A Simple Cement Hydration Model Considering the Influences ofWater-to-Cement Ratio and Mineral Composition

A simple hydration model is used here by taking the composition of the cement and the initial water: cementratio (w/c) into account explicitly. Its conceptual basis is a combination of the Avrami equation and Bentz’s modelbased on simple spatial considerations. In this model, the Avrami equation determines the initial reaction, andBentz’s model describes the following hydration stage. The model favors engineers for it relies on one experimentalparameter and has a reliable approximation in the practice.

Form and Mechanism of Sulfate Attack on Cement-based Material Made of Limestone Powder at Low Water-binder Ratio under Low Temperature Conditions

The development of strength and the form of attack of cement-based material made of limestone powder at low water-binder ratio under low-temperature sulfate environment were studied. The results indicate that when water-binder ratio is lower than 0.40, the cement-based material with limestone powder has insignificant change in appearance after being soaked in 10% magnesium sulfate solution at low temperature for 120 d, and has significant change in appearance after being soaked at the age of 200 d. Expansion damage and exfoliation occur on the surface of concrete test cube at different levels. When limestone powder accounts for about 28 percent of cementitious material, with the decrease of water-binder ratio, the compressive strength loss has gradually decreased after the material is soaked in the magnesium sulfate solution at low temperature at the age of 200 d. After the specimen with the water-binder ratio of less than 0.4 and the limestone powder volume of greater than 20% is soaked in 10% magnesium sulfate solution at low temperature at the age of 200 d, gypsum attack-led destruction is caused to the concrete test cube, without thaumasite sulfate attack.

Effects of Different NH_4^+/NO_3^- Ratio and Water Condition on Physiological Characteristics of Rice Seedlings

[Objective] This study aimed to further explore the dynamics of related physiological indexes of rice seedlings under different NH4＋ /NO3- ratio and different water condition. [Method] Under the hydroponic condition in laboratory, 3 NH4＋/NO3- ratios （0/100, 50/50 and 100/0） and 2 water conditions （＋PEG,-PEG） were designed for Fengliangyou 7203. [Result] The root-canopy ratio of rice seedlings increased under any of the NH4＋/NO3- ratios and water conditions. Under water stress, the root-canopy ratio of rice seedlings changed most greatly at the NH4＋/NO3- ratio of 0/ 100; the overall water potential of rice seedlings reached the lowest at the NH4＋/ NO3- ratio of 100/0; and the changes of water potential and xylem flow pH were relatively stable at the NH4＋/NO3- ratio of 50/50. Under the condition of no water stress, the growth of rice seedlings was best at the NH4＋/NO3- ratio of 50/50, followed by the NH4＋/NO3- ratios of 0/100 and 100/0. [Conclusion] This study will pro- vide a basis for understanding the relationship between water potential and xylem flow.

Evolution of distribution and content of water in cement paste by low field nuclear magnetic resonance

The low field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), as a nondestructive and noninvasive technique, was employed to investigate the water distribution and content in cement paste with different water-to-cement ratio (w/c ratio) during early and later hydration stages. From the water distribution spectrum deduced from relaxation time distribution in paste, it is suggested that the water fills in the capillary pores at initial period, and then diffuses to the mesopores and gel pores in hydration products with the hydration proceeding. The decrease of peak area in water distribution spectrum reflects the transformation from physically bound water to chemically bound water. In addition, based on the connection between relaxation time and pore size, the relative content changes of water in various states and constrained in different types of pores were also measured. The results demonstrate that it is influenced by the formation of pore system and the original water-to-cement ratio in the paste. Consequently, the relative content of capillary water is dropped to less than 2% in the paste with low w/c ratio of 0.3 when being hydrated for 1 d, while the contents are still 16% and 36% in the pastes with w/c ratios of 0.4 and 0.5, respectively.

Experimental Study on Chloride Ion Penetration Resistance of Coal Gangue Concrete under Multi-Factor Comprehensive Action

In order to investigate the chloride ion penetration resistance of coal gangue concrete under multi-factor comprehensive action, the non-steady-state accelerated chloride ion migration test was used to test the chloride diffusion law of coal gangue concrete specimens by crack width, curing temperature and water-cement ratio. Three groups of crack width (0 mm, 0.05 - 0.12 mm, 0.12 - 0.2 mm), three curing temperatures (high temperature 45, medium temperature 25, low temperature 10), three water cement ratios (0.3, 0.4, 0.5) were set in the experiment. The results show that when the curing temperature and water cement ratio are constant, the crack width less than 0.12 mm has little effect on the chloride content and chloride diffusion coefficient. When the crack width is larger than 0.12 mm, the chloride penetration depth increases with the crack width. The resistance to chloride ion penetration of gangue concrete is greatly influenced by the water cement ratio. The influ-ence degree of three factors on chloride ion migration coefficient of gangue concrete is as follows: water cement ratio > crack width > curing temperature.

