ComGIS-Based Early Warning System of Rural Drinking Water Safety in Ya’an City of Sichuan, China

According to characteristic index of spatial-temporal variability of rural drinking water safety in Ya’an City of Sichuan, China, such as water quantity, water quality, convenience degree and guaranteed rate, etc., this study elaborated the basic framework, model’s methodology structure in early warning system of rural drinking water safety on the basis of ComGIS and initially designed information collection, search and re-trieval, evaluation and analysis of factors, dynamic prediction and dynamic early-warning and functions of guidance and management in this system. The design of this system provided scientific basis to grasp the state of rural drinking water safety timely, release early warning information and properly take necessary control measures, etc. The evaluation results showed that the overall trend was getting better. It proved that the rising pressure value and response value were main reasons which caused the rising evaluation value of rural drinking water safety.

Integrated water risk early warning framework of the semi-arid transitional zone based on the water environmental carrying capacity (WECC)

Water risk early warning systems based on the water environmental carrying capacity(WECC)are powerful and effective tools to guarantee the sustainability of rivers.Existing work on the early warning of WECC has mainly concerned the comprehensive evaluation of the status quo and lacked a quantitative prejudgement and warning of future overload.In addition,existing quantitative methods for short-term early warning have rarely focused on the integrated change trends of the early warning indicators.Given the periodicity of the socioeconomic system,however,the water environmental system also follows a trend of cyclical fluctuations.Thus,it is meaningful to monitor and use this periodicity for the early warning of the WECC.In this study,we first adopted and improved the prosperity index method to develop an integrated water risk early warning framework.We also constructed a forecast model to qualitatively and quantitatively prejudge and warn about the development trends of the water environmental system.We selected the North Canal Basin(an essential connection among the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region)in China as a case study and predicted the WECC in 25 water environmental management units of the basin in 2018–2023.We found that the analysis of the prosperity index was helpful in predicting the WECC,to some extent.The result demonstrated that the early warning system provided reliable prediction(root mean square error of 0.0651 and mean absolute error of 0.1418),and the calculation results of the comprehensive early warning index(CEWI)conformed to the actual situation and related research in the river basin.From 2008 to 2023,the WECC of most water environmental management units in the basin had improved but with some spatial differences:the CEWI was generally poor in areas with many human disturbances,while it was relatively good in the upstream regions with higher forest and grass covers as well as in the downstream areas with larger water volume.Finally,through a sensitivity analysis of the indicators,we proposed specific management measures for the sustainability of the water environmental system in the North Canal Basin.Overall,the integrated water risk early warning framework could provide an appropriate method for the water environmental administration department to predict the WECC of the basin in the future.This framework could also assist in implementing corresponding management measures in advance,especially for the performance evaluation and the arrangement of key short-term tasks in the River Chief System in China.

Extension Multi-factorial Evaluation Method on Water Quality Early-warning

Extension multi-factorial evaluation method was used in water quality early-earning in Yincungang River based on MATLAB. The results showed that water quality in summer was safe,while that in other three seasons were in pre-warning state with the order of winter > spring > autumn.

Early-warning of Mud Expansion in Sewage Treatment Plants by A/O Technology

Early-warning is an effective way to control mud expansion in sewage treatment plants with A/O technology. In the research, warning indices and technology of active mud were explored and it is concluded that bacteria growth in mud can be obtained by observation of mud appearance and microorganism variety, and measurement of the number of filamentous bacteria, water quality, mud load and age, dissolved oxygen, temperature and pH. Furthermore, filamentous bacteria in mud can be researched through fluorescence in situ hybridization, PCR-temperature denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and PCR-single-stranded conformation polymorphism in order to determine the characters and states of active mud to achieve early warning of mud expansion.

Landscape pattern dynamics of water body in Kaifeng city in the 20th century

Landscape spatial pattern mainly refers to the distribution of patches, which are different in size and shape in space owing to the interaction of various ecological activities. In landscape ecology study, landscape pattern has been one of the key study areas. Water body landscape plays an important role in the development history of a city, but at present city water body landscape in many cities has been destroyed, hence protecting water body in the city is becoming more and more important. In order to protect city water body landscape reasonably, the precondition is to probe the dynamics of water body landscape. Based on historical data and remote sensing data, six indexes including patch number, patch area, landscape dominance index, fractal dimension, patch density and connectivity index etc. were used to analyze landscape pattern dynamics of water body in Kaifeng city since the end of the Qing Dynasty (in the 20th century). The results showed: (1) Since the end of the Qing Dynasty, landscape area of water body in Kaifeng city increased first and then decreased from 1898 to 2002AD; the landscape dominant degree had the same changing tendency with the area. (2) Patch number of water body landscape in Kaifeng city had an increase from 1898 to 2002, but maximum area of patch, minimum area of patch and average area of patch decreased, which resulted in an increase in landscape fragment degree. (3) Connectivity index decreased and fractal dimension increased from 1898 to 2002. The reasons for these changes were the repeated overflows and flooding of the Yellow River and the influence of human activities.

