Optimization of Injection Parameters for Profile Control and Flooding in an Oilfield during High Water Cut Period

In order to improve the effect of water control and oil stabilization during high water cut period, a mathematical model of five point method well group was established with the high water cut well group of an Oilfield as the target area, the variation law of water cut and recovery factor of different injection parameters was analyzed, and the optimization research of injection parameters of polymer enhanced foam flooding was carried out. The results show that the higher the injection rate, the lower the water content curve, and the higher the oil recovery rate. As the foam defoamed when encountering oil, when the injection time was earlier than 80% of water cut, the later the injection time was, the better the oil displacement effect would be. When the injection time was later than 80% of water cut, the later the injection time was, the worse the oil displacement effect would be. The larger the injection volume, the lower the water content curve and the higher the recovery rate. After the injection volume exceeded 0.2 PV, the amplitude of changes in water content and recovery rate slowed down. The optimal injection parameters of profile control agent for high water content well group in Oilfield A were: injection rate of 15 m3/d, injection timing of 80% water content, and injection volume of 0.2 PV.

Technology and Practice of Stabiliing Oil Production and Controlling Water Cut in Kalamkas Oilfield in Central Asia

In this paper, by in-depth geological research of Kalamkas Oilfield in Central Asia, the geological body has been re-ascertained; combined with fine study of reservoir engineering, based on the understanding of the distribution of remaining oil horizontal wells have been given full play to stabilizing oil production and controlling water cut, reducing the producing pressure drop, improving well productivity and other advantages, and the development and deployment has been optimized; horizontal wells have been applied to solve problems such as old well casing damages, shutting down wells, low-productivity and low- efficiency wells, and high water cut wells to improve the utilization rate of old wells; through separate layer system improved injection production pattern, adjustment wells have been optimized and deployed, and part measures wells have been preferably selected to tap the residual oil improve the degree of reserves control realize the stabilization of oil production and control of water cut in an old oilfield, and further improve the development effects.

Experimental investigation on using CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsion with high water cut in enhanced oil recovery

CO_(2) emulsions used for EOR have received a lot of interest because of its good performance on CO_(2)mobility reduction.However,most of them have been focusing on the high quality CO_(2) emulsion(high CO_(2) fraction),while CO_(2) emulsion with high water cut has been rarely researched.In this paper,we carried out a comprehensive experimental study of using high water cut CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsion for enhancing oil recovery.Firstly,a nonionic surfactant,alkyl glycosides(APG),was selected to stabilize CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsion,and the corresponding morphology and stability were evaluated with a transparent PVT cell.Subsequently,plugging capacity and apparent viscosity of CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsion were measured systematically by a sand pack displacement apparatus connected with a 1.95-m long capillary tube.Furthermore,a high water cut(40 vol%) CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsion was selected for flooding experiments in a long sand pack and a core sample,and the oil recovery,the rate of oil recovery,and the pressure gradients were analyzed.The results indicated that APG had a good performance on emulsifying and stabilizing CO_(2) emulsion.An inversion from H_(2)O/CO_(2) emulsion to CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsion with the increase in water cut was confirmed.CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsions with lower water cuts presented higher apparent viscosity,while the optimal plugging capacity of CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsion occurred at a certain water cut.Eventually,the displacement using CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsion provided 18.98% and 13.36% additional oil recovery than that using pure CO_(2) in long sand pack and core tests,respectively.This work may provide guidelines for EOR using CO_(2) emulsions with high water cut.

Multisource Disaster Chain and Control in Regional Water Environment of the Dongjiang Lake in China

On the background of analysis on region water environment safety in the Dongjiang Lake of south-central China, the source of pollution of water environment and its control are studied. The concept of region environment disaster chain is put forward on the basis of combination study on the disaster chain theory and pollution problem in regional water environment. Through identification and analysis of pollution disaster resources in regional water environment of the Dongjiang Lake, the annual emission of the chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus (TP) and heavy metal (Cd, As, Pb) are counted. According to evaluation on structure proportion of contaminants in the Dongjiang Lake, agricultural non-point source is the uppermost pollution source, which accounted for 87.74% in total pollution load. Ammonia nitrogen, TP and COD are mainly contaminants accounted for 94.27% in total pollution load. By analyzing danger of contaminants in the lake, basic form of disaster chain of water environment pollution is built elementarily. It shows characteristics of branches and trunk basin disaster chain and embodies multisource disaster implication chain caused by human activities. Then, disaster resources chain-cutting methods for pollution prevention and control of regional water environment of the Dongjiang Lake are analyzed.

