Effect of nutritional bio-stimulants(NBS)on the biological treatment of the wastewater from traditional Chinese medicine production

Nutritional bio-stimulant(NBS)technology is an attractive method to improve the efficiency of biological treatment of wastewater by stimulating the microbial growth and increasing species diversity.In this study,a commercial NBS,which consisted of organic acids,absorbable nitrogen and phosphorus and trace elements,was applied as a nutrient supplement to replace conventional chemical fertilizer(CCF)in aerobic biological treatment of a traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)wastewater.A mill trials was carried out in a commercial scale TCM wastewater treatment system for 41 days.The process performance and active sludge characteristics were continuously monitored when the CCF was replaced with NBS gradually in the system.It was found that the chemical oxygen demand(COD)of the effluent decreased from 118 to 89 mg·L^(-1),well below the 100 mg·L^(-1)wastewater discharge limit,when the CCF was replaced with NBS completely.More importantly,the ammonia concentration of the effluent stayed constantly low in the NBS stage of the trial,indicating that the added NBS was completely utilized by the microorganisms.In contrast,the effluent ammonia concentration was gradually increasing and exceeded the limit in the CCF stage of the trial,indicating that the CCF was not fully utilized by the microbes.The improved perfromance of the aerobic wastewater treatment system was attributed to the fact that the NBS nutrients were more bio-available than the CCF to the microorganisms.

Feasibility and simulation model of a pilot scale membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment and reuse from Chinese traditional medicine

The lack and pollution of water resource make wastewater reuse necessary. The pilot scale long-term tests for submerged membrane bioreactor were conducted to treat the effluents of anaerobic or aerobic treatment process for the high-strength Chinese traditional medicine wastewater. This article was focused on the feasibility of the wastewater treatment and reuse at shorter hydraulic retention time （HRT） of 5.0, 3.2 and 2.13 h. MLSS growth, membrane flux, vacuum values and chemical cleaning periods were also investigated. The experimental results of treating two-phase anaerobic treatment effluent demonstrated that the CODfilt was less than 100 mg/L when the influent COD was between 500-10000 mg/L at HRT of 5.0 h, which could satisfy the normal discharged standard in China. The experimental results to treat cross flow aerobic reactor effluent demonstrated that the average value of CODfilt was 17.28 mg/L when the average value of influent COD was 192.84 mg/L at HRT of 2.13 h during 106 d, which could completely meet the normal standard for water reuse. The maximum MLSS and MLVSS reached 24000 and 14500 mg/L at HRT of 3.2 h respectively. Membrane flux had maximal resume degrees of 94.7% at vacuum value of 0.02 MPa after cleaning. Chemical cleaning periods of membrane module were 150 d. A simulation model of operational parameters was also established based on the theory of back propagation neural network and linear regression of traditional mathematical model. The simulation model showed that the optimum operational parameters were suggested as follows： HRT was 5.0 h, SRT was 100 d, the range of COD loading rate was between 10.664-20.451 kg/（m3.d）, the range of MLSS was between 7543-13694 mg/L.

A review on cocrystal of active ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine

In the development of new drugs products,especially the development of traditional Chinese medicine active ingredients,solubility and oral bioavailability are the main factors which are restricting the development of new drugs,whereas the physicochemical properties of active ingredients are the key element to affecting these factors.Pharmaceutical cocrystal provides an excellent opportunity to develop new drugs with excellent physical and chemical properties such as melting point,solubility,stability and bioavailability while retaining the pharmacological properties of individuals active pharmaceutical ingredients among pharmaceutical cocrystal compounds.Traditional Chinese herbal medicine has the characteristics of multiple pathways and multiple targets,mainly because it contains many active ingredients,like cocrystals thereof with many components.The active ingredients extracted from traditional Chinese herbal medicine have a wide range of pharmacological activities,but most of the active ingredients affect the development of traditional Chinese medicine active ingredients due to their physical and chemical properties such as solubility.Traditional Chinese medicine pharmaceutical cocrystals can not only improve the physical and chemical properties of drugs without changing the internal structure of drugs,so as to provide a new scheme for the development of traditional Chinese medicine active ingredients.This paper reviews the research progress of active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine pharmaceutical cocrystal.The preparation methods of cocrystals are summarized and the advantages of cocrystals are illustrated with examples.

Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Zizania latifolia to Traditional Chinese Medicine Wastewater

Effects of traditional Chinese medicine wastewater treatment on the physiological and biochemical indexes( such as TTC,Pro,GSH,MDA,SOD,POD,CAT,and PAL) of Zizania latifolia were investigated under four concentrations of medicine wastewater. The results showed that under the stress of traditional Chinese medicine wastewater,the contents of GSH,MDA and Pro had different degrees of increase,which would promote the increasing of superoxide anion. Meanwhile,the activities of root,SOD,POD,CAT and PAL also increased with the concentration of traditional Chinese medicine wastewater. Therefore,Z. latifolia had very strong anti-adversity abilities and tolerances to traditional Chinese medicine wastewater and can be used as one of the constructed wetland plants treating medicine wastewater.

Treatment of Chinese Traditional Medicine Wastewater by Photosynthetic Bacteria

The influence factors treating wastewater of Chinese traditional medicine extraction by photosynthetic bacteria are tested and discussed. The results indicate that the method of photosynthetic bacteria can eliminate COD and BOD from wastewater in high efficiency. And it also has high load shock resistance. On the conditions of slight aerobic and semi-darkness, treating wastewater of Chinese traditional medicine extraction, the method has better efficiency to eliminate COD and BOD from the wastewater than those by anaerobic illumination and aerobic darkness treatments. After pretreatment of hydrolytic acidization, the removal rate of COD in the wastewater reached more than 85 %, and that rate of BOD reached more than 90% in the treating system of photosynthetic bacteria. It may be more feasible and advantageous than traditional anaerobic biological process to treat organic wastewater using PSB system.

Treatment of Chinese traditional medicine wastewater in a submerged membrane bioreactor

A pilot scale test was conducted in a submerged membrane bioreactor SMBR with capacity of 10.0 m3/d for 120 days to treat high-strength Chinese traditional medicine wastewater. Performance of the SMBR was investigated with a sludge retention time (TSR) of 50 days, a hydraulic retention time (THR) of 8.0 h, membrane flux of 8.0 L/(m2·h) and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration of 2.0-3.0 mg/L, respectively. It was observed that the SMBR had high capacity of COD and suspended solid (SS) removal. The influent COD concentration was fluctuated between 1 000 and 5 000 mg/L, while the averaged effluent COD concentration was only 44.6 mg/L. The influent SS concentration was fluctuated between 1 000 and 1 600 mg/L, while little effluent SS was detected. It was found that the COD remove rate increased with mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) and organic loading rate (ROL). In order to obtain good-quality effluent, the operational conditions of the SMBR were suggested as follows: the temperature was controlled above 10 ℃, MLSS about 7000 mg/L, ROL under 24.76 kg/(m3·d), low vacuum value and constant water flux.

Integrating traditional Chinese (herbal) medicines into risk based regulation-With focus on non-clinical requirements to demonstrate safety

Within the public health sector of Hong Kong(China),there is a consensus around the important role of traditional Chinese medicines.For Hong Kong(China)to play a bridging role to bring Chinese medicines to the global market requires a concerted effort from the government,academic institutes and industries.The release of the final version of the European Medicines Agencies guidance document,which details the acceptance of minimum requirements to nonclinical package in bibliographical applications,grants the opportunity for well-established and traditional herbal medicines to demonstrate an‘acceptable safe’status for registration in the European Union.It is anticipated that this minimum nonclinical package can be applied to demonstrate the safe use of many traditional Chinese medicines regardless of their eligibility to be registered under the simplified procedure within the European Union.This paper conceptualizes an integration of a simplified evaluation route for eligible proprietary Chinese medicines(pCm)with long history of use into the existing drug regulatory framework in Hong Kong(China).Such integration utilizing the minimum nonclinical package,based on bibliographical data or expert report,as proof of evidence to demonstrate safety for pCm with long history of use requires less demand in scientific resources.With Hong Kong(China)conducting‘first hand’review for eligible pCm,it provides an option for overseas and local pharmaceutical companies to register their products in Hong Kong(China)without the need to rely on issuance of Certificate of Pharmaceutical Product from other countries.This could bring eligible pCm with long history of use to reach international risk-based standard and to be marketed globally as‘medicines’to reach their full therapeutic potential.An important process to positioning Hong Kong(China)to compete with other countries in promoting importation and exportation of pCm to better serve the global health.

