Dynamic Characteristics of High-speed Water-Lubricated Spiral Groove Thrust Bearing Based on Turbulent Cavitating Flow Lubrication Model

The water-lubricated bearings are usually the state of turbulent cavitating flow under high-speed conditions. And the distribution of cavitation bubbles and the interface effect between the two phases have not been included in previous studies on high-speed water-lubricated bearings. In order to study the influence of interface effect and cavitation bubble distribution on the dynamic characteristics of high-speed water-lubricated spiral groove thrust bearings(SGTB).A turbulent cavitating flow lubrication model based on two-phase fluid and population balance equation of bubbles was established in this paper. Stiffness and the damping coefficients of the SGTB were calculated using the perturbation pressure equations. An experimental apparatus was developed to verify the theoretical model. Simulating and experimental results show that the small-sized bubbles tend to generate in the turbulent cavitating flow when at a high rotary speed, and the bubbles mainly locate at the edges of the spiral groove. The simulating results also show that the direct stiffness coefficients are increased due to cavitation effect, and cross stiffness coefficients and damping coefficients are hardly affected by the cavitation effect. Turbulent effect on the dynamic characteristics of SGTB is much stronger than the cavitating effect.

Application of ultra-smooth composite diamond film coated WC-Co drawing dies under water-lubricating conditions

A specific revised HFCVD apparatus and a novel process combining HFCVD and polishing technique were presented to deposit the micro-and nano-crystalline multilayered ultra-smooth diamond（USCD） film on the interior-hole surface of WC-Co drawing dies with aperture ranging from d1.0 mm to 60 mm.Characterization results indicate that the surface roughness values（Ra） in the entry zone,drawing zone and bearing zone of as-fabricated USCD coated drawing die were measured as low as 25.7,23.3 and 25.5 nm,respectively.Furthermore,the friction properties of USCD films were examined in both dry sliding and water-lubricating conditions,and the results show that the USCD film presents much superior friction properties.Its friction coefficients against ball-bearing steel,copper and silicon nitride balls（d4 mm）,is always lower than that of microcrystalline diamond（MCD） or WC-Co sample,regardless of the lubricating condition.Meanwhile,it still presents competitive wear resistance with the MCD films.Finally,the working lifetime and performance of as-fabricated USCD coated drawing dies were examined under producing low-carbon steel pipes in dry-sliding and water-lubricating conditions.Under the water-lubricating drawing condition,its production significantly increases by about 20 times compared with the conventional WC-Co drawing dies.

Lubrication and tribology in seawater hydraulic piston pump

Water hydraulic systems have provoked major interest because of the human friendly and environmental safety aspects. Piston pump is one of the most frequently used hydraulic units in recent engineering technique. In water hydraulic piston pump, poor lubrication is more likely to happen than in oil hydraulic one because of difference in properties between water and oil. So there are some key problems such as corrosive wear and erosion, which are investigated briefly. Many new materials have been developed, which give longer life expectancies with water without corrosion and erosion. A new type of seawater hydraulic piston pumps with better suction characteristics had been developed at HUST. Much of this research has concentrated on new materials, structure and experiments, which are also specially introduced.

Comparative study on tribological properties of isostatic graphite and carbon graphite under dry sliding and water-lubricated conditions

The tribological properties of isostatic graphite and carbon graphite under dry sliding and water lubricated conditions were studied.The friction test was conducted by using a pin-on-disc tribometer.The friction coefficient and the wear rate were employed to evaluate the tribological performances of the two materials,and wear morphology was used to analyze the wear mechanism.The results show that the friction coefficient of the isostatic graphite is larger than that of the carbon graphite under the dry sliding condition,and the wear rate is lower than that of the carbon graphite.Under the water lubricated condition,the friction coefficients and the wear rates of the isostatic graphite decrease obviously.The main wear form of the isostatic graphite is abrasive wear,while the main wear form of the carbon graphite is spalling wear.Finally,the tribological mechanism of the isostatic graphite under dry sliding and water lubricated conditions were systematically analyzed.

