Salt-Water Dynamics in Soils: V. Salt Balance in Soil Profiles

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Quantifying water quality and flow in multi-branched urban estuaries for a rainfall event with mass balance method

In this study,field observations were conducted after a heavy rainfall event in the Sumida and Shakujii rivers in Tokyo,Japan.The flow dynamics and fluxes of salt,suspended sediment(SS),and dissolved oxygen(DO)were investigated with the mass balance method.The fractions of fresh water and saltwater in seaward and landward flows were separated.The maximum salt flux in the Shakujii River was 53.8 kg/s during the flood tide,and those in the Sumida River were 680.3 kg/s at the upstream station and 703.7 kg/s at the downstream station.The trends of SS and DO fluxes were similar in both rivers.In the Shakujii River,the highest SS(3.1 kg/s)and DO(0.4 kg/s)fluxes appeared during the flood tide after rainfall.In the Sumida River,the maximum SS fluxes(6.1 and 6.3 kg/s at the upstream and downstream stations,respectively)and DO fluxes(1.15 and 1.21 kg/s at the upstream and downstream stations,respectively)appeared during the ebb tide.The mass balance method was used to estimate discharge,salinity,SS concentration,and DO concentration at a station with missing data.The results show that the estimated salinity and SS concentration had a significant correlation with the on-site observations,with correlation coefficients(R)of 0.950 and 0.835,respectively,but not for DO concentration(R?0.638).The disparity between the computed and measured data may be explained by the differences in velocity,salinity,topography,sedimentation,and the presence of organic matter.The analysis based on the advective salt transport components found a lower salt flux per unit width in the Shakujii River(0.36 kg/(m·s))in comparison with that in the Sumida River(2.88 kg/(m·s)).This indicates a higher probability for salt retention in the Shakujii River.©2020 Hohai University.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Lithium Behavior in Salt-water System Explored by Molecular Dynamics Simulation

The molecular dynamics simulation method was adopted to study the transient characteristics of Li^+,CO3^2-,and SO4^2- in Na^+,K^+,Li^+,Cl^-,and SO4^2-/H2O system.The composition of Na^+,K^+,Li^+,Cl^-,SO4^2- and CO3^2- was selected to optimize the initial structural model and conduct dynamic simulation.The mean azimuth shift and diffusion coefficient of Li^+,CO3^2-,and SO4^2- in the system,the radial distribution function and potential energy between Li^+ and -OW,SO4^2- and -OW as well as CO3^2- and -OW,and the dielectric constant of hydrogen bond were expounded and analyzed.At the same time,the Li enrichment behavior in the evaporation process of salt lake brine was analyzed based on the simulated data.The results show that the simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental values,which verifies that,compared with other ions,the crystallization of Li^+ and SO4^2- occurs earlier after reaching saturation.

Effects of saline irrigation on soil salt accumulation and grain yield in the winter wheat-summer maize double cropping system in the low plain of North China

In the dominant winter wheat （WW）-summer maize （SM） double cropping system in the low plain located in the North China, limited access to fresh water, especially during dry season, constitutes a major obstacle to realize high crop productivity. Using the vast water resources of the saline upper aquifer for irrigation during WW jointing stage, may help to bridge the peak of dry season and relieve the tight water situation in the region. A field experiment was conducted during 2009-2012 to investigate the effects of saline irrigation during WW jointing stage on soil salt accumulation and productivity of WW and SM. The experiment treatments comprised no irrigation （T1）, fresh water irrigation （T2）, slightly saline water irrigation （T3：2.8 dS m-l）, and strongly saline water irrigation （T4：8.2 dS m-1） at WW jointing stage. With regard to WW yields and aggregated annual WW-SM yields, clear benefits of saline water irrigation （T3 ＆ T4） compared to no irrigation （T1）, as well as insignificant yield losses compared to fresh water irrigation （T2） occurred in all three experiment years. However, the increased soil salinity in eady SM season in consequence of saline irrigation exerted a negative effect on SM photosynthesis and final yield in two of three experiment years. To avoid the negative aftereffects of saline irrigation, sufficient fresh water irrigation during SM sowing phase （i.e., increase from 60 to 90 mm） is recommended to guarantee good growth conditions during the sensitive early growing period of SM. The risk of long-term accumulation of salts as a result of saline irrigation during the peak of dry season is considered low, due to deep leaching of salts during regularly occurring wet years, as demonstrated in the 2012 experiment year. Thus, applying saline water irrigation at jointing stage of WW and fresh water at sowing of SM is most promising to realize high yield and fresh irrigation water saving.