Annual advances of traditional Chinese medicine on tumor immunity regulation in 2021

Traditional Chinese medicine has been used to treat more than 70%of cancer patients in China.Traditional Chinese medicine treatment includes the application of traditional Chinese medicine monomers,extracts,classical Chinese medicine compounds,self-made compounds,acupuncture,etc.Mechanisms of the anti-tumor effects of traditional Chinese medicine are related to their immune-regulatory roles.Some traditional Chinese medicines improve the sensitivity of chemotherapeutic drugs,enhance tumor-suppressive effects,and decrease adverse reactions.In 2021,research papers from China accounted for about two-thirds of all the papers on traditional Chinese medicine and anti-tumor immunity.China continues to lead the world in the field of anti-tumor immunity of traditional Chinese medicine,and the efficient and productive academic cooperation between China and other countries has promoted the rapid development of this field.In this review,we summarize the research progress of traditional Chinese medicine in the field of tumor immunity in 2021 to provide new insights into mechanisms underlying the anti-tumor effects of traditional Chinese medicine.

Key Technologies of Traditional Chinese Medicine Traceability Based on Internet of Things

Compared with western medicine, there are many complicated factors affecting the intrinsic quality of traditional Chinese medicine, because its production needs to be planted, harvested, processed, transported, stored, and sold, etc. Therefore, the internet of things is integrated into the traceability of traditional Chinese medicine, and its key technologies are studied. An XMLbased traceability information exchange model was constructed for traditional Chinese medicine and modeled the traceability process by the finite state machine (FSM). Furthermore, the specific electronic product code (EPC) coding scheme of traditional Chinese medicine was proposed based on the EPC coding structure model. Finally, the effectiveness of the above models and schemes is verified by an example of a traditional Chinese medicine traceability prototype system.

The Globalization of Traditional Medicines: Perspectives Related to the European Union Regulatory Environment

In the Member States of the European Union (EU), a harmonized legislation on medicinal products has been enforced, which specifically defines herbal medicinal products and traditional herbal medicinal products. The scope was to create a regulatory environment that takes into account the particular characteristics of herbal medicinal products. The harmonization of standards is intended to harmonize assessment and facilitate access to the market in different Member States. The standards defined by the EU herbal monographs of the Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC) and the quality requirements laid down in the European Pharmacopoeia represent an excellent model of multinational harmonization of the regulatory environment for herbal and traditional medicines. It has also been demonstrated that this framework is at least partially applicable for herbal and traditional medicines from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to gain access to the EU market. Moreover, the HMPC provides specific guidance documents and pilot projects on monographs on the safety and efficacy of Chinese herbal drugs. In the European Pharmacopoeia, the number of quality monographs of herbal drugs with an origin in TCM is continuously growing. These developments indicate that globalization of traditional medicines is an ongoing process. Communication and cooperation between regulators, the scientific community, and interested stakeholders will set the stage for the convergence of diverse regulatory environments. This will contribute to worldwide availability of traditional medicines based on appropriate standards.

Annual advances of traditional medicine on tumor immunity regulation in 2020

Tumor burden remains a global health problem that threatens human life worldwide.Over the past few years,the evolution of immune checkpoint inhibitors has represented one of the most successful approaches in the field of tumor therapy.Drugs regulating tumor immune microenvironment or enhancing body immunity have indicated a novel perspective to treat tumors.Therefore,an increased number of scientists have been shifting their research focus to explore the immunity regulation effects of anti-tumor traditional medicine or natural products.In this review,we summarize the research progress of traditional medicines on tumor immunity regulation in 2020.Our findings suggest that more herbal medicine-derived phytochemicals and formulas were derived from traditional Chinese medicine,and more papers were published in comprehensive journals.Traditional medicine can comprehensively regulate the tumor immune microenvironment,including natural killer cells,dendritic cells,CD4+/CD8+T lymphocytes,regulatory T cells,myeloid-derived suppressor cells,tumor-associated macrophages,immunosuppressive factors,and immune checkpoints.In 2020,a greater number of research papers focused on active ingredients and formulas that regulate tumor-associated macrophages and immune checkpoints.Active ingredients such as flavonoids became a global hotspot in 2020.Certain natural products were also found to exert synergistic anti-tumor activity with immune checkpoint inhibitors,such as curcumin.However,a distinct lack of high-quality experimental and clinical studies remains a prevalent and challenging issue that hinders the further development of traditional medicine.