Friction and Wear Properties of Amorphous Carbon Nitride Coatings in Water Lubrication

The friction and wear properties of amorphous carbon nitride(a-CN x)coatings in water lubrication were reviewed.The influences of mating materials and tribological variables such as normal load(W)and sliding speed(V)on the friction and wear properties of the a-CN x coatings were analyzed.It was indicated that the specific wear rate of the a-CN x coatings was related to the hydration reaction of mating materials with water.If the mating materials were easily hydrated,the specific wear rate of a-CN x coatings was low.The water-lubricated properties of the a-CN x coatings were better in comparison to the a-C coatings.The a-CN x/Si-based non-oxide ceramics tribo-pairs exhibited the lowest friction coefficient and wear rate.To describe their friction and wear properties at the normal loads of 3—15Nand the sliding speeds of 0.05—0.5m/s,the wear-mechanism maps for the a-CN x/SiC(Si3N4)tribo-pairs in water were developed.

Influence of Wettability and Mechanical Properties on Tribological Performance of DLC Coatings under Water Lubrication

DLC coatings are currently used in a wide variety of industrial fields because of their outstanding properties such as high hardness, high wear resistance, low friction and so on under oil lubrication as well as no lubrication. In order to evaluate the tribological performance of DLC coatings under water lubrication, eight types of DLC coatings were evaluated by water-lubricated sliding tests at sliding velocities of 0.02 m/s and 0.1 m/s. The different DLC coating types comprised both hydrogenated and hydrogen-free DLC films that were deposited using different techniques: amorphous hydrogenated DLC (a-C:H), that doped with tungsten (a-C:H:W), that doped with silicon (a-C:H:Si) and hydrogen-free DLC (ta-C). DLC coatings showed low friction coefficient and excellent wear resistance. Friction coefficient and wear rate decreased with increasing sliding velocity. The effect of surface wettability and mechanical properties on tribological characteristics was investigated. Friction coefficient decreased as the contact angle increased. Hydrogen-free DLC coating with the highest hardness showed the highest friction and a larger wear rate. Furthermore, DLC coatings deposited with interlayer showed longer lifetimes.

Wear and transfer characteristics of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites under water lubrication

The tribological characteristics of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites under distilled-water-lubricated-sliding and dry-sliding against stainless steel were comparatively investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilized to examine composite microstructures and modes of failure. The typical chemical states of elements of the transfer film on the stainless steel were examined with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Wear testing and SEM analysis show that all the composites hold the lowered friction coefficient and show much better wear resistance under water lubricated sliding against stainless steel than those under dry sliding. The wear of composites is characterized by plastic deformation, scuffing, micro cracking, and spalling under both dry-sliding and water lubricated conditions. Plastic deformation, scuffing, micro cracking, and spalling, however, are significantly abated under water-lubricated condition. XPS analysis conforms that none of the materials produces transfer films on the stainless steel counterface with the type familiar from dry sliding, and the transfer of composites onto the counterpart ring surface is significantly hindered while the oxidation of the stainless steel is speeded under water lubrication. The composites hinder transfer onto the steel surface and the boundary lubricating action of water accounts for the much smaller wear rate under water lubrication compared with that under dry sliding. The easier transfer of the composite onto the counterpart steel surface accounts for the larger wear rate of the polymer composite under dry sliding.

Evaluation of Tribological Performance of PTFE Composite Filled with Rare Earths Treated Carbon Fibers under Water-Lubricated Condition

Carbon fibers （CFs） were surface treated with air-oxidation, rare earths （RE） after air-oxidation, and rare earths, respectively. Erichsen test was conducted to study the interfacial adhesion of PTFE composites filled with carbon fibers treated with different treatment methods. Tribological properties of the PTFE composites, sliding against GCr15 steel under water-lubricated condition, were investigated on a reciprocating ball-on-disk UMT-2MT tribometer. The worn surfaces of the composites were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Experimental results reveal that RE treatment is superior to air oxidation in promoting tribological properties of CF reinforced PTFE （CF/PTFE） composite. The friction and wear properties of PTFE composite filled with RE treated CF are the best of the PTFE composites. RE treatment is more effective than air oxidation to improve the tribological properties of CF/PTFE composite owing to the effective improvement of interfacial adhesion between carbon fibers and PTFE matrix.

