Buckling Properties of Water-Drop-Shaped Pressure Hulls with Various Shape Indices Under Hydrostatic External Pressure

The water-drop-shaped pressure hull has a good streamline,which has good application prospect in the underwater observatory.Therefore,this study conducted analytical,experimental and numerical investigation of the buckling properties of water-drop-shaped pressure hulls under hydrostatic pressure.A water-drop experiment was conducted to design water-drop-shaped pressure hulls with various shape indices.The critical loads for the water-drop-shaped pressure hulls were resolved by using Mushtari’s formula.Several numerical simulations including linear buckling analysis and nonlinear buckling analysis including eigenmode imperfections were performed.The results indicated that the critical loads resolved by Mushtari's formula were in good agreement with the linear buckling loads from the numerical simulations.This formula can be extended to estimate the buckling capacity of water-drop-shaped pressure hulls.In addition,three groups of pressure hulls were fabricated by using stereolithography,a rapid prototyping technique.Subsequently,three groups of the pressure hulls were subjected to ultrasonic measurements,optical scanning,hydrostatic testing and numerical analysis.The experimental results were consistent with the numerical results.The results indicate that the sharp end of the water-drop-shaped pressure hulls exhibited instability compared with the blunt end.This paper provides a new solution to the limitations of experimental studies on the water-drop-shaped pressure hulls as well as a new configuration and evaluation method for underwater observatories.

Evolution of a Water Pendant Droplet: Effect of Temperature and Relative Humidity

As part of a better understanding of drying liquids within porous materials, measurements from 293 to 343 K of deionized water surface tension in air as a function of relative humidity are exposed. Experimental work was carried out using the pendant drop method coupled with image analysis within an adapted instrumented climatic chamber. Results show that surface tension linearly decreases when relative humidity increases. Although the effect of humidity is less compared to that of the temperature and even less compared to a surfactant impact, it must not be neglected and values have to be mentioned when dealing with water evaporation. Modifying surface tension also affects the pendant drop shape. The drying kinetics of the pendant drop volume and its outer shell are connected to this change of shape. Steam in the air can be assimilated to a wetting agent, hence a surfactant, and can be used in an environmental-friendly way to ease the drying stage. Indeed, the challenge is to limit the risk of cracking and damaging pieces during this crucial step in material processing.

The corrosive behaviors of GI and IF steel sheets in salt water drops

The corrosive behaviors of hot-dip galvanized steel （G I） sheets and the corresponding interstitial free （IF） steel base sheets for use in automobiles were investigated by the classical salt water drop （SWD） test at room temperature. The corrosive processes and products were observed and analyzed through morphological observation, a scanning electronic microscope （SEM） and an energy dispersive spectrum （EDS）. The results show that the anodic and cathode sites can be distinguished clearly during and after the test. The propagation of rusting, and the color, distribution and composition of the final corrosive products of the two kinds of materials are quite different. The SWD corrosive mechanisms of steel with and without galvanized coating are both discussed in this paper.

Analytical and Experimental Studies on Wave Scattering by a Horizontal Perforated Plate at the Still Water Level

This research investigates water-wave scattering via a horizontal perforated plate fixed at the still water level through analytical studies and physical model tests.The velocity potential decomposition method is combined with an efficient iterative algorithm to develop an analytical solution in which the quadratic pressure drop condition is imposed on the horizontal perforated plate.The analytical results are in good agreement with the results of an independently developed iterative boundary element method(BEM)solution.Experimental tests are carried out in a wave flume to measure the reflection coefficient and transmission coefficient of the horizontal perforated plate,and the analytical results agree reasonably well with the experimental data.The influence of various structural parameters of the horizontal perforated plate on the hydrodynamic parameters of reflection coefficient,transmission coefficient,energy-loss coefficient,and wave force are analyzed on the basis of the analytical solution.Useful results for the practical engineering application of horizontal perforated plates are also presented.

