A bull-heading water control technique of thermo-sensitive temporary plugging agent

Aimed at the disadvantages of secondary damage to oil layers caused by the conventional bull-heading water control technique, a thermo-sensitive temporary plugging agent for water control was synthesized by water solution polymerization and applied in the field with a new secondary temporary plugging technique. The optimization and performance evaluation of thermo-sensitive temporary plugging agent were carried out through laboratory experiments. The optimized formula is as follows:(6%-8%) acrylamide +(0.08%-0.12%) ammonium persulfate +(1.5%-2.0%) sepiolite +(0.5%-0.8%) polyethylene glycol diacrylate. The thermo-sensitive temporary plugging agent is suitable for formation temperatures of 70-90 ?C, it has high temporary plugging strength(5-40 k Pa), controllable degradation time(1-15 d), the apparent viscosity after degradation of less than 100 m Pa?S and the permeability recovery value of simulated cores of more than 95%. Based on the research results, secondary temporary plugging technique was used in a horizontal well in the Jidong Oilfield. After treatment, the well saw a drop of water cut to 27%, and now it has a water cut of 67%, its daily increased oil production was 4.8 t, and the cumulative oil increment was 750 t, demonstrating that the technique worked well in controlling water production and increasing oil production.

Development and Performance Evaluation of Self-Generating Enhanced Foam Water Plugging System

For the waterflooding of late development on an offshore oilfield has become worse, and some wells group has entered into high water cut-off period, water plugging work becomes particularly important. Due to the limited construction of offshore oilfield, space water supply difficulties, and stability of plugging agent, self-generating enhanced foam has been designed as the aimed block plugging system. The formula is determined as: 23.25% of NH4Cl + 30% of NaNO2 + 0.1% of catalyst + 0.6% of COSL-3 foaming agent + 0.25% of HS-type HPAM foam stabilizer. Measurement point of pipe with permeability of 0.5 μm2 and 2 μm2 has been used in the plugging and EOR experiments. The experiments show that this system has the selective plugging effect for the heterogeneous formation, especially for middle and posterior part of high permeability formation, and the recovery rate of low permeability pipe is enhanced up to 32.15%.

Synthesis and Evaluation of a Water-Swelling Polymer Plugging Agent SWL-1

In this paper, to solve the problems of low water absorption and weak pressure bearing capacity of current plugging materials, acrylic acid (AA), acrylamide (AM), and sodium allyl sulfonate (SAS) are used as monomers, and soluble starch is used as grafting. Material, the use of free radical aqueous solution method to synthesize the plugging agent SWL-1 with good water absorption and strong salt resistance. The monomer ratio is set as n (AA):n (AM):n (SAS) = 5:2:1, the experimental synthesis temperature is 70°C, and the orthogonal experiment is used to determine the experimental synthesis conditions as AA neutralization degree 80%, The amount of initiator is 0.60%, the amount of crosslinking agent is 0.50%, the ratio of monomer to starch is 7:1, and the amount of calcium carbonate is 13%. The comprehensive evaluation of the performance of the plugging agent SWL-1 shows that the water absorption performance at 60°C is the best 268.78 g/g, and the water absorption performance in 8% NaCl, 0.9% CaCl2 and composite brine is 21.5 g/g, 12.5 g/g and 24.9 g/g, indicating good resistance to sodium and calcium, the water retention rate is still higher than 30% after 15 days at 160°C. The sand bed plugging test found that the maximum pressure of SWL-1 was 7 MPa, and the crack plugging test found that when the crack width was 1 mm, 2 mm, and 3 mm, the maximum compressive strength of SWL-1 was 10 MPa. The acid solubility test showed that the maximum pressure was 10 MPa. The highest rate is 86.38%.