Detection of early gastric cancer using hydro-stomach CT:Blinded vs unblinded analysis

AIM:To evaluate the difference in diagnostic performance of hydro-stomach computed tomography(CT) to detect early gastric cancer(EGC) between blinded and unblinded analysis and to assess independent factors affecting visibility of cancer foci.METHODS:Two radiologists initially blinded and then unblinded to gastroscopic and surgical-histological findings independently reviewed hydro-stomach CT images of 110 patients with single EGC.They graded the visibility of cancer foci for each of three gastric segments(upper,middle and lower thirds) using a 4-point scale(1:definitely absent,2:probably absent,3:probably present,and 4:definitely present).The sensitivity and specificity for detecting an EGC were calculated.Intraobserver and interobserver agreements were analyzed.The visibility of an EGC was evaluated with regard to tumor size,invasion depth,gastric segments,histological type and gross morphology using univariate and multivariate analysis.RESULTS:The respective sensitivities and specificities [reviewer 1:blinded,20%(22/110) and 98%(215/220);unblinded,27%(30/110) and 100%(219/220)/reviewer 2:blinded,19%(21/110) and 98%(216/220);unblinded,25%(27/110) and 98%(215/220)] were not significantly different.Although intraobserver agreements were good(weighted κ = 0.677 and 0.666),interobserver agreements were fair(blinded,0.371) or moderate(unblinded,0.558).For both univariate and multivariate analyses,the tumor size and invasion depth were statistically significant factors affecting visibility.CONCLUSION:The diagnostic performance of hydrostomach CT to detect an EGC was not significantly different between blinded and unblinded analysis.The tumor size and invasion depth were independent factors for visibility.

Influence of Superplasticizers on Early Age Drying Shrinkage of Cement Paste with the Same Consistency

The influence of superplasticizer（SP） on the early age drying shrinkage of cement paste with the same consistency was investigated. To conduct the test, which lasted for 72 hours, three paste mixtures were used for comparison. The 72 hours early age drying shrinkage staring from the initial setting time was measured by a clock gauge. The pore size distribution was measured by Mercury Intrusion Method. The surface tension of capillary simulation liquid and mass loss of paste were also measured. The experimental results showed that the addition of SP increased the early drying shrinkage greatly. The ratios of water evaporation and the total free water in mixtures added with SPs showed great differences. SPs fined the capillary pores of paste, and the volume of pore with diameter within 50 nm was well consistent with shrinkage rate. The addition of SPs did not raise the capillary liquid surface tension. It showed that with the volume of pore with diameter within 50 nm and the ratio of water evaporation and the total free water a tolerable shrinkage result of paste added with SP could be predicted, and the elastic modulus could have an influence on the early shrinkage. These results have never been proposed before.

The Early Hydration and Strength Development of High-strength Precast Concrete with Cement/Metakaolin Systems

To study the relationship between material composition, curing conditions and strength development, the study simulated high-strength precast concrete pile production, and a high-strength mortar up to 90 MPa was designed and a hot-water pool was built for concrete curing. The major point of the study was to achieve a high early strength by using cement/metakaolin systems without autoclave curing with high-pressure steam. By means of XRD and thermal analysis, the progress of the hydration of the cement pastes blended with metakaolin was characterized. The main results indicate that high strength can be obtained at early age by the use of metakaolin and thermal treatment （hot-water curing）. The improvement in strength of mortars with metakaolin can be explained by an increase in the amount of C-S-H and C-S-A-H hydrated phases and a decrease in the amount of calcium hydration（CH）. Further more, a decrease in Ca/Si ratio of the matrix was observed from the results of EDX analysis, which also leaded to an improvement of the compressive strength. These results are of great importance for the high-strength precast concrete manufacturing industry.