Effect of sand-fixing vegetation on the hydrological regulation function of sand dunes and its practical significance

Soil water content is a key controlling factor for vegetation restoration in sand dunes.The deep seepage and lateral migration of water in dunes affect the recharge process of deep soil water and groundwater in sand dune ecosystems.To determine the influence of vegetation on the hydrological regulation function of sand dunes,we examined the deep seepage and lateral migration of dune water with different vegetation coverages during the growing season in the Horqin Sandy Land,China.The results showed that the deep seepage and lateral migration of water decreased with the increase in vegetation coverage on the dunes.The accumulated deep seepage water of mobile dunes(vegetation coverage<5%)and dunes with vegetation coverage of 18.03%,27.12%,and 50.65%accounted for 56.53%,51.82%,18.98%,and 0.26%,respectively,of the rainfall in the same period.The accumulated lateral migration of water in these dunes accounted for 12.39%,6.33%,2.23%,and 7.61%of the rainfall in the same period.The direction and position of the dune slope affected the soil water deep seepage and lateral migration process.The amounts of deep seepage and lateral migration of water on the windward slope were lower than those on the leeward slope.The amounts of deep seepage and lateral migration of water showed a decreasing trend from the bottom to the middle and to the top of the dune slope.According to the above results,during the construction of sand-control projects in sandy regions,we suggest that a certain area of mobile dunes(>13.75%)should be retained as a water resource reservoir to maintain the water balance of artificial fixed dune ecosystems.These findings provide reliable evidence for the accurate assessment of water resources within the sand dune ecosystem and guide the construction of desertification control projects.

Design and Operation of the Printing and Dyeing Wastewater Treatment Project by Combination of Coagulation Sedimentation - Hydrolytic Acidification with Aeration Tank - Biological Aerated Filter - Active Sand Filter

In order to protect quality of Baiyangdian surface water and Gaoyang groundwater,the project is applied to process printing and dyeing wastewater that contains complicated compositions,high concentrations of organics and SS,and lots of pollutants difficult to degrade by microorganism. The process and operating parameters of project are optimized and debugged,and its economic and environmental benefits are analyzed.The results show that the process of coagulation sedimentation-hydrolytic acidification with aeration tank-biological aerated filter-active sand filter is applied in Gaoyang Sewage Treatment Plant. The design scale of sewage treatment plant is 120000 m^3/d. The influent is as following: COD is 669mg/L; SS is 424mg/L; NH_3-N is 8.83mg/L; TP is 6.03mg/L. After the process,the best removal rates of COD,SS,NH_3-N and TP are 93. 5%,98. 8%,97. 1% and 96. 2%,respectively. The various indexes of effluent water complied with standard A of the first order in Pollutants Emission Standard of Urban Wastewater Treatment Plant( GB 18918-2002). The processing cost is only 0. 807 yuan/m^3. As a result,the project construction and operation not only improve the environment,but also promote regional economic development. Process design and operating parameters provide an important reference value for the printing and dyeing wastewater treatment industry.

窄条带状背斜油藏边部注水开发产能影响因素

JY油田Y油藏为典型窄条带状背斜油藏,其储集层注入水极易沿河道中心方向突进,导致油井快速水淹,产量递减快;由于对水体大小、构造幅度、储集层物性等产能影响因素认识不清,此类油藏开发难度较大。针对上述问题,建立了窄条带状背斜油藏精细数值模型,通过对比论证提出了“边部注水+逐步转注”开发,并在此基础上开展了水体大小、构造幅度、储集层物性等参数对产能的影响研究。结果表明:“边部注水+逐步转注”开发不仅可以增大边水能量,使得井网双向受效,还可以有效延缓构造高部位油井的见水时间,大幅度降低油井含水率。另一方面,在考虑油藏构造特征的前提下,量化了不同影响因素下的产能特征,明确了水体大小、构造幅度、垂向渗透率与水平渗透率之比等参数的合理界限,论证了不同储集层物性下油藏面积的适应性。可为同类型油藏改善注水开发效果提供借鉴。