Rear-Surface Deformation of a Water Drop in Aero-Breakup of Shear Mode

Deformation of water drops in shock-induced high-speed flows is investigated with a focus to the influence of primitive flow parameters on the rear-surface deformation features. Two typical deformation patterns are discovered through high-speed photography. A simple equation to evaluate the radial acceleration of the drop surface is derived. The combined use of this equation and outer flow simulation makes it possible for us to reconstruct the profiles of the early deformed drops. The results agree well with the experiments. Further analysis shows that the duration of flow establishment with respect to the overall breakup time shapes the rear side profile of the drop. Thereby the ratio of the two times, expressed as the square root of the density ratio, appears to be an effective indicator of the deformation features.

A Comparative Study of Water Imagery in the Chinese Poem Happy Rain on a Spring Night and American Poem A Drop Fell on the Apple Tree

This essay directs at the water imagery of two poems Happy Rain on a Spring Night and A Drop Fell on the Apple Tree.Although living in different time and place, Chinese poet Du Fu and American poetess Emily Dickinson share some deep understanding of the water. This secret of water imagery is unveiled in this essay with the help of Archetypal Criticism, revealing its significance to the human beings as a race.

Experimental study on steam-water two-phase flow frictional pressure drops in helical coils

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Co-seismic Water Level and Temperature Responses of Some Wells to Far-Field Strong Earthquakes and Their Mechanisms

The observation of water temperature in deep wells has been carried out for more than 20 years in China.However,study on the mechanism of water temperature response to earthquakes is inadequate.During the study of the co-seismic response characteristics of water level and temperature in 121 wells within the China subsurface fluid monitoring network at the time of the December 26,2004,M-S8.7 Indonesia earthquake,we found regular response characteristics,that is,when the water level in a deep well oscillates,the water temperature in the same well will mostly experience a cycle from dropping to restoration at the same time.The process will continue for dozens of minutes to several hours.In order to confirm the observed phenomenon,we collected the digital water level and temperature observation data for 39 far-field strong earthquakes from the Tangshan well in Hebei Province(with the data set beginning in 2001).The same response characteristics were observed.Based on the analysis of the influencing factors that may cause the water temperature drop,the authors suggest the gas escape mechanism for co-seismic water temperature drop and posit two main factors that influence the water temperature drop during the process of gas escape.Finally,the authors provide a rational explanation of some observed phenomena based on the mechanism.

Study on Pre-treatment of the Domestic Sewage by Water-dropping Aeration Zeolite Bed Technology

[ Objective] The research aimed to study pre-treatment effect of the domestic sewage by water-dropping aeration zeolite bed technology. [ Method] By water-dropping aeration manner, we conducted sewage reoxygenation. Zeolite was used to replace traditional contact oxidization fill- er. We inspected oxygenation effect of the water-dropping aeration manner and removal efficiency of the pollutant in sewage after biological contact oxidation. [ Result] Under the experimental condition with water-dropping heights of 0.30, 0.45 and 0.60 m, average added values of the dissolved oxygen for raw water were respectively 2.4, 3.6 and 4.2 rag/l_ after water-dropping aeration. Under the situation with average HRT of 2 h, when COD, TN and TP of the influent were respectively 309.0 -464.0, 33.3 -95.0 and 4.0 -7.5 mg/L, their corresponding average removal rates were 47.25%, 46.39% and 40.75%. [ Conclusion] The research conducted useful attempt for high-efficiency and low-cost treatment of the domestic sewaqe in rural area.