Construction of Forecast and Early Warning System of Meteorological and Geological Disasters in Qinghai Province

Based on the meteorological and geological disaster data, ground observation data set, CLDAS grid point data set, and EC, BJ and other model product data during 2008-2020, the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of meteorological and geological disasters and precipitation were analyzed, and the causes of the occurrence of meteorological geological disasters and the deviation of model precipitation forecast were revealed. Besides, an objective precipitation forecast system and a forecast and early warning system of meteorological and geological disasters were established. The results show that meteorological and geological disasters and precipitation were mainly concentrated from May to October, of which continuous precipitation appeared frequently in June and September, and convective precipitation was mainly distributed in July-August;the occurrence frequency of meteorological and geological disasters was basically consistent with the distribution of accumulated precipitation and short-term heavy precipitation, and they were mainly concentrated in the southern and eastern parts of Qinghai. Meteorological and geological disasters were basically caused by heavy rain and above, and meteorological and geological disasters were divided into three types: continuous precipitation(type I), short-term heavy precipitation(type II) and mixed precipitation(type III). For type I, the early warning conditions of meteorological and geological disasters in Qinghai are as follows: if the soil volumetric water content difference between 0-10 and 10-40 cm is ≤0.03 mm^(3)/mm^(3), or the soil volumetric water content at one of the depths is ≥0.25 mm^(3)/mm^(3), the future effective precipitation reaches 8.4 mm in 1 h, 10.2 mm in 2 h, 11.5 mm in 3 h, 14.2 mm in 6 h, 17.7 mm in 12 h, and 18.2 mm in 24 h, and such warning conditions are mainly used in Yushu, Guoluo, southern Hainan, southern Huangnan and other places. For type II, when the future effective precipitation is up to 11.5 mm in 1 h, 14.9 mm in 2 h, 16.2 mm in 3 h, 19.9 mm in 6 h, 25.3 mm in 12 h, and 26.3 mm in 24 h, such precipitation thresholds are mainly used in Hainan, Huangnan, and eastern Guoluo;as it is up to 13.3 mm in 1 h, 15.5 mm in 2 h, 16.6 mm in 3 h, 19.9 mm in 6 h, 31.1 mm in 12 h, and 34.0 mm in 24 h, such precipitation thresholds are mainly used in Hehuang valley. The precipitation thresholds of type III are between type I and type II, and closer to that of type II;such precipitation thresholds are mainly used in Hainan, Huangnan, and northern Guoluo. The forecasting ability of global models for heavy rain and above was not as good as that of mesoscale numerical prediction model, and global models had a wet bias for small-scale precipitation and a dry bias for large-scale precipitation;meso-scale models had a significantly larger precipitation bias. The forecast ability of precipitation objective forecast system constructed by frequency matching and multi-model integration has improved. At the same time, the constructed grid forecast and early warning system of meteorological and geological disasters is more precise and accurate, and is of instructive significance for the forecast and early warning of meteorological and geological disasters.

Evolution and Prospect of Dakar Drinking Water Consumption

In Dakar, there has been a considerable deficit in the drinking water supply for more than a decade. The distribution is poorly controlled in this region. And yet, there is no lack of supply sources or solutions. With a drinking water deficit of 300,000 m3/d to fill, the State of Senegal proposed two (02) options: firstly, the construction of a second Plan at Keur Momar Sarr on the Guiers Lake with a capacity of 75,000 m3/d coupled with a third pipeline between Keur Momar Sarr and Thiès (KMS3);secondly, the construction of a seawater desalination Plant with a capacity of 75,000 m3/d. In this article, we studied the evolution of the drinking water consumption and the statistical data relating to population growth, which is the key element in the drinking water consumption evolution in Dakar. We were able to extract the equations from the trend curves that made it possible to predict a population growth. The results obtained with the equations and the curves show that the real needs for drinking water in Dakar are proportional to population growth.

Coal and gas outburst prevention using new high water content cement slurry for injection into the coal seam

As coal and gas outburst is one of the most serious mine disasters, it is very important to at least control it if not prevent it from occurring. Injecting cement slurry or grouting into the coal seam can strengthen the seam, increase its rigidity coefficient(f), and reduce the volumetric expansion due to gas energy release.This paper reports the results of laboratory experiments on cement-based high water content slurry having different water-cement ratios(W/C) to be used for coal injection. The results show that as the W/C increases, the mobility of the slurry and its setting time increase. The compressive strength and rupture strength, however, are reduced. Furthermore, high W/C grout shows early strength after 7 days, which can be 80% of its 14-day compressive strength. To achieve rapid setting and early strength, the addition of Na_2SiO_3has proven to give the best result, when the concentration of the additive is 3%. The initial and final setting times are 13 and 21 min shorter than samples without Na_2SiO_3, while the compressive strength is more than double. As a retarder, the initial setting time can be extended to 83 min when tartaric acid of 0.4% concentration is added. Through the orthogonal experiment, the optimum recipe of the new high water content slurry has been determined to be: W/C = 2, tartaric acid = 0.2%, Na_2SiO_3= 3%, and12% bentonite. Reinforcement by injection simulation experiments show that the grouting radius of the new slurry mix is 250 mm when the applied grouting pressure is 60 k Pa, 7-day rupture strength and compressive strength are 5.2 and 6.4 MPa, respectively, and are 37% and 88% higher than ordinary cement grout. It can be concluded that the newly developed slurry mix is more effective than the ordinary mix for reinforcing coal and controlling gas outburst.