Regulation and decision system of water, fertilizer and salt in salinized farmland based on WebGIS

In this paper, aiming at the problems of insufficient soil nutrients and high salt content in Wudi core demonstration area of Bohai Granary, a monitoring and management system of water, fertilizer and salt in saline-alkaline farmland based on WebGIS was established in order to monitor and control water, fertilizer and salt. Based on the Windows.NET platform, using B/S mode of operation architecture and Visual Studio 2010 as the software development environment, the related components in ArcGIS Engine were invoked by ArcGIS API for Silverlirht, and the WEB system was developed by C# and XMAL language. Based on the principle of water, fertilizer and salt balance, a monitoring model and a regulation model for water, salt and nutrients were established. Intelligent analysis and application of farmland soil data were realized, and a precision agriculture system with data query, early warning diagnosis, monitoring and control of water, fertilizer and salt was formed. And the "water and salt homologue, water supply due to demand, adequate and multiple" irrigation scheme and the salt and alkali reduction scheme of "synergistic conditioning of agents and nutrients" and a nutrient regulation plan for "stabilizing nitrogen, increasing phosphorus, supplementing potassium at the discretion" and "quick-acting combining slow release" were put forward. Compared with the period without monitoring and control of water and salt, the effect of water saving and fertilizer saving was improved, and the yield of wheat and maize was also significantly increased. It provided guidance for local users to increase crop production and income, and greatly improved the utilization of resources and grain production.

Effects of irrigation level and method on soil salt balance and crop water use efficiency in arid oasis regions

Fresh water resource scarcity and soil salt accumulation in the root-zone are two key limiting factors for sustainable agricultural development in the oasis region of arid inland basin, northwest China. The aim of this study was to explore an appropriate irrigation scheme to maintain sustainable crop cultivation in this region. The effects of four irrigation levels (full irrigation, mild deficit, moderate deficit, and severe deficit) and three irrigation methods (border, surface drip and subsurface drip) on soil water and salt dynamics, highland barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) yield, and crop water use efficiency were studied by field plot experiments. The results showed that soil salt in 0-100 cm profile was accumulated under all experimental treatments after one season of highland barley planting, but the accumulated salt mass decreased with the decrease of the lower limit of irrigation. Salt mass in 0-100 cm soil profile under subsurface drip irrigation was 16.8%-57.8% and 2.9%-58.4% less than that under border and surface drip irrigation, respectively. The grain yield of highland barley decreased first and then increased with the decrease of the lower limit of irrigation under surface drip and subsurface drip irrigation, but it was on the contrary under border irrigation. Mean grain yield for all irrigation levels under subsurface drip irrigation was 5.7% and 18.8% higher than that under border and surface drip irrigation, respectively. Water use efficiency increased with the decrease of the lower limit of irrigation, and the averaged water use efficiency of all irrigation levels under subsurface drip irrigation was 11.9% and 14.2% higher than that under border and surface drip irrigation, respectively. Considering economic benefit and irrigation water requirement, subsurface drip irrigation with the lower limit of irrigation of 50%-55% field capacity is suggested for highland barley planting in the arid oasis region.

1955—2020年博斯腾湖水盐收支估算与水盐平衡分析

为了探讨变化环境下开都河来水、人类水土开发和水利工程调节等对博斯腾湖水盐收支变化规律的影响,根据开都-孔雀河流域河流-湖泊-水利工程间的水力联系及水盐运移转化过程,构建了博斯腾湖水盐收支平衡模型,基于1955—2020年气象、水文、矿化度、开发利用的观测资料,分析了博斯腾湖逐年、分阶段和多年平均水盐收支变化规律。结果表明,受开都河来水和人类活动的影响,1955—2020年博斯腾湖水盐变化具有明显的4阶段特征。1987年以来水盐变化速率明显升高;焉耆盆地和孔雀河引水量较为稳定,开都河入湖水量占总入湖水量的81.89%,在1955—2020年博斯腾湖水位变化中起主导作用;1955—1987年农田排盐量占总入湖盐量的37.24%,其中1972—1986年农田排盐量接近总入湖盐量的50%,农田排盐量是湖水矿化度急剧升高的主要原因;1983年博斯腾湖西泵站运行后,湖水矿化度整体处于下降趋势,2020年降低到1.0 g/L以下。新时期在对开都-孔雀河流域严格遵守水资源三条红线控制的同时,加强扬水泵站、宝浪苏木分水闸及达吾提闸的联合运行,完全可以将湖水矿化度控制在1.0 g/L水平以下。研究结论可为博斯腾湖可持续利用和管理提供参考。

