Diagnostic Method and Adaptability Analysis of Multiple Water Breakthroughs in Horizontal Well in Combined Well Pattern

The combined well pattern has been widely used in reservoir development, with a common pattern being a horizontal well in the center for oil production and multiple vertical wells around for water injection. For this type of well pattern, determining the horizontal well is affected by which injection wells, especially when the injecting water breaks through, accurately determining the direction of water inflow will provide an important basis for targeted water well measures. Based on the production performance data of horizontal wells, the semi logarithmic relationship curves of water-oil ratio, derivative water-oil ratio, and cumulative production were used for the first time to determine the breakthrough problem of water injection in the surrounding water injection wells of horizontal wells based on their response characteristics. The adaptability of this method under different influencing factors was analyzed. Introducing the parameter of cumulative production not only preserves the variation trend of the derivative of water-oil ratio with time, but also facilitates the processing of actual production data.

WATER BREAKTHROUGH SIMULATION IN NATURALLY FRACTURED GAS RESERVOIRS WITH WATER DRIVE

In the fractured water drive reservoirs of China, because of the complex geological conditions, almost all the active water invasions appear to be water breakthrough along fractures, especially along macrofraetures. These seal the path of gas flow, thus the remaining gas in the pores mixes into water, and leads to gas-water interactive distribution in the fractured gas reservoir. These complicated fraetured systems usually generate some abnormal flowing phenomena such as the crestal well produces water while the downdip well in the same gas reservoir produces gas, or the same gas well produces water intermittently. It is very difficult to explain these phenomena using existing fracture models because of their simple handling macrofractures without considering nonlinear flowing in the macrofractures and the low permeability matrix. Therefore, a nonlinear combined-flowing multimedia simulation model was successfully developed in this paper by introducing the equations of macrofractures and considering nonlinear flow in the macrofractures and the matrix. This model was then applied to actual fractured bottom water gas fields. Sensitivity studies of gas produetion by water drainage in fractured gas reservoirs were completed and the effect of different water drainage intensity and ways on actual gas production using this model were calculated. This model has been extensively used to predict the production performance in various fractured gas fields and proven to be reliable.

Effect of Polyacrylamide Application on Water and Nutrient Movements in Soils

An understanding of nutrient movement in soil is important for developing management strategies to minimize nutrient leaching and surface movement, thus improving nutrient uptake by plants, maintaining a sustainable soil system, and even protecting groundwater quality. Polyacrylamide (PAM) is known as one of soil conditioner that functions to stabilize soil structure, increase infiltration, and reduce surface runoff. This study assesses the effects of PAM on the vertical movement of soil-water and major/minor nutrients (NO3-N, NH3-N, T-N, PO4-P, T-P, K, Ca, Mg, and Fe) in soils. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) increases with increasing PAM concen- trations up to 10 mg·L-1 for sand and 20 mg·L-1 for a mixture of sand and clay. Decreases in the loss of soluble nutrients, particularly NH3-N, PO4-P and T-P, are observed as PAM concentrations increase. In contrast, PAM concentration has no effect on nitrate and minor nutrient levels. These results indicate that the application of PAM may be a viable method for protecting water bodies from excessive nutrients and improving nutrient availability for plants.

Importance of Water Chemistry in Oil and Gas Operations—Properties and Composition

In the oil and gas industry, water is essential element since it exists in most of the stages, starting from drilling operations, then production processes including injecting in the reservoir to maintain the pressure, and finally disposing the produced water from the reservoir. Therefore, it is very important to understand the water in the petroleum industry with its different types and study its effects on the reservoirs as well as the downhole and surface equipment. Most of the studies and literature reviews focused on the oil and gas properties. In fact, understanding the properties of the water is as important as the oil and gas properties. Water is always present in the oil and gas fields during production, injection or disposal. Therefore, it has a direct impact on the productivity and overall efficiency of the field and the entire development project. This paper is going to illustrate and focus on several objectives. First, it elaborates the importance of the water in the oil and gas fields. Then, it includes a comprehensive overview of different types of water in the petroleum industry including a summary about of their properties. The main two types that the paper focuses on are the produced water and the injected water. It clarifies the effects of both of them on the reservoir, well completions and facilities. After that, the paper touches bases on the common problems and issues caused by water along with a brief summary of steps needed by the operators to follow in order to solve them. In addition to that, the common monitoring procedures and tests that are usually followed to observe the quality of the water are going to be presented. Finally, couples of solutions used by operators are reviewed to solve the problem of excessive water production after the water breakthrough in the field.