Research on Monitoring and Earlywarning System of Marine Organisms for the Intake of Nuclear PowerPlants

An monitoring and earlywarning system is proposed for marine organisms and the cause of water intake blockage is analyzed. Based onthe intelligent sensing technology, computer software and hardware technology and digital signal processing technology, the buoy monitoring platformsystem is developed by internet of things technology, cloud computing and the application of large data. Remote realtime monitoring of aquatic organisms and foreign bodies is realized based on underwater acoustic detection and low light imaging technology. Data processing center is established to store, analyze and process monitoring information and display it in real time, and provide emergency decision support. Through development and test of relevant key equipments, the reliability of cold source system of nuclear power plants is improved, which effectively reduces theinfluence of marine biological invasion on security and economic operation of the units.

Early Cretaceous Tectonism and Diatoms in Korea

The Early Cretaceous Sindong Group, a non-marine molasse, unconformably overlies the folded earliest Cretaceous Myogok Formation. The tectonism that folded the Jaseong Synthem including the Myogok and other formations is here called the Nakdong-Jaeryeonggang （N-J） tectonism. The Oknyeobong and Dabokni Formations are discussed to show that they belong to the Jaseong Synthem. The Dabokni Formation yielded fossil diatoms whose age has been referred as the ＂earliest Cretaceous＂ based on the geologically constrained age of the fossil-bearing deposit. The age of the N-J tectonism appears Barremian as it is between the Hauterivian Myogok Formation and the Aptian Sindong Group with the TPN （Trigonioides-Plicatounio-Nippononaia） fauna. The N-J tectonism, an orogeny, quite deformed pre-Aptian strata in Korea, but can hardly find its reported equivalent in NE China. A revised correlation table shows that the Jaseong- Sindong sequence corresponds to the Jehol Group of China. The Sindong-Hayang transition was characterized by basin migration and dextral rotation probably caused by the Tan-Lu fault system in a broad sense.

The Formulation of Water System Planning of Jingdezhen Under Diversified Needs

The water system is the basic condition for urban development, and a key resource and environmental carrier in the process of urban formation. It has an important restrictive effect on the survival of the city. Based on the diversified needs of urban water system development, this paper explores the preparation of the urban water system planning of Jingdezhen, strengthens the protection of water system and environmental quality, and explores urban cultural connotation, in order to build a unique urban water environment.

Caring for Individuals with Early-Onset Dementia and Their Family Caregivers: The Perspective of Health Care Professionals

The phenomenon of early-onset dementia remains an under-researched subject from the perspective of health care professionals. The aim of this qualitative study was to document the experiences and service needs of patients and their family caregivers for optimal clinical management of early-onset dementia from the perspective of health care professionals. A sample of 13 health care professionals from various disciplines, who worked with individuals who suffered from Alzheimer’s disease or related disorders and their family caregivers, took part in focus groups or semi-structured individual interviews, based on a life course perspective. Three recurrent themes emerged from the data collected from health care professionals and are related to: 1) identification with the difficult experiences of caregivers and powerlessness in view of the lack of services;2) gaps in the care and services offered, including the lack of clinical tools to ensure that patients under age 65 were diagnosed and received follow-up care, and 3) solutions for care and services that were tailored to the needs of the caregiver-patient dyads and health care professionals, the most important being that the residual abilities of younger patients be taken into account, that flexible forms of respite be offered to family caregivers and that training be provided to health care professionals. The results of this study provided some innovative guidelines for optimal clinical management of early-onset dementia in terms of the caregiver-patient dyad.