Tribological Behavior of Thermally Sprayed WC Coatings under Water Lubrication

Thermally sprayed coatings have been used in various fields of industry for enhancing surface characteristics of materials and extending their service life. The contact surface of some mechanical equipment such as the fine pulverization equipment which is used in the woody biomass production process is required to have wear resistance in the water environment. Thermally sprayed coatings would be a good candidate to improve surface wear resistance under water lubrication. The objective of this study was to evaluate the tribological performance of thermally sprayed coatings under water lubrication. Thermally sprayed coatings which were classified into WC, WB and Ni spraying of three categories were compared with water-lubricated sliding test at a sliding velocity of 0.02 m/s and mean pressure of p0 = 10 MPa with a ring-on-disk apparatus. Thermally sprayed coatings showed comparatively high friction coefficient and well wear resistance under water lubrication. WC contained coatings showed better wear resistance than WB and Ni coatings. Thermally sprayed coatings showed obviously different mechanical properties and tribological behaviors, and the effect of wettability and hardness on tribological characteristics was discussed under water lubrication. Friction coefficient increased as the surface contact angle of thermally sprayed coatings increased. The wear rate decreased as the surface hardness of thermally sprayed coatings increased. Wear resistance of thermally sprayed coatings was excellent under water lubrication. WC contained coatings showed lower wear rate than WB and Ni coatings. WC-14CoCr coating showed the lowest wear rate.

Friction Properties of OTS SAMs and Silicon Surface under Water Lubrication

The friction and wear properties of silicon surface covered with octadecyltrichlorosilane （OTS） self-assembled monolayers （SAMs） were investigated by a UMT-2 microtribometer with and without water as lubricant, and then compared with that of bare silicon surface. Dry friction measurement results show that OTS SAMs have a very low friction coefficient compared to bare silicon surface under lower sliding velocity and normal contact load. However, heavy wear occurs on OTS SAMs under higher contact stress and sliding velocity. Under water lubrication, OTS SAMs can prevent wear obviously and meanwhile present low coefficient of friction even under high velocities, The improved frictional and anti-wear property on OTS SAMs surface is attributed to the hydrophobic property of OTS and hydrodynamic effect of water. Furthermore, a wear critical phase diagram for OTS SAMs with and without water was proposed, which indicates that OTS SAMs working under water lubrication owns a wider range of available load and velocity to reduce friction and prevent wear.

Steady Characteristics of the Water-Lubricated Conical Bearings

The water-lubricated conical bearing has attracted attentions of researchers for its simple structure, easily adjusted gap （fdm thickness ）, lower friction loss, and less pollution in application. A mathematic model with consideration of the effects of turbulence, two-phase flow, and temperature on the pressure field at bearing surface is proposed here. Using this model, the Reynolds＇ equation and energy equation are solved in which the thermo- physical properties of the water as lubricant are taken into account. The dependency of characteristics of bearing, such as load-earrying capacity, flow rate （pumping losses ）, and frictional losses, on angular velocity, conical angle, and radial eccentricities, is presented. The research results are beneficial to the improvement of the efficiency of conical bearing and the environmental protection.

Friction Behaviors of the Hot Filament Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond Film under Ambient Air and Water Lubricating Conditions

The friction behavior of the hot filament chemical vapor deposition（HFCVD） diamond film plays a critical role on its applications in mechanical fields and largely depends on the environment. Studies on the tribological properties of HFCVD diamond films coated on Co-cemented tungsten carbide （WC-Co） substrates are rarely reported in available literatures, especially in the water lubricating conditions. In this paper, conventional microcrystalline diamond（MCD） and fine-grained diamond（FGD） films are deposited on WC-Co substrates and their friction properties are evaluated on a reciprocating ball-on-plate tribometer, where they are brought to slide against ball-bearing steel and copper balls in dry and water lubricating conditions. Scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, atomic force microscopy（AFM）, surface profilometer and Raman spectroscopy are adopted to characterize as-deposited diamond films; SEM and energy dispersive X-ray（EDX） are used to investigate the worn region on the surfaces of both counterface balls and diamond films. The research results show that the friction coefficient of HFCVD diamond films always starts with a high initial value, and then gradually transits to a relative stable state. For a given counterface and a sliding condition, the FGD film presents lower stable friction coefficients by 0.02-0.03 than MCD film. The transferred materials adhered on sliding interface are supposed to have predominate effect on the friction behaviors of HFCVD diamond films. Furthermore, the effect of water lubricating on reducing friction coefficient is significant. For a given counterpart, the stable friction coefficients of MCD or FGD films reduce by about 0.07-0.08 while sliding in the water lubricating condition, relative to in dry sliding condition. This study is beneficial for widespread applications of HFCVD diamond coated mechanical components and adopting water lubricating system, replacing ofoil lubricating, in a variety of mechanical processing fields to implement the green production process.