Adsorption Breakthrough of Benzene in the Fixed Bed of Modified Activated Carbon under Different Humidity Conditions

The breakthrough curves of benzene and water on modified activated carbons（ACs） were investigated.Temperature-programmed desorption（TPD） experiments were conducted to measure the TPD curves of benzene and water on modified and unmodified ACs and to estimate the activation energy for the desorption of benzene on the modified ACs.Starting with unmodified ACs,two modified ACs were prepared by using two different types of silane,designated by KH560 and 1706.The results showed that the activation energy for the desorption of benzene on KH560/AC and 1706/AC was higher than that on unmodified AC.In addition,the activation energy for the desorption of water on KH560/AC and 1706/AC was lower than that on unmodified AC.The breakthrough curves of benzene obtained from the experimental observations under different humidity conditions were compared with the results of the TPD experiments.The results show that the modified ACs are less affected by water,whereas the unmodified ACs are more affected by water,indicating that surface modification by organosilane compounds can improve the adsorption of benzene on the activated carbo,which weakens the adsorption of water.

基于BP神经网络的低渗透底水油藏油井见水模式预测模型

注水开发使得低渗透底水油藏油井见水模式更加复杂,需要进一步明确及预测油井见水模式来针对性地指导水淹治理措施。神经网络模型具备处理多元回归问题和计算速度快等优势,可被用于分析地质工程多因素参数与油井见水模式的内在关系,构建见水模式预测模型。在油井见水模式划分的基础上,通过灰色关联理论和神经网络算法对BCL低渗透底水油藏油井见水模式的主控因素和预测模型进行了研究。发现水层厚度、隔夹层数、隔夹层长度和避水高度是该类油藏注水开发下影响油井见水模式的主控因素。基于主控因素结合神经网络算法建立了油井见水模式预测模型。通过对18组测试数据进行验证,平均预测误差1.4%,获得了较好的预测精度。通过易于获取的主控因素快速预测注水开发低渗透底水油藏油井的见水模式,为该类油藏的高含水针对性治理提供基础依据。

Design of Pilot Plant Packed Column for the Dehydration of Water from Ethanol-Water Mixtures

This use of biomass-based adsorbent has been explored for the column study of the adsorptive dehydration of water in ethanol-water mixtures. The column study was carried out using enzyme modified corn starch and the breakthrough curve parameters were used to design the packed bed column. The effect of flow rate on the breakthrough curves revealed that adsorption efficiency decreased with increased inflow rate. The empty bed contact time (τ) of the pilot plant packed column was 35.35 min while the breakthrough time is 40.78 min. 66.7% was the fraction of capacity left unused for the pilot plant from the design.

考虑动态启动压力梯度的低渗底水油藏油井见水时间预测

为解决预测油井见水时间因没有考虑变启动压力梯度和应力敏感效应导致结果与实际值相差较大的问题,基于非达西渗流理论,建立了考虑变启动压力梯度和应力敏感效应的油井见水时间预测模型,并分析各影响因素敏感性。结果表明:预测模型计算的见水时间与油藏实际见水时间基本吻合,相对误差仅6.99%。应力敏感效应和避水高度与见水时间呈正相关性;原油黏度、产液强度、启动压力梯度系数、压敏效应及垂向渗透率与水平渗透率的比值与见水时间呈负相关性。该模型对低渗透底水油藏见水时间预测具有很好的指导性。