Thermo-sensitive polymer nanospheres as a smart plugging agent for shale gas drilling operations

Emulsifier-free poly（methyl methacrylate-styrene） [P（MMA-St）] nanospheres with an average particle size of 100 nm were synthesized in an isopropyl alcoholwater medium by a solvothermal method. Then, through radical graft copolymerization of thermo-sensitive mono- mer N-isopropylacrylamide （NIPAm） and hydrophilic monomer acrylic acid （AA） onto the surface of P（MMA- St） nanospheres at 80 ℃, a series of thermo-sensitive polymer nanospheres, named SD-SEAL with different lower critical solution temperatures （LCST）, were prepared by adjusting the mole ratio of NIPAm to AA. The products were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, particle size distribution, and specific surface area analysis. The temperature-sensitive behavior was studied by light transmittance tests, while the sealing performance was investigated by pressure transmission tests with Lungmachi Formation shales. The experimental results showed that the synthesized nanoparticles are sensitive to temperature and had apparent LCST values which increased with an increase in hydrophilic monomer AA. When the temperature was higher than its LCST value, SD- SEAL played a dual role of physical plugging and chemical inhibition, slowed down pressure transmission, and reduced shale permeability remarkably. The plugged layer of shale was changed to being hydrophobic, which greatly improved the shale stability

Numerical Analysis of Dynamical Effects Associated with a Plugging String in a Horizontal Well

The finite element method has been applied to simulate the dynamics of a water plugging string in a complex horizontal well of a low-permeability oilfield.The force associated with the pipe string and the packer has been determined under the sucking action of the oil well pump.Such analysis has been conducted for a real drilling well,taking into account the process of lifting,lowering,unblocking and water plugging.Comparison between field measured data and simulation data indicates that the model is reliable and accurate.The packer creep effect under different pressure differences has also been investigated in the framework of the same model.

超细水泥-水玻璃双液浆性能及注浆止水效果试验研究

北京地铁14号线高家园站的站厅层和站台层采用暗挖通道连接,地层为富水粉细砂层。为解决暗挖通道采用普通水泥-水玻璃双液浆注浆止水效果差且地表隆起较大的问题,提出采用超细水泥-水玻璃双液浆注浆止水的方案。首先对浆液流动性、凝结时间和固结体强度进行测试,根据测试结果确定了超细水泥-水玻璃双液浆的配合比:A液为超细水泥净浆,水灰比为1.0;B液为水玻璃溶液,波美度为20°Bé;缓凝剂为磷酸氢二钠,掺量为2.5%。A液约占总注浆量的80%,B液与缓凝剂各占约10%。采用颗粒流数值模拟方法,研究了超细水泥浆液中颗粒在地层中的运移距离与注浆压力的关系。结合浆液性能测试和数值模拟结果,提出了注浆压力0.5 MPa,注浆孔直径5 cm,间距50 cm,梅花形布置的注浆方案。经在暗挖通道现场注浆试验,采用超细水泥-水玻璃双液浆注浆止水效果良好。

Water modeling of molten steel flow in a multi-strand tundish with gas blowing

Fluid flow characteristics in a four-strand tundish with gas blowing were studied by water modeling experiments.It is found that gas blowing can greatly improve the flow characteristics in the tundish with a turbulence inhibitor.It dramatically increases the peak concentration time,and greatly decreases the dead volume,and reduces the minimum residence time.The gas blowing location,gas flow rate,and porous plug area greatly influence the flow characteristics in the tundish; the gas blowing location near the baffle,smaller gas flow rate,and smaller porous plug area are better for improving the fluid flow characteristics.Using gas blowing can reduce the difference of flows at the middle outlets and side outlets for the multi-strand tundish.Bubbles produced by gas blowing can absorb small inclusions and provide the condition for inclusion collision and aggregation.Therefore,introducing gas blowing into a tundish and combining the turbulence inhibitor can improve inclusion floating and removal,and the cleanness of molten steel can be advanced.

Energy analysis of rock plug thickness in karst tunnels based on non-associated flow rule and nonlinear failure criterion

The geological hazards, such as water inrush and mud outburst, are easily induced by the high water pressure caverns ahead of a karst tunnel face. Therefore, it is a pivotal issue to determine the reserved thickness of rock plug during the construction of tunnels. The limit analysis principle is employed to analyze the safe thickness from the point of energy dissipation, and the nonlinear and non-associated characteristics of geotechnical materials are both considered. On the basis of a plane failure pattern of rock plug, the expressions of detaching curve and rock plug thickness are derived. The effect of each parameter on the safe thickness of rock plug is discussed in detail, which interprets the corresponding failure scope of rock plug. The obtained results indicate that the thickness of rock plug is highly influenced by the nonlinear dilatancy coefficient and the nonlinear coefficient. The proposed method is validated by a comparison of the calculated results with those of the engineering project of the "526 karst cavern" of Yunwushan tunnel. This proposed method can provide reference basis for the design and excavation of karst tunnels in the future.