Assessment of strength development in cement-admixed artificial organic soil with GX07

To explore the stabilization effect of stabilizing agent GX07 on treating organic soil and the influence of organic matter on the strength development of stabilized soil,artificial organic soil with various organic matter content was obtained by adding different amounts of fulvic acid into non-organic clay,and then liquid-plastic limit tests were carried out on the artificial organic soil.Meanwhile,unconfined compressive strength(UCS) tests were performed on cement-only soil and composite stabilized soil,respectively.The test results indicate that the plastic limit of soil samples increases linearly,and the liquid limit increases exponentially as the organic matter content increases.The strength of stabilized soil is well correlated with the organic matter content,cement content,stabilizing agent content and curing time.When the organic matter content is 6%,as the cement content varies in the range of 10%-20%,the strength of cement-only soil increases from 88.5 to 280.8 kPa.Once 12.6% GX07 is added into the mix,the strength of stabilized soil is 4.93 times compared with that of cement-only soil.GX07 can obviously improve the strength of cemented-soil and has a good economic applicability.A strength model is proposed to predict strength development.

稻壳灰-废旧砖再生透水混凝土的配合比研究

为探究稻壳灰-废旧砖再生透水混凝土的配合比,采用4因素3水平正交试验,探究水灰比、目标孔隙率、废旧砖骨料取代率、稻壳灰掺量对透水混凝土的强度、透水性、抗冻性的影响。结果表明:水灰比为0.3、目标孔隙率为10%、废旧砖骨料取代率为40%、稻壳灰掺量为6%时,稻壳灰-废旧砖再生透水混凝土的性能更优,其抗压强度为11.28 MPa、劈裂抗拉强度为1.99 MPa、透水系数为0.56 cm/s、孔隙率为37.5%、50次冻融循环后抗压强度为3.74 MPa。

黄土-矿渣基新型胶结充填材料强度特性试验研究

为探究黄土-矿渣基胶结充填材料在不同水胶比及养护龄期下的力学性能、破坏模式和能量演化特征,分别对黄土-矿渣基胶结充填材料在4组水胶比和5个龄期条件下进行坍落度试验和单轴压缩试验。结果发现:随着胶结材料水胶比的增大,充填材料的坍落度和扩展度增大;材料的峰值强度与水胶比呈负线性相关关系,与养护龄期呈指数型非线性相关关系;充填材料的破坏模式整体上为剪切破坏,且水胶比越小、养护龄期越长材料破坏程度越大;胶结材料破坏过程可分为压密、弹性、裂纹稳定扩展、裂纹持续扩展和峰后破坏5个阶段。

石灰石粉-矿渣混凝土的碳化性能及可靠性分析

为探究石灰石粉及矿渣对混凝土碳化性能以及可靠性的影响,以掺合料比例、水胶比、石粉比表面积以及龄期为参数进行快速碳化试验,得出了试验环境和自然环境下的碳化预测模型,由此展开自然碳化下的可靠性预测分析,并以分析得到的可靠度指标为因变量,选取混凝土的水胶比、保护层厚度、石粉的掺量以及龄期4个自变量设计正交试验,对4个因素的重要性进行判定。结果表明:掺加石粉或矿渣后混凝土抗碳化能力均有所降低,其中以单掺20%石粉的混凝土抗碳化能力下降最为明显。石灰石粉-矿渣混凝土抗碳化能力随着水胶比的减小、石灰石粉比表面积的增大而变强。掺加不同比例的矿物掺合料对碳化结构可靠性均有一定减弱影响,对碳化结构可靠性的影响程度为水胶比>碳化龄期>混凝土保护层厚度>石灰石粉掺量,其中水胶比大小、石灰石粉掺量大小、碳化龄期长短与可靠度指标大小负相关,保护层厚度大小与可靠度指标大小呈正相关。

干湿-盐浸作用下水工混凝土耐久性研究

文中主要研究水工混凝土在干湿-盐浸作用下耐久性的变化及其劣化机理,对不同水灰比和不同粉煤灰掺量的水工混凝土进行质量损失、抗压强度、动态弹性模量以及XRD测试。结果表明,不同水灰比对水工混凝土耐久性影响较大,水灰比越小,耐久性越好;粉煤灰可以显著改善混凝土的耐久性,最佳掺量为20%,其质量损失率、抗压强度损失率和相对动弹性模量在8次循环后分别为4.02%、19.07%和67.32%;通过XRD测试,发现水工混凝土在硫酸盐侵蚀后生成的石膏和钙矾石,是造成水工混凝土发生侵蚀破坏的主要因素。