滇西南宿根甘蔗地土壤大孔隙特征

【目的】准确掌握宿根甘蔗土壤孔隙的变化特征,为甘蔗种植中的土壤管理、土壤水文预测预报等提供依据。【方法】采用空间代替时间法结合土壤水分穿透曲线法测定了不同坡度、不同宿根年限、不同土层的甘蔗地土壤大孔隙。【结果】宿根甘蔗地40 cm深土壤大孔隙半径分布在0.3~3.6 mm,随着孔径的增大,土层深度的增加,大孔隙数量显著减少;随着坡度和年限的增加,小于0.6 mm的大孔隙数量减少得更显著;土壤大孔隙平均半径最大为种植后第4年,且年限间差异主要出现在坡地上;坡地大孔隙面积比和平均体积呈现出随着宿根年限增加其值减小的趋势。【结论】甘蔗地宿根管理下,深层及小孔径大孔隙数量减少是主要趋势,应加强深施肥或原位松土管理。

基于水体重力影响的底水气藏见水时间预测

底水气藏产水情况复杂,气井见水时间对底水气藏开发具有重大意义,以往对底水气藏见水时间的预测均未考虑水体重力的影响,导致对见水时间的预测不够准确。为进一步提高底水气藏见水时间预测的精度,基于渗流力学理论及流体在多孔介质中的流动规律,建立了考虑水体重力影响的底水气藏见水时间预测公式,运用单因素分析法研究了水体流度、水体密度、储层孔隙度、井底距底水距离及生产压差对见水时间的影响。研究表明:底水气藏见水时间与储层孔隙度、井底距底水距离呈正相关关系,与水体流度、水体密度及生产压差呈负相关关系。由于该方法引入水体密度来分析水体重力对气藏见水时间的影响,与忽略了水体重力影响的气藏见水时间预测方法相比,预测时间更符合气藏实际情况,对现场生产管理具有重要的指导意义。

掺砂量对中度盐碱土壤水力特性及溶质运移过程的影响

[目的]为探究不同掺砂量对中度盐碱土壤水力特性和溶质运移过程的影响。[方法]采用室内土柱试验,设置4种掺砂比例CK(掺砂0)、B1(掺砂10%)、B2(掺砂15%)、B3(掺砂20%),研究中度盐碱土壤在不同掺砂量条件下的土壤水力特性和溶质运移过程变化规律并进行模型模拟。[结果](1)掺砂量在0~20%内,中度盐碱土掺砂明显影响土壤水分特征曲线变化,掺砂比例越大,曲线越靠近Y轴。在任一吸力条件下土壤含水率表现为CK>B1>B2>B3。且掺砂比例越大,土壤小孔隙数量越多,微小孔隙减少,土壤持水性能减弱。土壤的饱和导水率随掺砂量的增加而增大。(2)随掺砂量的增加,溶质穿透曲线明显左移,初始穿透时间、完全穿透时间及穿透总历时均减少,B1、B2、B3处理总穿透历时分别比CK减少34.48%,47.22%,69.71%。(3)CED方程和两区模型均能较好地模拟掺砂条件下土壤中溶质运移状况,但相较于CDE方程,两区模型的拟合精度更高。对两区模型拟合参数进行分析发现,随掺砂量的增加,土壤孔隙流速、可动区含水比率和质量交换系数逐渐增大,而水动力弥散系数和弥散度呈减小趋势。[结论]盐碱土掺砂能够有效改善土壤水力特性,促进溶质在土壤中运移,有助于缓解盐碱对作物生长的不利影响。研究结果可为盐碱土改良与治理工作提供参考,为未来的研究和实践提供理论支持和实践指导。