Three-dimensional hydrodynamic model of Xiamen waters

A semi-implicit and Eulerian - Lagrangian finite difference method for three-dimensionalshallow flow has been extended to a more complete system of equations incorporating second-moment turbulence closure model and transport equations of salinity and temperature. The simulation for flooding and drying of mudflats has been improved. The model is applied to Xiamen waters. Based on extensive survey data, water level elevation, temperature and salinity field along the eastern open boundary and at the Jiulong River inlets and runoffs are analyzed, specified and calibrated. The computed results show good agreement with the measured data, reproduce flooding, emergence of large and complex mudflat region.

The diffusive fluxes of inorganic nitrogen across the intertidal sediment-water interface of the Changjiang Estuary in China

Ammonium and nitrate concentrations were analyzed in near-bottom water and pore water collected from ten stations of the intertidal flat of the Changjiang Estuary during April, July, November and February. The magnitudes of the benthic exchange fluxes were determined on the basis of concentration gradients of ammonium and nitrate at the near-bottom water and interstitial water interface in combination with calculations of a modified Fick＇ s first law. Ammonium fluxes varied from - 5.05 to 1.43 μg/（ cm^2·d） and were greatly regulated by the production of ammonium in surface sediments, while nitrate fluxes ranged from - 0. 38 to 1.36 μg/ （ cm^2·d） and were dominated by nitrate concentrations in the tidal water. It was found that ammonium was mainly released from sediments into water columns at most of stations whereas nitrate was mostly diffused from overlying waters to intertidal sediments. In total, 823.75 t/a ammonium-N was passed from intertidal sediments to water while about 521.90 t/a nitrate-N was removed from overlying waters to intertidal sediments. This suggests that intertidal sediments had the significant influence on modulating inorganic nitrogen in the tidal water.

Using irrigation intervals to optimize water-use efficiency and maize yield in Xinjiang,northwest China

Worldwide, scarce water resources and substantial food demands require efficient water use and high yield.This study investigated whether irrigation frequency can be used to adjust soil moisture to increase grain yield and water use efficiency(WUE) of high-yield maize under conditions of mulching and drip irrigation.A field experiment was conducted using three irrigation intervals in 2016: 6, 9, and 12 days(labeled D6, D9, and D12) and five irrigation intervals in 2017: 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days(D3, D6, D9, D12, and D15).In Xinjiang, an optimal irrigation quota is 540 mm for high-yield maize.The D3, D6, D9, D12, and D15 irrigation intervals gave grain yields of 19.7, 19.1–21.0, 18.8–20.0, 18.2–19.2, and 17.2 Mg ha^-1 and a WUE of 2.48, 2.53–2.80, 2.47–2.63, 2.34–2.45, and 2.08 kg m-3, respectively.Treatment D6 led to the highest soil water storage, but evapotranspiration and soil-water evaporation were lower than other treatments.These results show that irrigation interval D6 can help maintain a favorable soil-moisture environment in the upper-60-cm soil layer, reduce soilwater evaporation and evapotranspiration, and produce the highest yield and WUE.In this arid region and in other regions with similar soil and climate conditions, a similar irrigation interval would thus be beneficial for adjusting soil moisture to increase maize yield and WUE under conditions of mulching and drip irrigation.