Influence of water-to-binder ratios on the performance of limestone calcined clay cement-based paste for mining applications

This study aims to investigate the impact of various water-to-binder(w/b)ratios by mass(0.3–2.0)on the performance of limestone calcined clay cement(LC^(3))pastes.The flowability,setting time,density,unconfined compressive strength,hydration,and microstructure of LC^(3) pastes under different w/b ratios were thoroughly investigated.The results show that increasing the w/b ratio extends the flowability and setting time while significantly reducing the unconfined compressive strength of LC^(3) pastes.LC^(3) pastes with w/b ratios above 0.6 exhibited a final flow diameter surpassing 167 mm,indicating good flowability.The 28-d unconfined compressive strength decreased from 82.3 to 1.3 MPa as the w/b ratio increased from 0.3 to 2.0.This study confirmed that the relationship between unconfined compressive strength and the w/b ratio of LC^(3) follows Abram’s law.Furthermore,a modified gel/space ratio was proposed to reflect the concentration of solid products,effectively explaining the influence of the w/b ratio on strength,with an R2of 0.96.

负温(-3℃)养护下混凝土抗压强度增长试验研究

本实验主要研究负温(-3℃)养护条件、水灰比、龄期对混凝土抗压强度的影响规律。通过测定持续负温养护条件和标准养护条件下三种水灰比(0.24、0.31、0.38)混凝土试块在不同龄期下的抗压强度值,分析混凝土强度增长机理和抗压强度影响因素,得出负温养护条件对三种水灰比混凝土抗压强度增长有明显的抑制作用,前7 d内影响最明显,随着龄期的增加影响逐渐减弱,而且对水灰比为0.24的混凝土抗压强度造成了不可恢复的损伤;低水灰比由于水含量的不足导致其后期混凝土抗压强度较低,高水灰比会由于混凝土内部结冰量较大,体积发生膨胀形成微裂缝,导致其后期抗压强度不高,故存在着与养护温度对应的最优水灰比。

渠道衬砌抗渗型粉煤灰-稻壳混凝土抗渗性能试验

为了满足渠道衬砌的需要,提高稻壳混凝土的抗渗性能,在稻壳混凝土中加入了粉煤灰。该文通过试验对渠道衬砌抗渗型粉煤灰-稻壳混凝土的抗渗性能进行了研究,得到粉煤灰质量分数、稻壳质量分数和水灰比对粉煤灰稻壳混凝土抗渗性能的影响规律,同时得到了粉煤灰-稻壳混凝土相对渗透系数小于0.783×10-8cm/s的混凝土配合比。通过对混凝土抗渗性能主效应分析得到混凝土抗渗性能的影响因素顺序:水灰比>稻壳质量分数>粉煤灰质量分数;粉煤灰-稻壳混凝土的相对渗透系数随着粉煤灰质量分数和稻壳质量分数的增大呈现出先减小后增大的抛物线的变化趋势,随着水灰比的增大呈现出一直增大的线性变化的规律。试验结果表明在不降低混凝土导热系数的前提下,在稻壳混凝土中掺入粉煤灰后确实能提高稻壳混凝土的抗渗性能。

基于CFD-DPM耦合法新型差压密度计中水泥浆液流动特性分析

为了揭示水泥浆液密度检测过程中运动规律,基于欧拉-拉格朗日法建立连续-离散相模型,通过CFD连续模型和DPM离散模型分别求解液相速度分布和固相颗粒运动轨迹,对差压密度计中水泥浆液流速场和颗粒场进行模拟。研究结果表明:在差压密度计测量过程中,水灰比为5:1~3:1的低质量分数浆液沿测量筒中心线和横截面方向均匀分布,水灰比为3:1~0.5:1的高质量分数浆液沿测量筒中心线方向均匀分布,沿横截面方向呈一阶递减梯度分布,常规质量分数水泥浆液在核心测量区域内基本呈稳定流动状态;水灰比为0.5:1~5:1的浆液固相颗粒均匀分布于测量筒内,未出现局部聚集和真空区域。双耦合模型解决了水泥浆液传统模型模拟失真问题,为差压密度计研发过程中水泥浆液流动状态的分析提供了依据。