河套灌区耕地-荒地-海子间水盐运移规律及平衡分析

内蒙古河套灌区引水量逐年减少,输入灌区的盐分无法有效排出,灌区内部盐分迁移规律发生了较大变化。针对此现状,通过2年现场观测试验,开展了耕地-荒地-海子间水力联系及水盐动态研究。采用土壤水动力学与溶质动力学方法,对耕地-荒地-海子系统分别构建水量和盐量平衡模型,进而揭示了耕地-荒地-海子系统间水分和盐分运移关系。结果显示:在作物生育期,土壤非饱和带及地下储水量?S分别平均减少了35.05、138.2和195.7 mm,耕地、荒地和海子均处于水分消耗状态。基于Surfer软件Grid Vector Map与耕地-荒地-海子系统水量和盐量平衡模型,发现在2017年和2018年作物生育期,耕地地下水向荒地的迁移率平均值分别为78.75%和79%;荒地地下水向海子的迁移率平均值分别为44.3%和46.3%。耕地腾发量ET平均值比荒地和海子边界的分别高32%和29.15%,海子亏水631.2~706.3 mm,如果没有水分补给,海子将会面临干涸危险;在灌溉条件下,耕地地下水盐分平均增加861.45 kg/(hm^2/a),耕地地下水迁移给荒地的平均盐量为3231.90 kg/(hm^2/a),荒地地下水迁移给海子的平均盐量为3139.7 kg/(hm^2/a)。研究结果为灌区水盐调控提供了基本依据。

火电厂石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫废水分离处理

脱硫废水由于具有水量不稳定、水质复杂、含盐量高等特点,成为电厂废水处理的难题。现行脱硫废水处理技术普遍存在高投资、高能耗和高药耗问题,难以实现脱硫废水减量化和资源化回收。对此,本文通过分析脱硫废水水质,提出了一种无需加药预处理的新型脱硫废水处理技术,即采用纳滤膜分离浓缩工艺将脱硫废水中的盐分进行分离回收,实现脱硫废水的资源化利用。在华能玉环电厂的中试试验验证结果表明:采用纳滤膜进行脱硫废水盐分的分离浓缩,可有效分离废水中一价离子和二价离子,分离后形成的NaCl溶液可进一步处理生成次氯酸钠等化学药剂在电厂生产过程中使用;该工艺路线在电厂盐平衡的基础上实现了脱硫系统的水平衡,打破了传统废水处理工艺误区,真正实现了脱硫废水的资源化回收。

长期大田滴灌对新疆农田水盐环境影响的研究进展

大田滴灌在新疆地区大规模应用取得了非常显著的经济、社会和生态效益,但不同区域应用时,对土壤水盐平衡及地下水动态的影响也各异。为准确掌握长期节水灌溉对新疆农田土壤水盐及地下水埋深的影响,本文系统梳理了新疆大田滴灌的发展历程及取得成效,分析了长期大田滴灌以来耕层土壤水分状况、南北疆的主要灌区农田地下潜水埋深、耕层土壤盐分再分布的变化情况,并从维护新疆水土资源可持续利用角度提出4条对策与建议:“两水”统观统用构建安全地下水位埋深、灌溉洗盐结合维持良好农田耕层、区域统防统治实现区域水土可持续、节水降盐为核心提升区域农业资源利用效率,为进一步开展新疆农业水资源可持续利用提供参考和方向。节水抑盐是新疆农业可持续发展的战略举措,但如何实现干旱盐碱区水土资源的高效利用,探索和遵循水盐平衡这个科学问题值得长久关注。

大型板带热轧水处理系统节水设计探讨

大型板带热轧水处理系统是热轧主轧线的配套设施,新水用量大、废水排量大、浓缩倍数低。结合某大型板带热轧水处理系统,从循环水量和水质、水处理工艺、各系统排污水量和水质、各系统补充水量和水质、系统浓缩倍数等方面进行了深入分析,就大型板带热轧水处理系统节水设计进行了探讨,可供类似项目设计或工程运维做参考。