不同有效应力下泥岩盖层二氧化碳突破压力演化特征的试验研究

针对不同有效应力下泥岩盖层二氧化碳(CO_(2))突破压力演化机制不清的问题,以中国渤海湾盆地粉砂质泥岩盖层为研究对象,开展了不同有效应力下突破压力和渗透率试验,研究了泥岩盖层CO_(2)突破压力演化过程,讨论了孔隙水膜对突破压力的影响机制。研究结果表明:CO_(2)注入时,盖层有效应力由27 MPa减小至7 MPa,盖层渗透率由从1.46×10^(-6)μm^(2)增加至1.81×10^(-6)μm^(2)。当有效应力为5.2 MPa时,盖层突破压力的最小值为3 MPa,其值高于盖层最小封闭界限值2 MPa,表明盖层具有CO_(2)有效封闭能力。孔隙水膜的分离压力和分布特征是影响突破压力的主要因素,CO_(2)运移阻力随水膜分离压力增加而增大,导致CO_(2)突破压力大。渤海湾盆地泥岩小孔径范围为0.1~2.5 nm,对应的水膜分离压力为5.2~50 MPa,水膜对CO_(2)运移的束缚能力较强。

海上边水稠油油藏见水时间预测新方法:以海上LD油田为例

边水油藏见水时间的准确预测有助于油田精准施策,实现控水稳油、提高采收率。以海上LD油田为研究对象,利用数值模拟技术研究了平均渗透率、级差、距边水距离、水体倍数、采油速度、原油粘度等因素对见水时间的影响规律,并利用相对极差法确定主控因素。在此基础上,利用正交设计法设计模拟方案,根据模拟结果回归边水油藏见水时间预测的经验公式。研究表明:距边水距离、采油速度、级差、原油粘度是影响LD油田见水时间的主控因素;经验公式的预测结果拟合精度达到0.93,现场计算结果与油田实际情况一致;研究成果指导高含水井确定出水层位,卡水作业后,X19井日增油10 m^(3)/d,对于提高边水油藏的开发效果具有一定指导意义。

广西水网先导区建设重点突破方向的思考

分析了广西水网发展现状及存在的问题,结合广西水网先导区建设目标、任务,提出了先导区建设重点突破方向,从水网关键工程建设、大石山区集中供水保障、新建大型灌区、水网水运融合发展等方面提出了建议。

地热水回灌耦合CO_(2)地质封存系统安全性分析

在圈闭良好的水热型地热储层,开展CO_(2)随回灌水同时注入储层的研究,既具有经济效益又具有碳封存的环境效益。建立了3D储层模型,对不同井距、地层倾角、筛管位置和采灌速率下CO_(2)突破时间以及富含CO_(2)的盐水在储层中的运移情况进行了研究。结果表明:(1)在采灌速率为20 kg/s,20 a运行时间内井距为1200 m时CO_(2)未突破;(2)在倾斜地层中,当回灌井位于开采井下游时,随地层倾角增加,CO_(2)突破时间延长,沿地层下倾方向碳酸水运移距离增大;(3)综合考虑筛管位置对突破时间和突破后开采井中CO_(2)质量分数的影响,回灌井筛管位于储层上部30 m、开采井筛管位于储层下部30 m时,有利于CO_(2)地质封存的安全性和有效性;(4)采灌速率对CO_(2)突破时间影响较大,当采灌速率为12 kg/s时,CO_(2)未突破;当采灌速率增加到28 kg/s时,突破时间缩短到11.8 a。因此,在实际工程应用中可以通过对操作参数和地层固有特性的研究延缓CO_(2)突破,提高CO_(2)地质封存安全性。