基于蜂窝仿生流场的质子交换膜燃料电池的性能研究及优化

为了增强质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFCs)内部燃料分布的均匀性与水管理能力,本文研究了一种新型的基于仿生结构的蜂窝仿生流场。首先,根据蜂窝结构特征,搭建出三维多相流非等温几何模型并确立PEMFC的数学模型;其次,采用计算流体动力学Fluent软件对模型进行无关性与有效性验证,并对蜂窝仿生流场和常规平行流场的电池性能和燃料分布进行了模拟分析;最后,对比极化性能、气体流速分布、燃料与液态水组分浓度和电流密度分布,验证了蜂窝仿生流场设计的有效性。研究结果表明:采用蜂窝仿生流场的电池峰值功率密度比常规平行流场高15.6%,其内部水管理能力和燃料分布均匀性均强于平行流场;左端进气的蜂窝仿生流场比采用上端进气的蜂窝仿生流场在气体通路内具有更均匀的气体压力,可有效避免流道内产生局部涡流,其峰值功率密度可以达到0.3933 W/cm2。

某型飞机投水作动系统建模与同步性仿真分析

提高某型飞机投水舱门的同步性是保证灭火任务顺利完成的关键。为了开展多参数对收放作动筒同步性影响的研究工作,首先,基于投水灭火流程和投水作动系统液压原理,通过AMESim的液压元件库、逻辑库和状态机,建立了投水作动系统仿真模型。其次,通过连续投水工况仿真模拟,进行投水作动系统方案的功能性能分析,从而验证了仿真模型符合某型投水飞机工况性能要求。最后,通过批处理模式探究各敏感参数对多投水舱门收放作动筒的同步性影响。仿真表明:投水作动系统仿真模型可以实现多系统、多模式等不同任务和功能的仿真分析,电磁阀流量、负载、舱门作动筒活塞杆直径和管路直径对多缸同步性有着明显影响。

水平管内高黏油水环输送减阻特性分析

随着人们对于石油资源需求的日益加深,常规原油逐渐枯竭。稠油的使用会成为一种趋势,世界稠油地质储量丰富,占全球石油剩余储量的70%,具有巨大的开发潜力和广阔的市场前景,但稠油自身具有黏度高、分子量大、流动性差的特点,这些性质为稠油的输送带来了极大的困难与挑战。因此,加快我国稠油输送技术及相关理论的研究创新是适应未来趋势变化的客观要求,是经济有效地开发输送稠油资源的必然选择。本文采用水环输送法对稠油水平管流减阻,用以探究水环包裹下的稠油水平管流阻力特性,分析入口含水率(5%~80%)、油(0.65~1.57m^(3)/h)、水(0.09~2.13m^(3)/h)相流量对于水环润滑减阻效果以及稠油流型的影响,自主设计水环输送稠油实验环道,引入有效粗糙度k*,建立环状流压降预测修正模型,分析讨论流型特征及形成环状流时的油水流量范围,结果表明:在一定条件下形成的水环能够有效地对稠油输送进行减阻;水环可以有效润滑管壁;修正后的压降预测模型与实验值对比相对误差介于±10%,RMSE=0.02,水环输送压降仅占纯油输送压降的0.01~0.24;油相流量较高时应注意水相流量,避免过大导致输油效率η以及减阻率DR下降。

大型梯级水电站枯水期多模式优化调度模型研究

针对大型梯级水电站枯水期调度面临的市场环境复杂、枯汛转换期来水形势多变等难题,提出了梯级水电站调度决策多模式自适应匹配方法,分别建立“无(消落)压力环境”模式和“有(消落)压力环境”模式下的优化调度模型,根据预报信息自动选择和灵活切换调度模式和目标,生成各电站水位动态控制和灵活调整策略。结果表明:“无(消落)压力环境”模式下可使流域发电量增加2.57%;“有(消落)压力环境”的“均匀突破”模式和“集中突破”模式下分别可增加发电量4.59%、5.32%,前者面临无法消落到位的风险更小,后者发电效益更大。该模型可有效降低枯水期消落和发电风险,提升流域整体发电效益,对于不同来水、发电等工况均表现出较好的适应能力和优化效果。