飞龙掌血茎和根不同炮制品对小鼠的急性毒性试验

旨在了解飞龙掌血[Toddalia asiatica(Linn)Lam.]茎和根不同炮制对小鼠急性毒性作用。130只KM小鼠适应性喂养3 d后,随机分为13组,包括溶媒组和12个药物试验剂量组(1个药材茎生品组和5个茎炮制组,1个根生品组和5个根炮制组,其中5种药材炮制品包括水煮制品、水洗制品、水蒸制品、酒蒸制品和酒炙制品)。溶媒组小鼠按40 mL/kg给予纯净水灌胃,给药3次,间隔4~5 h;茎各炮制品试验组小鼠按40 mL/kg灌胃,给药3次,间隔4~5 h;根各炮制品试验组小鼠按30 mL/kg灌胃,给药2次,间隔4~5 h,记录给药后各组小鼠14 d的主要临床症状、体重变化,并统计死亡率。结果表明,飞龙掌血及各炮制品可对小鼠产生急性毒性作用,临床中毒症状有自主活动减少、安静怠动、俯卧和翻正反射消失。炮制品组与溶媒组比较,在14 d内茎和根各炮制品均可致小鼠体重明显降低,且死亡率显著高于溶媒组(P<0.05或P<0.01);而与生品组比较,茎和根的5种炮制品在14 d内对小鼠体重的影响不显著,可有效降低小鼠的死亡率,其中以水煮法效果最佳。水煮、水洗、水蒸、酒蒸、酒炙炮制方法可以减小飞龙掌血茎和根(生品)对小鼠的毒性作用,但对小鼠体脂影响不显著。

酵母硒复合制剂对蛋鸡生产性能及蛋品质的影响

为分析酵母硒复合制剂对蛋鸡生产性能及蛋品质的影响。试验选取300羽28周龄的海兰褐蛋鸡,随机分为4组,每组5个重复,每个重复15羽。对照组根据《海兰褐壳蛋鸡商品代饲养管理技术规程》(DB34/T1650~2012)配制基础日粮,试验组分别在基础日粮中添加100、200、300mg/kg酵母硒复合制剂。预饲期7d,正试期60d。结果表明:(1)1~30d阶段,随着基础日粮中酵母硒复合制剂添加水平的提高,产蛋率有增加趋势(P <0.10)。31~60d阶段,与对照组相比,基础日粮添加200、300mg/kg酵母硒复合制剂可显著提高蛋鸡的产蛋率、平均日产蛋重(P <0.05),且显著降低了蛋鸡的料蛋比(P <0.05)。(2)试验第30天,与对照组相比,基础日粮添加200、300mg/kg酵母硒复合制剂可显著提高蛋黄颜色(P <0.05)。试验第60天,与对照组相比,基础日粮添加200、300mg/kg酵母硒复合制剂可显著提高鸡蛋重量、蛋白高度(P <0.05),基础日粮添加100、200、300mg/kg酵母硒复合制剂可显著提高了蛋黄颜色(P <0.05)。由此可见,基础日粮中添加200、300mg/kg酵母硒复合制剂均能提高蛋鸡生产性能,有效改善蛋品质。

基于试卷分析探讨线上线下混合式教学效果——以“中药资源综合利用与产品开发”课程为例

定量分析了信阳农林学院中药资源与开发专业2019级2个班级的“中药资源综合利用与产品开发”课程期末考试的结果,评估了基于“三个阶段+三个目标+两性一度+认知提升”模式下的线上线下混合式教学改革的质量,为改进教学方法和提高考试试卷质量提供依据。结果显示,整套试卷难度系数为0.78,区分度为0.51,信度系数为0.94。以中药资源为原料的食品开发这一知识单元的得分率最高,达92.25%。可见,该试卷难度适中、区分度较好、可信有效,线上线下混合式教学改革质量可靠,有助于提高人才培养质量。

基于“超滤——正渗透——膜蒸馏”工艺的中药废水利用研究

本文提出了基于“超滤—正渗透—膜蒸馏”(UF-FO-MD)耦合工艺的中药废水利用研究。通过设计模拟FO有效物质回收实验与UF-FO-MD耦合工艺处理实验,对比2组实验数据,验证该耦合工艺在实际中药废水处理中的应用效果。实验结果表明,经UF-FO-MD耦合工艺处理,实际中药生产废水中的回收效率明显提升。由此说明,该耦合工艺可有效回收中药废水中的有效物质和水资源,可在处理废水的同时,缓解中药生产的用水压力,可提高废水资源化利用的经济可行性,为中药生产废水资源化利用提供了创新方法。

