC-g-WPS接枝共聚物;当无水AlCl3用量为0.4份时,WPS的接枝率最高,为25.3%,且无凝胶产生,共混物的综合性能最好;将上述共混物作为增容母料应用于EPDM中,添加增容母料的硫化胶,其拉伸强度、撕裂强度和耐热空气老化性能优于纯EPDM硫化胶,且优于添加相同量OBC/WPS简单共混物;添加OBC/WPS增容母料的硫化胶中WPS分散均匀且细小。

PS/PMMA复合材料的光散射

对以聚苯乙烯(PS)和自行合成的纳米"类双亲"PMMAPS为光散射剂,以聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)为基体的复合光散射材料进行了实验研究。测试并分析了样品的雾度及透光率与添加量之间的关系,目的在于通过调节散射剂添加量来调控以PMMA为基体的高聚物材料的光散射性能。实验结果表明,添加少量PS到PMMA中即可制备出光散射材料,PS添加量为1%时,复合光散射材料的透光率为80%;不添加PMMAPS时雾度为50%,添加了PMMAPS时雾度达到80%,PMMAPS可以改善PMMA和PS之间的相容性,提高样品的雾度值。因此通过调节散射剂PS和PM-MAPS添加量可实现光散射高雾度和高透光率的双高要求。

乳液聚合法制备剥离型PS/MMT纳米复合材料

以阳离子表面活性剂十八烷基三甲基氯化铵(OTAC)和烯丙基十八烷基二甲基氯化铵(ATAC)为插层处理剂改性蒙脱土(MMT),原位乳液聚合分别制备了PS/C18MMT和PS/AC18MMT两种纳米复合材料.XRD和TEM分析表明,MMT均被剥离成单个或几个片层无规的分散在PS基体中,TGA分析表明,MMT的加入提高了材料的耐热性能,当PS基体与有机化处理的MMT片层发生一定的化学连接后,PS/AC18MMT纳米复合材料表现出更好的耐热性能.动态力学分析表明,MMT的加入提高了PS的玻璃态储能模量,降低了材料的动态损耗;PS/AC18MMT纳米复合材料的玻璃化温度较PS有所提高,而PS/C18MMT的玻璃化温度与PS相比略有降低.

激光惯性约束聚变(ICF)聚苯乙烯(PS)靶材料研究进展

在ICF靶丸研究中,PS空心微球是主要的靶型之一,由于PS靶具有低密度、低原子序数,可以降低辐射驱动内爆实验过程中燃料预热及流体力学不稳定性,提高实验效率,并且有利于实验过程中诊断,所以PS靶愈来愈受到重视并很快得以发展。简要综述了国内外有关惯性约束聚变聚苯乙烯靶材料。

光子晶体用PS/Ti(OBu)_4复合乳胶粒的制备

将乳液聚合形成的聚苯乙烯乳胶粒子在苯/无水乙醇/钛酸丁酯的混合液中溶胀,使钛酸丁酯在溶胀吸附过程中进入乳胶粒内部,以构制复合乳胶粒子,并用红外光谱、透射电镜和差热分析等方法对复合乳胶粒子的组成、形貌、热稳定性和热转变进行了研究.结果表明,在苯/无水乙醇/钛酸丁酯混合介质中,聚苯乙烯乳胶粒并不溶解,但可以溶胀,并吸入钛酸丁酯,经水解后,形成聚苯乙烯/二氧化钛乳胶粒,二氧化钛最高含量可达1000左右.

羧化聚苯乙烯增容PA1010/PS共混体系的形态及相容性研究

采用扫描电镜、动态粘弹谱和偏光显微镜等方法研究了羧化度的摩尔分数为３２％时羧化聚苯乙烯（ＣＰＳ）增容ＰＡ１０１０／ＰＳ共混体系的形态及相容性。结果表明，在ＰＡ１０１０／ＰＳ体系中，ＣＰＳ的加入能有效地改善体系的相容性，这表现在加入ＣＰＳ后分散相与基体间的界面变得模糊，ＰＳ粒子尺寸明显减小，粒径更均匀，且动态粘弹谱上Ｔｇ相互靠近。但当ＣＰＳ加入量达到分散相质量分数的２０％时，由于界面化学键的形成使得分散相与基体间的作用显著增强，导致分散相粒子破碎其形状变得不规则。此外，ＣＰＳ的加入还促使了ＰＡ１０１０球晶的细化及分散，表明相容性的改善使体系的均一性得到提高。

废弃聚苯乙烯泡沫(EPS)外墙外保温砂浆研究

通过改性,EPS表面由憎水性变为亲水性,能被新拌硅酸盐水泥浆体所润湿。以改性EPS为轻骨料,水泥为胶结材,辅以纤维和聚合物改性,可配制施工性、热工性、耐候性、抗裂性良好的保温砂浆。这种新型保温砂浆可用于外墙外保温,突破了传统保温砂浆只能作内保温的局限,已在建筑工程中大规模应用。