Management of Water Resources in a Hyper-Arid Area: Strategy and Issues (Case of Oued-Souf Valley-South Eastern of Algeria)

Rising Groundwater in Oued-Souf valley is result to errors committed by human in their interventions on the ecosystems and the mismanagement of this resource, witch principally marked in overexploitation of depth groundwater and the used sewerage system, leading the region to a truly dramatic and almost desperate, palms were turned into sort of marshes, where reeds take the place of dead palm trees. This situation lead us to search a model of water resources management, according to sustainability criteria taking into account the socio-economic (social, agricultural, industrial, tourism ) and ecosystem aspects (environmental and territorial). This by adapting and implementing the Integrated Management of Water Resources (IMWR) in this unit of water resources, so as to guide and mobilize progressively human, informational, financial and material resources, as well as the various sectors private and public to research concrete and measurable results, for water and ecosystems those are associated and that people wanted to see protected and restored.

基于SBAS-InSAR的库区活动滑坡变形特征与库水位变化响应关系:以四川省黑水县毛尔盖水电站为例

水库滑坡是水电工程建设中的一种常见地质灾害,当滑坡滑入库区中可能会引起涌浪、江河堵塞甚至溃坝,从而造成巨大的经济损失和人员伤亡情况,因此如何高效及时地开展对库岸滑坡早期识别与监测具有重要意义。利用短基线集干涉测量技术(small baseline subsets interferometric synthetic aperture radar,SBAS-InSAR)对毛尔盖库区开展活动滑坡的探测识别,在此基础上,结合高分辨率光学遥感影像、无人机航空摄影测量以及现场调查对库区典型活动滑坡的变形特征与库水位变化响应关系进行初步分析。结果表明:研究区活动滑坡共65处,其中复活型古老滑坡堆积体36处,新孕育型滑坡29处;结合两类典型滑坡来看,坡体变形与库水位快速下降存在正相关关系,且当库水位日平均降速大于0.67 m/d时,InSAR时间序列曲线均会出现加速变形的情况;对于短时间内发生的大变形滑坡,SBAS-InSAR技术很难有效捕捉到滑坡失稳前的真实加速变形信息导致不能提前识别和监测,因此结合多时相高分辨率光学遥感影像可以起到有效补充的作用。研究成果可为库岸滑坡的早期识别与监测提供参考。

早第四纪西太平洋沉积物中底栖有孔虫Favocassidulina favus的分布及其意义

通过对早第四纪（2 500～1 600ka）ODP 807、1143和1146站位底栖有孔虫Favocassidulina favus含量变化的对比发现,该种在西太平洋ODP 806站位中持续出现,且最高含量可以达到15%;南海ODP1143和1146站位,早第四纪的沉积物中该种的含量较少,在7%以下,并有逐渐增加的趋势,且表现出＂间断性＂,即在2 500～1 600ka期间,南海沉积物中该种主要在冰期时＂出现＂,间冰期时缺乏;在约2 100～1 950ka和1 830～1 750ka期间,未在南海沉积物中发现该种。根据对已有研究资料的分析和西太平洋ODP 807、1146和1208站位底栖有孔虫氧碳同位素的对比发现,该种在南海的分布可能受到西太平洋北部来源的深层水（PDW）和南部来源的深层水（UCDW）控制范围变化的影响,即在该种进入南海的早第四纪冰期期间南部来的UCDW发展、扩大,其前锋最少可以影响到北纬20°,生活在UCDW中的F.favus可以随着UCDW的扩展进入南海,而在间冰期及2 100～1 950ka和1 830～1 750ka期间,UCDW前锋影响的范围可能在20°N以南,而此时PDW的前锋可以像现在一样影响到赤道以南的海域,其海水性质不适应F.favus生存,而使该种在南海消失。

Systematic and long-term technical validity of toxicity determination and early warning of heavy metal pollution based on an automatic water-toxicity-determination-system

Water toxicity determination with electrochemically active bacteria(EAB)shows promise for providing early warnings for heavy metal pollution in water.However,thus far,only idealized tests with a few types of heavy metals have been conducted.In this study,an automatic water-toxicitydetermination system with high technical maturity was established,and the toxicological properties of common heavy metals were systematically assessed.The results demonstrated that the common heavy metals linearly inhibited EAB currents in the range of 0.1 mg/L to 0.5 mg/L.The toxicity ranking of the tested heavy metals was Pb^(2+)>Tl^(3+)>Cu^(2+)>Cd^(2+)>Zn^(2+)>Ni^(2+)>Hg^(2+)>As^(3+).The toxicity interaction mainly exhibited an antagonistic effect in binary heavy metal mixtures.The system can accurately determine surface water toxicity and rapidly monitor heavy metal pollution,with good repeatability and a long lifetime.Overall,this study demonstrates that EAB are capable of long-term(>60 d)surface water quality monitoring and on-site early warning of heavy metal pollution.