由线粒体质量控制探讨天然产物在骨质疏松症防治中的作用

骨质疏松症是一种常见的代谢性骨疾病,主要由骨形成减少与骨吸收增加导致的骨重塑失衡引起,其发生发展的详细分子机制尚不完全清晰。线粒体质量控制是细胞内保持线粒体健康和功能的一套机制,被发现在多种衰老相关疾病中发挥着关键作用。天然产物作为一类具有多样性和生物活性的化合物,被广泛应用于调节线粒体功能和质量控制。近年来的研究表明部分天然产物可以干预线粒体质量控制系统对骨髓间充质干细胞、成骨细胞和破骨细胞的生理功能以及发育过程进行调控。基于此,笔者综述了线粒体质量控制系统,包括线粒体生物发生、线粒体动力学、线粒体自噬以及线粒体氧化应激,在骨质疏松症中的作用并总结了部分天然产物干预线粒体质量控制参与调控骨质疏松症发生发展的最新研究进展,旨在确定线粒体质量控制系统在防止骨质疏松症的潜在价值,为临床天然治疗骨质疏松症提供一定的理论依据。

不同类型中药材种植农户绿色生产行为绩效差异研究——基于赤峰市中药材种植户调查数据的实证分析

农户绿色生产行为是顺应农业绿色发展的必然要求。本文采用数据包络分析(DEA)及倾向得分匹配法(PSM),选取860份赤峰市中药材种植农户微观调研数据,基于农户分化视角探讨中药材种植农户绿色生产行为生产绩效差异问题。结果表明:首先,中药材种植农户实施绿色生产行为有助于生产绩效的提升,但不同类型中药材种植农户间存在差异,其全样本平均生产绩效为0.75,生存型农户最低,为0.65,生产型农户最高,为0.82,生活型农户和功能型农户较为接近,分别为0.80和0.79;其次,从平均处理效应(ATT)计算结果看,中药材种植农户实施绿色生产行为可以增加生产绩效、总产量和总产值;再次,绿色生产行为对不同类型中药材种植农户生产绩效的提升作用存在群体差异,其中生存型、生活型农户实施绿色生产行为对生产绩效影响不显著,功能型、生产型农户则具有显著影响,但生产型农户呈现负向影响。因此,要强化农户绿色生产行为实施力度,提高不同类型中药材种植农户绿色生产意识。另外应保护传统意义上的生存型和生活型农户,强化生产型农户的减施力度,培育功能型农户群体规模,推动社会福利改善,进而促进中药材产业绿色健康发展。

中药及其天然产物通过靶向铁死亡治疗癌症研究进展

铁死亡是一种独特的铁依赖性的细胞死亡方式,一种不同于细胞凋亡、各种形式的坏死和自噬的新型死亡表型。许多从中药中提取的活性成分可在不同癌症中通过诱导铁死亡发挥抗癌作用。越来越多的研究发现,对铁死亡的调控可影响肿瘤细胞对药物的敏感性,甚至逆转耐药。一些天然产物与化学治疗药物如顺铂、氟尿嘧啶、吉西他滨等联用可通过诱导铁死亡增强癌细胞对药物的敏感性。该文主要总结了可以通过诱导铁死亡发挥抗癌作用的中药及其天然产物,可为癌症治疗和逆转耐药提供新思路,同时也为发掘中药的潜在优势、拓宽中药的应用范围提供参考。

黄连解毒散治疗牛附红细胞体病的效果研究

[目的]通过使用黄连解毒散治疗牛附红细胞体病,探究更合理的治疗方案。[方法]选取呼伦贝尔某养殖场患有牛附红细胞体病的肉牛20例,随机分为4组,分别为高剂量黄连解毒散组(A)、中剂量黄连解毒散组(B)、低剂量黄连解毒散组(C)、西药对照组(D),A、B、C组分别给予80、60、40 g/d剂量的黄连解毒散,D组为100g/d剂量的土霉素。分别于给药第5天、给药第10天、停药后第5天进行记录,并分析治愈率、复发率以及预后生产性能变化情况。[结果]给药第5天,D组治愈率最高,为60%;而给药第10天,B组治愈率优于D组且疗程结束时治愈率最高,为100%。C组复发率为25%、D组复发率为20%、A、B组复发率为0;给药后5d,B组效果最好。[结论]中剂量黄连解毒散组虽然相对于西药治疗发挥作用较慢,但具有最佳的治疗效果,且复发率低、预后良好,推荐60 g/d剂量为临床常用治疗剂量。