露天矿地下水控制技术及对边坡稳定性的影响

我国富水露天矿多且涌水量大,若矿山地下水或边坡处治不当,将面临着“水患难止、边坡难固、有矿难采”的窘境。为解决露天矿遇到的水患和边坡失稳的问题,基于我国露天矿先后发展的垂直疏水孔、水平疏水孔、坑下大口径疏水孔和井群疏水等抽排方式,坑底泄水巷、基坑降水和辐射井疏干等疏放方式以及钻孔注浆帷幕、地下混凝土连续墙帷幕、钻孔咬合桩帷幕、防渗膜帷幕等截水帷幕和地层回灌水帷幕等多种地下水控制技术;开展了不同露天矿地下水控制技术对地下水位、端帮边坡岩土体力学性质变化、坡体应力变化和边坡稳定性系数影响的研究,分析了截水帷幕作用下地下水位抬升与边坡稳定性变化规律。研究结果表明:通过抽排方式、疏放方式将露天矿山地下水疏干或疏降可有效降低地下水位,减少边坡岩土体含水率,提高边坡岩土体黏聚力和内摩擦角,减小坡体的静水压力和水平推力,整体提高边坡稳定性系数,但大量疏排地下水又造成水资源的浪费和污染;截水帷幕能够解决疏排降水造成的地下水位下降幅度太大、疏排水量巨大、水资源浪费和污染的问题;在截水帷幕作用下,露天矿截水帷幕外侧水位不断抬升,引起截水帷幕外侧边坡岩土体含水率增加、黏聚力和内摩擦角减小、坡体的静水压力和水平推力增大,而截水帷幕内侧边坡岩土体含水率减小、黏聚力和内摩擦角增大、坡体的静水压力和水平推力减小,从而引起露天矿边坡稳定性系数略有降低;通过截水帷幕可以控制露天矿边坡地下水位,进而保持边坡岩土体力学参数在合理范围,维持边坡稳定性系数在安全区间,实现露天矿地下水资源保护与边坡安全的平衡。

AICD筛管充填控水技术及应用

海上某油田砂体分布复杂,同时受气顶和边水的影响,无法发挥水平井的产能。针对该油田防砂、控水的双重需求,提出了采用AICD控水筛管配合环空充填覆膜颗粒的控水完井工艺技术,详细介绍了AICD充填控水技术的控水原理、管柱设计方法和充填规律。实际投产结果表明AICD筛管配合覆膜颗粒充填技术可以使油井保持稳定的低含水生产状态,降水增油效果显著,适用于渤海油田非均质性较强的油藏。研究的管柱设计方法和充填规律为海上油田水平井控水完井设计提供了参考和借鉴。

智能放顶煤技术在特厚煤层上覆含水层保护中的应用

我国内蒙古东部和新疆北部草原地区煤炭及地下水资源丰富,煤矿高强度开采形成的采动裂隙易导通强富水含水层,极易引起上覆岩层的地下水系统破坏,更容易发生突水溃砂事故,尤其含水层下综合机械化放顶煤开采的放煤高度难以控制。以特厚煤层上覆含水层系统保护为研究对象,以含水层保护和水砂灾害安全防控为研究目标,研发特厚煤层上覆含水层保护的智能放顶煤关键技术,应用井工煤矿动力突水溃砂防控技术,得出特厚煤层上覆地下水系统保护的根本途径。研发应用一种智能放顶煤技术,包括顶煤运移跟踪系统、多轮记忆放煤方法及系统。基于水文地质条件精细探查、覆岩破坏高度的实测、顶煤采放高度确定,应用多轮记忆放煤智能放顶煤技术,控制采动裂隙带高度。以应用工作面为例,应用水文地质精细探查与钻探验证、覆岩破坏高度获取、智能放顶煤技术后,在工作面回采过程中实现了上覆含水层水砂灾害的安全精准控制,有效保护了煤层上覆强富水含水层。

渤海特高孔渗储层控水防砂一体化完井技术

渤海BN油田的特高孔渗疏松砂岩油藏储层非均质性强,生产井出水、出砂问题严重,而现有各自独立设计实施的控水和防砂工艺存在设计实施繁琐、控水防砂效果差等问题。为此,在连续封隔体控水完井技术的基础上,根据地质工程一体化的思路,给出了优选连续封隔体颗粒粒径、设计ICD筛管控流强度及优化配置ICD筛管的方法,形成了适用于渤海特高孔渗储层的防砂控水一体化完井技术。BN油田3口井进行了控水防砂一体化完井技术试验,与邻井相比,单井无水采油期平均延长187 d,初期含水率远低于预期含水率,井口无砂时间明显增长,其中BN-D4H1井井口无砂时间长达889 d。现场试验结果表明,防砂控水一体化完井技术可以满足BN油田控水、防砂的双重需求。