塑性混凝土单向受压应力-应变关系的试验研究

通过棱柱体试件的单向受压试验,研究了水胶比和龄期对塑性混凝土单向受压的应力-应变曲线的影响。研究结果表明,单向受压下塑性混凝土的峰值应力随水胶比增加而减小,随龄期的增加而增大,其峰值应变基本在3000με以上,平均值为3528με;塑性混凝土应力应变曲线上升段斜率、下降段曲率及陡峭程度均随水胶比的减小或龄期的增加而增大;塑性混凝土单向受压中吸收的能量随峰值应力的增加而线性增加。通过对试验结果的分析,建立了塑性混凝土弹性模量、吸收能量、应力-应变曲线参数a1和a2与峰值应力间的关系式及峰值应力、a2与水胶比和龄期间的关系式。在此基础上,提出了考虑水胶比和龄期影响的单向受压下塑性混凝土应力-应变关系数学表达式。

低水胶比时水泥-粉煤灰复合胶结材的水化性能

研究了水泥粉煤灰复合胶凝材料在低水胶比条件下的水化产物与硬化浆体显微结构，探讨了高效减水剂对复合胶凝材料的水化产物、水化程度、硬化浆体显微结构的影响．水泥粉煤灰复合胶凝材料的水化产物与普通硅酸盐水泥相同．球形的粉煤灰微粒在浆体中起到微集料的作用，在低水胶比条件下，有助于改善新拌浆体的流动性与硬化浆体的断裂性能，提高其强度．掺有ＦＤＮ的复合胶凝材料其初期水化程度并不因表观水胶比低而降低．水泥粉煤灰复合胶凝材料与高效减水剂协同作用，在低水胶比条件下能获得较好的力学性能．

Cl^-离子在水泥砂浆中的扩散方程

本文用色差显示法测定了Cl^-离子在水泥砂浆中的扩散深度,可检测的Cl^-离子浓度约为1200 ppm。用此法测得Cl^-离子扩散深度与直接测得的有效扩散系数有良好相关性。因此可用这种简单易行的方法评价砂浆抗Cl^-离子扩散的能力。根据大量试验数据的回归分析结果,得出了Cl^-离子在砂浆中的扩散方程。试验结果表明水灰比与浆体体积是影响砂浆扩散系数K值的主要因素,养护龄期对它也有重要影响。而粉煤灰水泥砂浆的K值主要取决于水灰比、养护龄期与粉煤灰品质。文中提出了相应的计算公式。

岩溶水养护条件下改性水泥-水玻璃浆液性能试验研究

为了解岩溶水条件下粉煤灰改性水泥-水玻璃浆液特性,通过正交试验,研究水灰比、粉煤灰掺量、水玻璃浓度、水玻璃掺量等4个因素对浆液及结石体力学性能和凝结时间的影响,并得到最佳配比。试验结果表明:影响凝胶时间最主要的因素是水玻璃的掺量,其次是水灰比和粉煤灰掺量;影响结石体早期(3 d和7 d)强度的主要因素按影响程度从大到小依次为:水玻璃浓度,粉煤灰掺量,水玻璃掺量和水灰比。随着养护时间的增长,60,90和120 d强度主要受水灰比影响,粉煤灰掺量次之,水玻璃掺量和水玻璃浓度影响最小。

-3℃下粉煤灰对水泥水化和水泥石微观孔结构影响的试验研究

通过水泥水化放热试验和水泥石孔结构分析试验,研究持续-3℃下28 d龄期时水胶比和粉煤灰掺量对水泥水化和水泥石孔结构的影响,分析微观孔结构和水泥水化之间的关系,探究粉煤灰对水泥石微观孔结构的作用机理。试验结果表明,在持续-3℃下,水泥水化程度随着水胶比的增加而增大,水泥石含气量和平均孔径也随着水胶比的增大而增大,在一定的水胶比下,随着粉煤灰掺量的增加,水泥浆28 d龄期水化程度逐渐降低,同时,相较于纯水泥浆体,掺入粉煤灰后,水泥石28 d龄期含气量、平均孔径都有一定程度的升高,且粉煤灰掺量越大,升高幅度越大。

低温变温(5℃→-3℃)养护下不同水灰比混凝土抗氯离子渗透性试验研究

为了研究低温变温（5℃→-3℃）养护条件下不同水灰比（0．24、0．27、0．31、0．38）混凝土的抗氯离子渗透性，采用直流电量法对低温变温养护下和标准养护下养护28d的混凝土进行了抗氯离子渗透性研究。试验结果表明：低温变温养护下混凝土的电通量随着水灰比的增大而增大，这与标准养护下混凝土电通量的规律一致；低温变温养护下混凝土电通量与标养下混凝土电通量的比值随着水灰比的增大而减小；低温变温养护条件下混凝土的电通量是标准养护下混凝土的1．60～1．65倍；低温变温养护条件下混凝土的初始电流是标准养护下混凝土的1．55～1．58倍。说明在低温变温养护条件下混凝土的抗氯离子渗透性较差。