Three-dimensional hydrodynamic model of Xiamen waters

A semi-implicit and Eulerian - Lagrangian finite difference method for three-dimensionalshallow flow has been extended to a more complete system of equations incorporating second-moment turbulence closure model and transport equations of salinity and temperature. The simulation for flooding and drying of mudflats has been improved. The model is applied to Xiamen waters. Based on extensive survey data, water level elevation, temperature and salinity field along the eastern open boundary and at the Jiulong River inlets and runoffs are analyzed, specified and calibrated. The computed results show good agreement with the measured data, reproduce flooding, emergence of large and complex mudflat region.

The diffusive fluxes of inorganic nitrogen across the intertidal sediment-water interface of the Changjiang Estuary in China

Ammonium and nitrate concentrations were analyzed in near-bottom water and pore water collected from ten stations of the intertidal flat of the Changjiang Estuary during April, July, November and February. The magnitudes of the benthic exchange fluxes were determined on the basis of concentration gradients of ammonium and nitrate at the near-bottom water and interstitial water interface in combination with calculations of a modified Fick＇ s first law. Ammonium fluxes varied from - 5.05 to 1.43 μg/（ cm^2·d） and were greatly regulated by the production of ammonium in surface sediments, while nitrate fluxes ranged from - 0. 38 to 1.36 μg/ （ cm^2·d） and were dominated by nitrate concentrations in the tidal water. It was found that ammonium was mainly released from sediments into water columns at most of stations whereas nitrate was mostly diffused from overlying waters to intertidal sediments. In total, 823.75 t/a ammonium-N was passed from intertidal sediments to water while about 521.90 t/a nitrate-N was removed from overlying waters to intertidal sediments. This suggests that intertidal sediments had the significant influence on modulating inorganic nitrogen in the tidal water.

A New Method to Calculate Water Film Stiffness and Damping for Water Lubricated Bearing with Multiple Axial Grooves

Water lubricated guide bearings for hydro turbines and pumps are conventionally designed with multiple axial grooves to provide effectively cooling and flushing away abrasives.Due to the variety of groove configuration in terms of number and size,a predication of their performance is difficult.This paper deals with an analytical procedure to investigate groove effect on load capacity,stiffness and damping for this type of bearing where it is considered as an assembly of many inclined slide bearings.The result can be applied to bearings made of hard materials combined with low bearing pressure.

Using irrigation intervals to optimize water-use efficiency and maize yield in Xinjiang,northwest China

Worldwide, scarce water resources and substantial food demands require efficient water use and high yield.This study investigated whether irrigation frequency can be used to adjust soil moisture to increase grain yield and water use efficiency(WUE) of high-yield maize under conditions of mulching and drip irrigation.A field experiment was conducted using three irrigation intervals in 2016: 6, 9, and 12 days(labeled D6, D9, and D12) and five irrigation intervals in 2017: 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days(D3, D6, D9, D12, and D15).In Xinjiang, an optimal irrigation quota is 540 mm for high-yield maize.The D3, D6, D9, D12, and D15 irrigation intervals gave grain yields of 19.7, 19.1–21.0, 18.8–20.0, 18.2–19.2, and 17.2 Mg ha^-1 and a WUE of 2.48, 2.53–2.80, 2.47–2.63, 2.34–2.45, and 2.08 kg m-3, respectively.Treatment D6 led to the highest soil water storage, but evapotranspiration and soil-water evaporation were lower than other treatments.These results show that irrigation interval D6 can help maintain a favorable soil-moisture environment in the upper-60-cm soil layer, reduce soilwater evaporation and evapotranspiration, and produce the highest yield and WUE.In this arid region and in other regions with similar soil and climate conditions, a similar irrigation interval would thus be beneficial for adjusting soil moisture to increase maize yield and WUE under conditions of mulching and drip irrigation.