结冰气象探测飞行及数据符合性分析方法研究

结冰气象捕获、最优气象条件选取准则、符合性数据处理方法等一直是飞机自然结冰试飞过程中亟待攻克的难题。通过分析CCAR25部附录C结冰气象标准的形成背景及其局限性,提出一种利用结冰试验研究机开展结冰探测的飞行方法,该方法包括试验研究机的选型、改装、探测目标区域确定、飞行操作策略、飞行安全管理、数据处理等。依据对探测数据的统计分析,确定民用运输机自然结冰试飞的气象条件选取准则,规范云隙、液态水含量、总水收集率、积冰速率、积冰厚度和冰脱落程度等一系列结冰气象的数据处理方法和符合性判据,校验国内结冰气象预测算法,探索自然结冰试飞的安全管控策略和风险降解措施。大量飞行实测表明:该方法通用性强,效果显著,已经成功应用于C919大型客机合格取证试飞工作,并有力支撑了国内结冰适航标准自主。

脉冲注水工具设计及冲蚀特性仿真研究

为提高脉冲注水工具抗冲蚀能力,设计了一套实用可靠的脉冲注水工具。采用内部中空、无转动部件、不易藏垢的结构,应用CFD-DPM方法研究了不同开度和颗粒直径时两相流对导流孔-注水孔的冲蚀特性,分析了导流孔-注水孔的两相流和颗粒分布,明确了壁面的冲蚀分布规律和粒子数随冲蚀率的变化规律。当粒径增大时,沉淀效果显著,导流孔-注水孔内壁都发生了严重的冲蚀;导流孔-注水孔的最大冲蚀值随着颗粒大小的增加而呈指数级下降;粒子数对冲蚀程度起着主导作用。研究结果表明:在小开度的情况下冲蚀程度随着颗粒直径的增加而降低;当开度较大时,冲蚀程度先降低后增加。研究结果可为低渗油藏高效注水开发提供技术支撑。

基于智能水滴算法解决车辆路线问题

针对运输、分销和物流领域的重要优化问题——车辆路径问题(Vehicle Routing Problem,简称VRP),本文采用了智能水滴算法进行解决,通过对十四个基准VRP问题进行测试的计算结果分析,与其他几种元启发式方法进行了比较。

基于跌落仿真的热水器变形及问题改善

热水器产品在出厂前需要通过跌落测试等破坏性验证,以模拟产品在装卸运输过程中的跌落情况。文中以某热水器跌落产生的面壳和底壳的错位变形为例,对热水器进行了6面12棱8角共26个工况的仿真计算。通过对跌落后面底错位位移的分析,找出跌落错位最严重的工况。并以最严重的几个工况为例,判断出面底错位的原因为面盖挂钩设计不合理。通过对挂钩结构的修改,并打样验证,解决了该问题。通过对跌落过程实现仿真可视化,可以更直接地找到跌落失效的具体原因,该方法减少了方案验证的次数,缩短了研发周期,具有很好的推广价值。

Case analysis of water exchange between the Bohai and Yellow Seas in response to high winds in winter

Based on the data from a special project titled China's Offshore Marine Integrated Investigation and Evaluation as well as Regional Ocean Modeling Systems(ROMS)diagnostic numerical model,we studied the influence of high wind processes on the circulation and water exchange between the Bohai and Yellow Seas(BYS)in winter.The results show that the vertical structure of the Yellow Sea Warm Current(YSWC)is relatively uniform under condition of high winds,showing obvious barotropic features.However,this flow is not a stable mean flow,showing strong paroxysmal and reciprocating characteristics.A comparison of the changes in sea level suggests that the intensity of the northwards upwind flow is consistent with the abnormal fluctuations in the sea level.It indicates that the upwind flow is closely related to the water exchange between the BYS.The impact of high wind processes on the water exchange between the BYS is enormous.It can make the flux through the Bohai Strait,as well as that through the mouth of each constituent bay(i.e.,Liaodong Bay,Bohai Bay,and Laizhou Bay)far greater than usual,resulting in a significant increase in the water exchange rate.The exchange capacity,which is about 8%of the total volume of the Bohai Sea,can be completed in a few days.Therefore,the water exchange of the Bohai Sea may be completed by only a few occasional high wind processes in winter.