Layer regrouping for water-flooded commingled reservoirs at a high water-cut stage

Layer regrouping is to divide all the layers into several sets of production series according to the physical properties and recovery percent of layers at high water-cut stage, which is an important technique to improve oil recovery for high water-cut multilayered reservoirs. Dif- ferent regroup scenarios may lead to different production performances. Based on unstable oil-water flow theory, a multilayer commingled reservoir simulator is established by modifying the production split method. Taking into account the differences of layer properties, including per- meability, oil viscosity, and remaining oil saturation, the pseudo flow resistance contrast is proposed to serve as a characteristic index of layer regrouping for high water-cut multilayered reservoirs. The production indices of multi- layered reservoirs with different pseudo flow resistances are predicted with the established model in which the data are taken from the Shengtuo Oilfield. Simulation results show that the pseudo flow resistance contrast should be less than 4 when the layer regrouping is implemented. The K-means clustering method, which is based on the objec- tive function, is used to automatically carry out the layer regrouping process according to pseudo flow resistances. The research result is applied to the IV-VI sand groups of the second member of the Shahejie Formation in the Shengtuo Oilfield, a favorable development performance is obtained, and the oil recovery is enhanced by 6.08 %.

The Coupling Coordination Evolution Research of Economy - Ecology - Society System in Xinjiang：Based on the Interaction Perspective of Water Resources

Under the water resources perspective,coupling coordination of economy-ecology-society system in Xinjiang was taken as the research object. By building the coupling evaluation index system of the water resources-economy-ecology-society system,quantitative evaluation and analysis of the coupling coordination of the water resources-economy-ecology-society system from 2001 to 2014 were conducted. The results showed that benefit indexes of economic system and social system grew rapidly,while benefit indexes of water resources system and ecosystem fluctuated smoothly from 2001 to 2014; coupling state of the whole system was at rival stage,and coupling coordination was reluctant coordination type,and the coupling index was slightly higher than the coupling coordination index. Moreover,it showed that the more the coupling systems,the lower indices of coupling and the coupling coordination.

Ca-SA/P(AM-AMPS)微球的制备及性能研究

针对聚丙烯酰胺类调剖剂耐温性能不佳,常温溶胀较快的问题,通过在聚丙烯酰胺P(AM-AMPS)微球表面包覆海藻酸钠(SA)并用Ca2+交联固化制备海藻酸钙/聚丙烯酰胺(Ca-SA/P(AM-AMPS))微球来改善其耐温性能。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱、扫描电镜、透射电镜和纳米粒度及Zeta电位仪对微球的结构、形貌及性能进行了表征。结果表明,在不同SA质量分数下微球平均粒径在47~92 nm之间,当SA质量分数为8%时,Ca-SA/P(AM-AMPS)微球的感温溶胀性能最佳,在20℃下可溶胀2.52倍,较P(AM-AMPS)微球下降42%;在60℃下可溶胀3.35倍,较P(AM-AMPS)微球提高52%。Ca-SA/P(AM-AMPS)微球在常温下溶胀较慢,在高温下快速溶胀且溶胀倍率更大,能够更好地匹配注入调剖工艺,实现高效调剖驱油的作用。

ZXDJ-1堵水剂在桩西边底水稠油油藏研究与应用

桩西油田桩139等区块稠油油藏原油黏度高。在原油开采过程中,因边底水活跃造成油井含水率偏高是其主要生产矛盾,针对这一问题,从调堵增产角度出发,开发了一种新型高强度堵水剂ZXDJ-1,基本配方为6.0%改性锂藻土+0.5%多聚甲醛+0.5%酚醛树脂PN760+1.6%增黏剂+0.4%改性CMC。研究证实,该堵水剂具有较高强度、良好的耐温、热稳定性及封堵性能。采用双管并联模式的驱替实验结果表明,堵水剂的优越性表现在对调堵层位不仅具有强的选择性,还具有高耐冲刷性。堵水剂堵水技术现场应用5井次,应用效果证明,取得了较好的油井调堵效果,可为类似油藏调堵工艺提供参考。

Effects of Different NH_4^+/NO_3^- Ratio and Water Condition on Physiological Characteristics of Rice Seedlings