富水砂层地下连续墙施工控制技术

南通轨道交通1号线04标段,富水砂层深基坑主要临近南通大饭店、华辰大厦、圆融广场、金石国际酒店等重要建(构)筑物,工程地质为高敏感性软土地质,地下水埋藏浅、土体自稳能力差,对易发生地连墙卡笼、涌水涌砂、坑底隆起等问题进行了研究,采取了地下连续墙槽壁加固、地连墙接头注浆、井点降水、土体加固等施工技术措施;通过采取一系列措施,地连墙施工质量得到有效控制、避免了基坑涌水涌砂发生、基坑变形在允许范围内,施工质量达到了设计要求、基坑安全得到了保障。

海上水平裸眼井分舱防砂与智能分采完井技术

渤海油田水平井高效开发面临防砂难度大和高含水突出等问题,且无人平台的推广增加了生产井远程监控的需求。针对当前的生产需求,研发了一种水平裸眼井分舱防砂与智能分采完井技术。引入旁通隔离封隔器设计了一趟多舱砾石充填管柱,旁通隔离封隔器双重封隔可有效防止层间窜流,为智能分采提供良好的井筒环境;重新设计智能分采管柱产液流动通道,将液控智能滑套优化到顶部封隔器以上位置,以降低现场作业难度,减少作业成本;采用节点分析法分析智能分采管柱的作用机理。该技术在渤海油田S井进行现场试验,试验结果表明:该井分舱砾石充填效率100%,智能滑套顺利实现中心平台远程控制;投产至今未出砂,日产油108 m^(3),超配产10%,实现了增储上产的目的。所得结果可为海上油田水平祼眼井分层开发提供新思路,为祼眼井控水技术提供新途径,为智能油田规模化建设提供新方式。

截水帷幕渗透系数计算方法

截水帷幕作为一种有效阻隔或减少地下水入渗的防治水技术,近年来不断被应用于地下开采煤矿和露天开采煤矿。受接缝、夹层等质量缺陷的影响,截水帷幕一般需要通过计算渗透系数来评价工程防渗性能,渗透系数的大小可直接决定截水帷幕防渗质量。以扎尼河、元宝山露天煤矿、朱仙庄煤矿截水帷幕工程为例,采用围井抽水试验、完整井抽水试验、降水头注水试验、钻孔压水试验、岩心渗透性试验5种方法计算了截水帷幕渗透系数,并提出了5种计算方法的应用特点与适用条件。结果表明:各计算方法所得渗透系数虽存在差异,但能够相互验证;抽水试验、注水试验、岩心渗透性试验较适用于露天煤矿墙体式帷幕,钻孔压水试验则更适用于检验地下开采煤矿注浆帷幕防渗性能;5种方法能够分别从点、线、面、体4个不同角度计算截水帷幕渗透系数,全方位检验帷幕墙接缝与浇筑质量;多种方法结合应用可以更为全面地验证截水帷幕渗透系数的准确性。

海上水平井防砂控水一体化工艺技术研究

海上边底水油藏水平井采用常规控水技术存在地层与筛管间环空封隔难度大、易发生水窜、出砂风险高等问题,针对这些问题,在总结常规控水工艺技术优缺点基础上,研发了在筛管与井壁间环空充填轻质颗粒形成致密充填层,与装有控水阀的防砂控水筛管配合调节水平段产液量、防止地层出砂和环空水窜的防砂控水一体化工艺技术。实验评价表明,环空充填轻质颗粒后窜流量约占驱替总排量的4%,可以达到环空封窜,其防砂性能与常规砾石充填相近,应用该工艺可以实现防砂与控水协同治理。在渤海油田高含水井、出砂老井和边底水发育的新投产水平井进行试验,含水率降低5%~12%,防砂、控水增油效果显著。研究结果可为海上边底水油藏水平井防砂控水提供参考。