Layer regrouping for water-flooded commingled reservoirs at a high water-cut stage

Layer regrouping is to divide all the layers into several sets of production series according to the physical properties and recovery percent of layers at high water-cut stage, which is an important technique to improve oil recovery for high water-cut multilayered reservoirs. Dif- ferent regroup scenarios may lead to different production performances. Based on unstable oil-water flow theory, a multilayer commingled reservoir simulator is established by modifying the production split method. Taking into account the differences of layer properties, including per- meability, oil viscosity, and remaining oil saturation, the pseudo flow resistance contrast is proposed to serve as a characteristic index of layer regrouping for high water-cut multilayered reservoirs. The production indices of multi- layered reservoirs with different pseudo flow resistances are predicted with the established model in which the data are taken from the Shengtuo Oilfield. Simulation results show that the pseudo flow resistance contrast should be less than 4 when the layer regrouping is implemented. The K-means clustering method, which is based on the objec- tive function, is used to automatically carry out the layer regrouping process according to pseudo flow resistances. The research result is applied to the IV-VI sand groups of the second member of the Shahejie Formation in the Shengtuo Oilfield, a favorable development performance is obtained, and the oil recovery is enhanced by 6.08 %.

The Coupling Coordination Evolution Research of Economy - Ecology - Society System in Xinjiang：Based on the Interaction Perspective of Water Resources

Under the water resources perspective,coupling coordination of economy-ecology-society system in Xinjiang was taken as the research object. By building the coupling evaluation index system of the water resources-economy-ecology-society system,quantitative evaluation and analysis of the coupling coordination of the water resources-economy-ecology-society system from 2001 to 2014 were conducted. The results showed that benefit indexes of economic system and social system grew rapidly,while benefit indexes of water resources system and ecosystem fluctuated smoothly from 2001 to 2014; coupling state of the whole system was at rival stage,and coupling coordination was reluctant coordination type,and the coupling index was slightly higher than the coupling coordination index. Moreover,it showed that the more the coupling systems,the lower indices of coupling and the coupling coordination.

海水淡化高压泵与能量回收一体机水润滑轴承-转子系统稳定性

为保障海水淡化高压泵与能量回收一体机的安全稳定运行,对轴颈倾斜时的水润滑转子系统的稳定性展开研究.基于流体动压润滑理论,采用差分法和微扰法,建立考虑四自由度的32动力系数模型,同时求解转子动力学方程,分析不同偏心距、倾斜角、载荷下轴承的动静特性和口环间隙水膜产生的流体动压润滑效应对转子稳定性的影响.求解转子系统特征方程,并通过特征值实部对转子的稳定性进行分析.研究结果表明:倾斜运动对转子稳定性影响较大,四自由度下偏心率和倾斜角的增大使得32个动特性系数有不同程度的增大,从而减小运行过程中转子涡动产生的位移量,同时具有更高的承载能力;口环间隙水膜的动压润滑效应对转子稳定性具有不可忽视的影响,可使得转子的位移响应减小为原来的1/3,达到稳定运行的时间缩短为原来的1/3;一体机转子的极限转速为40000~45000 r/min,当转速超过极限转速时,系统出现正实部的特征值,增大口环宽度和减小口环水膜间隙厚度可增大转子的极限转速.

Effects of Different NH_4^+/NO_3^- Ratio and Water Condition on Physiological Characteristics of Rice Seedlings

[Objective] This study aimed to further explore the dynamics of related physiological indexes of rice seedlings under different NH4＋ /NO3- ratio and different water condition. [Method] Under the hydroponic condition in laboratory, 3 NH4＋/NO3- ratios （0/100, 50/50 and 100/0） and 2 water conditions （＋PEG,-PEG） were designed for Fengliangyou 7203. [Result] The root-canopy ratio of rice seedlings increased under any of the NH4＋/NO3- ratios and water conditions. Under water stress, the root-canopy ratio of rice seedlings changed most greatly at the NH4＋/NO3- ratio of 0/ 100; the overall water potential of rice seedlings reached the lowest at the NH4＋/ NO3- ratio of 100/0; and the changes of water potential and xylem flow pH were relatively stable at the NH4＋/NO3- ratio of 50/50. Under the condition of no water stress, the growth of rice seedlings was best at the NH4＋/NO3- ratio of 50/50, followed by the NH4＋/NO3- ratios of 0/100 and 100/0. [Conclusion] This study will pro- vide a basis for understanding the relationship between water potential and xylem flow.