干旱内陆灌区土壤水盐模型

研究干旱内陆区土壤水分运移规律以及土壤盐分运移规律,有助于合理利用水资源,减少潜水无效蒸发,防止土壤盐碱化。根据水量平衡和盐量平衡原理,建立了土壤水盐模型,计算土壤水盐迁移量,并对干旱内陆区土壤水盐运移规律做了初步研究。

从水盐平衡的角度分析控制排水在银南灌区实施的可行性

宁夏银南灌区目前普遍存在排水过量问题。为了减少由此带来的由于农业污染物流失造成的环境问题,控制排水措施可以灵活调节现有系统的排水能力。该文根据控制排水的定义、作用及其适用条件,结合银南灌区的地理条件及其1979～1998年19年的水盐引排状况和水稻不同生育期的耐盐特性,从水盐平衡的角度分析,结果表明目前银南灌区处于脱盐状态且土壤盐分尚未达到作物的耐盐临界值,控制排水技术在银南灌区运用是可行的。

干旱地区灌区水盐运移及平衡分析

黄河流域多数灌区存在着耗水机理不清、水资源利用率低、土壤次生盐碱化等许多问题。为合理配置和有效利用灌区地表、地下水资源,改善灌区生态环境,本文选择内蒙古河套灌区的义长灌域作为研究区域,建立了非农区-农区-水域的水盐运移及均衡模型,并利用该模型对水分在各个环节的转化与消耗、以及水盐的迁移进行了定量分析。结果显示,农区脱盐量的75%随地下水迁移到了非农区,说明了灌区内排水和旱排的重要性。

咸水灌溉对土壤水盐分布和小麦产量的影响

在石羊河流域中游开展田间灌溉试验,试验设置3种灌水量,灌溉定额分别为355,280,205 mm(W1,W2和W3);4种灌水矿化度0.7,3.0,5.0和7.0 g/L(S1,S2,S3和S4),共12个处理,每个处理3组重复.研究结果表明:淡水灌溉条件下,土壤积盐率不超过15%,当灌水矿化度在3.0 g/L以上时,土壤剖面盐分积累峰值在20~40 cm层,灌溉水带入的盐分有40%~80%积累在60 cm深度.当灌水矿化度为3.0 g/L时,盐分胁迫造成春小麦减产在10%以下;灌水矿化度为5.0 g/L和7.0 g/L时,春小麦减产严重,最高可达28%.相同灌水矿化度条件下,与充分灌溉(W1)相比,W2和W3分别减产10%和15%左右.拔节期—灌浆期是春小麦需水关键期,灌水要及时,3种灌水量均可以保证春小麦根区含水量维持在田间持水量的60%~80%.因此,3.0g/L的微咸水灌溉不会造成春小麦大幅减产,合理调控灌水时间,灌水量为205~355mm可以保证春小麦土壤含水量维持在适宜的水平.

渭干河灌区水盐平衡及盐分运移

依据实地考察与实测资料,探讨了天山南麓渭干河灌区的水量平衡、盐量平衡和盐分去向等问题。结果表明,灌区近期的排灌比为13%左右,农田、林地耗水量约占总耗水量的2 3;灌区耕地已由积盐转变为排盐,近年来灌区年排出的盐量是年流入盐量的1 8倍左右,使得耕地土壤盐渍化得到有效的控制;随灌溉水进入灌区的盐分约有1 3排入塔里木河,其余排向灌区内、外的湖泊和低洼地。其中,"干排盐"———即将多余的灌溉水与高矿化度地下水排到灌区内部低洼地的自然排水积盐方式,是减少排入塔里木河盐量,提高塔河水体环境质量的有效途径之一。研究表明,灌区干排盐集盐地的适宜面积应为耕地面积的1 3,这样既可使高矿化度的灌区排水在干排盐集盐地不入渗或少入渗,减缓对地下水水质的不良影响,又能保护毗邻的塔里木河水质环境。此外,该文还就如何提高农田灌溉水利用效率以及有效防治土壤次生盐渍化等问题提出了对策。

宁夏银南灌区排水现状分析及计算

作为灌溉农业的一项保障措施,农田排水在维持田间水盐平衡的同时,也向下游输送了大量可能成为地表水污染源的物质。位于黄河上游的宁夏银南灌区由于历史原因形成的"大引大排"积习,每年将过量的农田排水排入黄河,成为下游水质污染源,同时也浪费了宝贵的水资源。该文针对宁夏银南灌区过量排水问题,对灌区排水现状进行了详细的分析和计算。结果表明,在现有灌排制度下,生长期内水田的农沟排水量约56cm,占地下排水总量的58%;旱田的农沟排水量较少,只有1.0cm,占地下排水总量的4%。建议在水田农沟上加筑控制性建筑物,如堰等,对排水量进行控制,达到节约灌溉用水和减少农田排水对下游河道污染的目的。