C107e树脂对重金属离子的吸附行为研究

酸性废水对人类健康和环境安全构成严峻威胁。含特定官能团的离子交换树脂可与废水中重金属离子发生交换,从而减去其负面影响。目前,酸性官能团树脂在弱酸介质中对重金属离子的选择吸附性能及吸附动力学暂不明确,因此将含Cu^(2+)、Fe^(2+)、Pb^(2+)、Zn^(2+)的乙酸溶液模拟酸性废水,通过固定床连续流动吸附的方式,考察弱酸阳离子树脂C107e的吸附性能和穿透曲线,并用4种经验模型进行拟合。结果显示,该树脂在弱酸介质中对4种重金属离子具有明显的选择性吸附效果,亲和力排序为Pb^(2+)>Cu^(2+)>Fe^(2+)>Zn^(2+)。经过48 h的吸附,Pb^(2+)、Cu^(2+)、Fe^(2+)、Zn^(2+)的总吸附容量分别为39.83、38.98、32.00、29.99 mg/g。Thomas、Yoon-Nelson和Modified dose-response模型均能很好地描述4种重金属离子的穿透曲线,但适用场景不同。

水平井出水机理研究进展

研究表明,水平井出水已成为影响水平井生产的突出问题,对水平井出水机理的研究是水平井高效开发的重要基础工作,应该给予必要的重视。在参考大量相关文献的基础上,对近年来水平井出水机理研究进展情况进行了综述,对水平井出水类型、出水机理及研究方法进行了系统的归纳分析。在此基础上总结了水平井出水的主要影响因素,以及各种类型油藏水平井针对不同出水机理所采取的控水措施。

水源识别技术在涩北气田气井出水中的应用

出水是导致涩北气田气井产量不稳定、产量递减和天然气可采储量降低的主要因素,同时也加剧了气井的出砂。在进行水源定性分析的基础上,通过一系列的技术手段,将多种水源分析方法相结合,综合判断出水层位和出水原因。为此,建立了多因素水源识别技术模式,并运用理论模型定量计算出凝析水、层内可动水的产出特征,实现了量化界定,提高了涩北气田气井出水水源识别的准确程度,对制订涩北气田防水治水措施起到了积极作用。

边水油藏水平井见水规律及控水措施研究

边水油藏水平井开采时,水平井见水是一个比较复杂的问题。它不仅受到井身轨迹如:水平段长度,避水距离等的影响,还与油藏的自身条件如:油水黏度比,各向异性有关。采用无因次水平段长度、无因次避水距离综合分析水平井的井身轨迹及油藏的自身条件对边水油藏水平井见水时间的影响,并给出各个影响因素与水平井见水时间的数学关系式。同时,通过正交试验的方法确定了见水时间影响因素的主次顺序。用注聚合物的方式控制边水突进,提高采收率的效果比较明显。本研究对边水油藏水平井的应用、合理井身轨迹的确定,以及水平井的控水增油有一定的指导意义。

岷江上游森林土壤大孔隙特征及其对水分出流速率的影响

大孔隙是森林土壤中常见的现象 ,对土壤壤中流的产生有重要的影响。但由于大孔隙研究方法的不成熟 ,各种方法得到的大孔隙半径范围并不一致。一般认为田间持水量和饱和含水量之间的土壤孔隙为大孔隙 ,利用水分穿透曲线和 Poiseuille方程研究了岷江上游不同植被下土壤的大孔隙状况 ,这种方法一方面与传统的研究方法相衔接 ,另一方面所得到的大孔隙与土壤水分运动有关 ,反映了土壤大孔隙的研究目的 ,因而是一种相对合理的研究方法。岷江上游几种主要植被下土壤大孔隙半径主要集中于 0 .3～ 2 .4 mm之间 ,平均在 0 .4 8～ 1.17mm之间 ,均值为 0 .84 mm,均方差为 0 .2 2 6 ;且随着剖面的发育表现出上部土层多 ,下部土层少的特点。同时 ,半径在 2 .4～ 1.4 m m之间的特大孔隙较少 ,<1.0 m m的小孔隙较多。大孔隙的平均半径对于水分出流速率有重要的影响 ,特别是半径 >1.4 mm的孔隙数量影响最大 ,虽然其数量仅占大孔隙数量的 5 %以下 ,但决定了稳定出流速率 70 %的变异。大孔隙所占过水断面的最高比例为 2 1.2 2 % ,最低为 2 .6 % ;在大孔隙所占过水断面的比例小于 2 0 %的条件下 。