煤矿区复合地层等厚度水泥土截水帷幕性能的影响因素试验研究

为了研究水泥掺量、综合水灰比、地层特征等因素对煤矿等厚度水泥土截水帷幕性能的影响,开展了等厚度水泥土帷幕原理分析、帷幕性能影响因素分析等厚度水泥土试验和性能测试,确定了关键影响因素,得出了复合地层等厚度水泥土参数,并进行了现场示范应用。研究结果表明:等厚度水泥土截水帷幕性能的影响因素主要为岩(土)体性质、地下水特征、水泥胶凝材料、混合过程和养护条件;岩(土)体性质和水泥掺量是影响墙体质量的直接因素,水灰比和养护周期是保证墙体质量的关键因素;当地层自身强度较高、颗粒级配较好,等厚度水泥土强度高,渗透系数小;根据影响因素确定示范工程的水泥掺量为25%、综合水灰比为1.2∶1、地层为复合地层材料。骆驼山煤矿缓坡斜井井筒复合地层渗漏段治理结果显示,采用3步施工法工艺构筑的斜井外侧截水帷幕墙体质量好,现场试样28 d抗压强度为5.3~31.8 MPa,渗透系数为0.005×10^(-7)~0.2403×10^(-7) cm/s,井筒涌水量由16.8 m^(3)/h降低至1.6 m^(3)/h,较治理前减少了90.5%。

产水气井冲缝套动态冲蚀机理研究

在产水气井中,冲缝筛管同时受到腐蚀和冲蚀磨损,服役寿命远远低于预期。为了解冲缝筛管在产水气井中快速失效的原因,模拟含水气井的腐蚀环境,进行了室内腐蚀试验,并建立了冲缝套的2种缺陷分布模型,模拟计算不同缺陷分布模型,以腐蚀速率为动网格速率,探究了不同缺陷深度和含水体积分数下冲缝套的冲蚀机理。研究结果表明:含水体积分数从0增加到100%,腐蚀速率从0.0115 mm/a增加到0.0399 mm/a,腐蚀坑的截面为圆形;缺陷在边缘中间区域时,最大冲蚀磨损量分布在缺陷处;缺陷在其他区域时,最大冲蚀磨损量分布在边缘四角区域的非缺陷区域;最大冲蚀磨损速率与缺陷深度、含水体积分数成正比,这种腐蚀与冲蚀的共同作用是冲缝筛管在产水气井中服役寿命大幅缩减的原因。所得结论可为延长冲缝筛管服役寿命研究提供理论参考。

中东碳酸盐岩油藏动态稳油控水方法实践

目标区块属于典型的碳酸盐岩油藏,天然水体能量较强,在开发过程中油井见水后含水上升较快,特高含水阶段油井增多,影响油田开发效果。为有效控制油井含水率快速上升,稳定产油量,通过优化油井生产制度,控制油井生产压差,抑制了底水水锥的高度。基于底水油藏临界产量公式,计算单井水锥高度,控水后水锥高度降低,含水率下降。运用动态稳油控水方法,在受底水影响的特高含水井上取得明显控水增油效果,并在同类型高含水单井中得到推广应用。

适用于海上油井堵水的稳砂剂室内实验研究

针对海上油井堵水作业后生产期间可能出砂的风险,研制了一种与堵水作业相配合的生物型稳砂剂(稳砂剂ZJ),并从抗压强度、渗透率保持率、耐冲刷性、有效期和可注入性五个方面进行室内实验测定及评价。室内实验结果表明该稳砂剂质量分数10%及以上抗压强度均大于6.4 MPa,高于行业标准规定的抗压强度需大于4 MPa,岩心渗透率保持率均大于87%,具有一定的耐冲砂能力,有效期长,同时该稳砂剂与堵水体系配合注入后,注入压力上升较小,其可注入性较强。该稳砂剂应用于渤海Q油田堵水作业,取得了良好的试验效果。

海上高含水油田示踪监测控水技术及应用

针对海上高含水油田在完井之后无法实现精准找水、控水的难题,将微量元素示踪监测技术与机械控水技术结合,形成示踪监测控水技术,并进行了现场应用。结果表明,该技术可在满足稳油控水需求的基础上,实现对海上高含水油田生产井不动管柱产液剖面在线监测;通过在井口取样分析示踪剂的浓度,无需改变生产制度,即可定量计算出各个层段的油水动态变化及产液贡献;可精准识别见水时间及主力见水位置,有利于优化油田生产制度,实现精准找水,提高稳油控水技术的针对性。研究及应用结果为此类高含水油田的治理提供了借鉴。