不同残膜量对棉田土壤水盐运移的影响

【目的】为探讨滴灌条件下地膜残留量对棉田土壤水盐时空分布的影响。【方法】本试验在绿洲棉田设0 kg·hm^(-2)、225 kg·hm^(-2)、450 kg·hm^(-2)三种残膜量处理,于棉花播种前、收获后及盛铃期灌水后第1天、第3天、第5天,采用土钻法分层取0～40 cm的土壤,进行土壤盐分测定并比较分析不同处理间差异。【结果】结果表明,残膜降低了膜下滴灌棉田土壤水分的均匀性,同时也导致棉田土壤盐分灌水后在各土层分布不均,灌水后第1天、第3天、第5天, 0 kg·hm^(-2)残膜量处理随着时间推移土壤盐分在各个土层减少,而225 kg·hm^(-2)、450 kg·hm^(-2)处理随着时间的变化各土层在灌水后第1天到灌水后第3天土壤盐分减少,但第5天的土壤盐分大于第3天,两个处理之间无显著差异。从灌水后第1天、第3天、第5天土壤盐分分布可看出,0 kg·hm^(-2)残膜量处理均匀性最好,其次是450 kg·hm^(-2)处理,最后为225 kg·hm^(-2)处理。在棉花种植播种前、收获后,不同残膜量对土壤盐分平衡的影响为:250 kg·hm^(-2)>450 kg·hm^(-2)>0 kg·hm^(-2);在运移速度上,随着深度和残膜量的增加,耕作层的土壤更容易出现土壤盐分的富集现象。【结论】由此可以说明,残膜的存在会阻碍土壤盐分的向下运移,同时随着残膜量的增加,阻碍土壤盐分的运移程度不同,导致土壤盐分在地表富集。

论银北灌区的盐害指标与排引比

本文提出用有害盐量及其排引比取代以往惯用的盐量及其排引比 ,作为评价灌区积、脱盐和盐渍土改良的指标。从而计算并证实了有害盐量排引比约为盐量排引比的 1.7倍。指出 35a来灌区土壤经历着脱盐淡化的进程 ,有害盐量排引差为正值 ,累计排出灌区的有害盐量为 1376× 10 4 t;而无害盐量排引差为负值 ,累计堆积于灌区的无害盐量为 6 40 .8× 10 4 t,这对调整灌区水量排引比和减少引黄水量具有重要实用价值。而提高沟排水中地下水排泄量的比例是加快灌区脱盐和盐渍土改良的重要途径。

基于DRAINMOD模型估算灌区浅层地下水利用量及盐分累积

在灌溉季节,尤其是下游灌区,农田地下水位较高,作物可就地利用部分浅层地下水,从而减少灌溉需水量,达到节水减排的双重目的。大田作物对浅层地下水利用量的估算是合理制定灌溉淋洗制度及控制土壤盐碱化的前提,但其估算存在一定困难。该文假设当农田灌溉、排水等水文气象条件一致时,某一作物对浅层地下水的利用量等于该田块有、无作物(即裸地)2种情况下造成地下水位差异的水量。据此,首先建立了浅层地下水利用量的计算模型,并以某一半干旱灌区为例,利用田间水文模型-DRAINMOD模拟出有、无作物2种条件下农田地下水位变化过程,然后,计算了棉花、小麦轮作期内对浅层地下水的利用量;在此基础上,进一步分析了浅层地下水利用条件下土壤剖面的盐分平衡。结果显示,该文提出的计算模型能够较好的反映大田实际情况;研究时段内,田间地下水埋深平均值为2.1 m,单位面积上作物利用浅层地下水量为305.8 mm,主要发生在作物生长阶段,其中棉花生长季内地下水利用量约为160 mm。盐分平衡计算结果显示,浅层地下水的利用使得水位以上土壤剖面盐分含量增加,但1 m以内根区土壤盐分在降雨和灌溉作用下得到一定的淋洗,未超出作物耐盐极限,不会对产量造成显著影响。研究成果可为相关灌区制定合理的灌溉制度及提高水资源利用效率提供科学依据。