[Objective] This study aimed to further explore the dynamics of related physiological indexes of rice seedlings under different NH4＋ /NO3- ratio and different water condition. [Method] Under the hydroponic condition in laboratory, 3 NH4＋/NO3- ratios （0/100, 50/50 and 100/0） and 2 water conditions （＋PEG,-PEG） were designed for Fengliangyou 7203. [Result] The root-canopy ratio of rice seedlings increased under any of the NH4＋/NO3- ratios and water conditions. Under water stress, the root-canopy ratio of rice seedlings changed most greatly at the NH4＋/NO3- ratio of 0/ 100; the overall water potential of rice seedlings reached the lowest at the NH4＋/ NO3- ratio of 100/0; and the changes of water potential and xylem flow pH were relatively stable at the NH4＋/NO3- ratio of 50/50. Under the condition of no water stress, the growth of rice seedlings was best at the NH4＋/NO3- ratio of 50/50, followed by the NH4＋/NO3- ratios of 0/100 and 100/0. [Conclusion] This study will pro- vide a basis for understanding the relationship between water potential and xylem flow.

Lithium Behavior in Salt-water System Explored by Molecular Dynamics Simulation

The molecular dynamics simulation method was adopted to study the transient characteristics of Li^+,CO3^2-,and SO4^2- in Na^+,K^+,Li^+,Cl^-,and SO4^2-/H2O system.The composition of Na^+,K^+,Li^+,Cl^-,SO4^2- and CO3^2- was selected to optimize the initial structural model and conduct dynamic simulation.The mean azimuth shift and diffusion coefficient of Li^+,CO3^2-,and SO4^2- in the system,the radial distribution function and potential energy between Li^+ and -OW,SO4^2- and -OW as well as CO3^2- and -OW,and the dielectric constant of hydrogen bond were expounded and analyzed.At the same time,the Li enrichment behavior in the evaporation process of salt lake brine was analyzed based on the simulated data.The results show that the simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental values,which verifies that,compared with other ions,the crystallization of Li^+ and SO4^2- occurs earlier after reaching saturation.

帅页3-7HF页岩油小井眼水平井水基钻井液技术

帅页3-7HF井是部署于苏北溱潼区块的一口页岩油Φ118 mm小井眼侧钻水平井。在施工过程中面临着页岩地层井壁失稳、小井眼环空压耗大,易于漏失、水平井降摩减阻要求高、CO_(2)污染等诸多难题。通过研究,构建了页岩水基钻井液体系SM-ShaleMud-Ⅱ。室内评价表明,该体系具有优异的抑制能力、封堵性能和润滑性能,能够满足苏北页岩油长水平井对钻井液性能的要求。现场试验表明,页岩水基钻井液体系高温高压滤失量小于7 mL,体系黏附系数小于0.07,完钻起钻摩阻小于16 t,有效保持了阜二段页岩储层井壁稳定达110 h,改变水基钻井液对阜二段浸泡时间的认知。该井创页岩地层Φ118 mm小井眼裸眼段1948.66 m最长,水平段1361.66 m最长等多项记录,其施工经验可为后续超小井眼长水平井施工提供参考,也为页岩水基钻井液SM-ShaleMud-Ⅱ在苏北页岩油大规模应用奠定了基础。

麻家梁矿4^(#)层14104-1工作面涌水探查与治理

针对麻家梁矿水文地质条件复杂,工作面底板发生异常涌水的问题,通过对工作面已知区域水文地质条件进行分析,采用物探,钻探综合探查方法,查明工作面底板涌水水源及导水通道,并通过采用多分支水平定向钻探工艺,采用高压水泥注浆的方式进行底板注浆加固,解除奥灰水对工作面开采的水害威胁。

Determination of 16 Species of OCPs in Water by Liquid-liquid Extraction-GC

[Objective] The research aimed to study the determination of 16 kinds of OCPs in water by liquid-liquid extraction -GC. [Method] The new method for determining 16 kinds of OCPs in water by liquid-liquid extraction -GC was established, and the influencing factors such as nitrogen pressure and water bath temperature were discussed. [ Result] Detection limit of the method was from 3.2 to 14.1 ng/L, the relative standard deviation was between 4.0% and 9.6%, and the average recovery ranged from 80.8% to 106.0%. By optimizing nitrogen pressure and water bath temperature in the sample pretreatment process, when nitrogen pressure was ＋0.087 kPa, and water bath temperature was ±36 ℃, recovery effect of this method was better. [ Conclusion] The determination method had accurate qualitative and quantitative results, and met detection requirement of 16 kinds of OCPs in water.