This paper reviewed studies on remote sensing of water depth retrieval. Four water depth retrieval models (single-band, dou- ble-ratio-band, multi-band, and BP network models) were evaluated using TM image and water...This paper reviewed studies on remote sensing of water depth retrieval. Four water depth retrieval models (single-band, dou- ble-ratio-band, multi-band, and BP network models) were evaluated using TM image and water data from Bangong Co Lake, which is located in China's Tibet Autonomous Region and Indian Kashmir. Tested by independent data, comparison of these four models demonstrates that BP network model performed better than the multi-band model, with the single-band model performing the worst. To sum up, this study demonstrates that first, BP network model performed better than the traditional model; second, precise atmospheric correction and radiation study, affected by different water level sand sediment, could improve the precision of water depth retrieval.展开更多
Satellite remote sensing is widely used to estimate snow depth and snow water equivalent(SWE)which are two key parameters in global and regional climatic and hydrological systems.Remote sensing techniques for snow dep...Satellite remote sensing is widely used to estimate snow depth and snow water equivalent(SWE)which are two key parameters in global and regional climatic and hydrological systems.Remote sensing techniques for snow depth mainly include passive microwave remote sensing,Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR),Interferometric SAR(In SAR)and Lidar.Among them,passive microwave remote sensing is the most efficient way to estimate large scale snow depth due to its long time series data and high temporal frequency.Passive microwave remote sensing was utilized to monitor snow depth starting in 1978 when Nimbus-7 satellite with Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer(SMMR)freely provided multi-frequency passive microwave data.SAR was found to have ability to detecting snow depth in 1980 s,but was not used for satellite active microwave remote sensing until 2000.Satellite Lidar was utilized to detect snow depth since the later period of 2000 s.The estimation of snow depth from space has experienced significant progress during the last 40 years.However,challenges or uncertainties still exist for snow depth estimation from space.In this study,we review the main space remote sensing techniques of snow depth retrieval.Typical algorithms and their principles are described,and problems or disadvantages of these algorithms are discussed.It was found that snow depth retrieval in mountainous area is a big challenge for satellite remote sensing due to complicated topography.With increasing number of freely available SAR data,future new methods combing passive and active microwave remote sensing are needed for improving the retrieval accuracy of snow depth in mountainous areas.展开更多
A spatial resolution effect of remote sensing bathymetry is an important scientific problem. The in situ measured water depth data and images of Dongdao Island are used to study the effect of water depth inversion fro...A spatial resolution effect of remote sensing bathymetry is an important scientific problem. The in situ measured water depth data and images of Dongdao Island are used to study the effect of water depth inversion from different spatial resolution remote sensing images. The research experiments are divided into five groups including Quick Bird and World View-2 remote sensing images with their original spatial resolution(2.4/2.0 m)and four kinds of reducing spatial resolution(4, 8, 16 and 32 m), and the water depth control and checking points are set up to carry out remote sensing water depth inversion. The experiment results indicate that the accuracy of the water depth remote sensing inversion increases first as the spatial resolution decreases from 2.4/2.0 to 4, 8 and16 m. And then the accuracy decreases along with the decreasing spatial resolution. When the spatial resolution of the image is 16 m, the inversion error is minimum. In this case, when the spatial resolution of the remote sensing image is 16 m, the mean relative errors(MRE) of Quick Bird and World View-2 bathymetry are 21.2% and 13.1%,compared with the maximum error are decreased by 14.7% and 2.9% respectively; the mean absolute errors(MAE) are 2.0 and 1.4 m, compared with the maximum are decreased by 1.0 and 0.5 m respectively. The results provide an important reference for the selection of remote sensing data in the study and application of the remote sensing bathymetry.展开更多
Secchi depth(SD,m)is a direct and intuitive measure of water's transparency,which is also an indicator of water quality.In 2015,a semi-analytical model was developed to derive SD from remote sensing reflectance,th...Secchi depth(SD,m)is a direct and intuitive measure of water's transparency,which is also an indicator of water quality.In 2015,a semi-analytical model was developed to derive SD from remote sensing reflectance,thus able to provide maps of water's transparency in satellite images.Here an in-situ dataset(338 stations)is used to evaluate its potential ability to monitor water quality in the coastal and estuarine waters,with measurements covering the Zhujiang(Pearl)River Estuary,the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea where measured SD values span a range of 0.2–21.0 m.As a preliminary validation result,according to the whole dataset,the unbiased percent difference(UPD)between estimated and measured SD is 23.3%(N=338,R^2=0.89),with about 60%of stations in the dataset having relative difference(RD)≤20%,over 80%of stations having RD≤40%.Furthermore,by excluding the field data which with relatively larger uncertainties,the semi-analytical model yielded the UPD of 17.7%(N=132,R^2=0.92)with SD range of 0.2–11.0 m.In addition,the semi-analytical model was applied to Landsat-8 images in the Zhujiang River Estuary,and retrieved high-quality mapping and reliable spatial-temporal patterns of water clarity.Taking into account the uncertainties associated with both field measurements and satellite data processing,and that there were no tuning of the semi-analytical model for these regions,these findings indicate highly robust retrieval of SD from spectral techniques for such turbid coastal and estuarine waters.The results suggest it is now possible to routinely monitor coastal water transparency or visibility at high-spatial resolutions from measurements,like Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 and newly launched Gaofen-5.展开更多
The Bohai Sea(BS)is the unique semi-closed inland sea of China,characterized by degraded water quality due to significant terrestrial pollution input.In order to improve its water quality,a dedicated action named“Uph...The Bohai Sea(BS)is the unique semi-closed inland sea of China,characterized by degraded water quality due to significant terrestrial pollution input.In order to improve its water quality,a dedicated action named“Uphill Battles for Integrated Bohai Sea Management”(UBIBSM,2018–2020)was implemented by the Chinese government.To evaluate the action effectiveness toward water quality improvement,variability of the satelliteobserved water transparency(Secchi disk depth,Z_(SD))was explored,with special emphasis on the nearshore waters(within 20 km from the coastline)prone to terrestrial influence.(1)Compared to the status before the action began(2011–2017),majority(87.3%)of the nearshore waters turned clear during the action implementation period(2018–2020),characterized by the elevated Z_(SD)by 11.6%±12.1%.(2)Nevertheless,the improvement was not spatially uniform,with higher Z_(SD)improvement in provinces of Hebei,Liaoning,and Shandong(13.2%±16.5%,13.2%±11.6%,10.8%±10.2%,respectively)followed by Tianjin(6.2%±4.7%).(3)Bayesian trend analysis found the abrupt Z_(SD)improvement in April 2018,which coincided with the initiation of UBIBSM,implying the water quality response to pollution control.More importantly,the independent statistics of land-based pollutant discharge also indicated that the significant reduction of terrestrial pollutant input during the UBIBSM action was the main driver of observed Z_(SD)improvement.(4)Compared with previous pollution control actions in the BS,UBIBSM was found to be the most successful one during the past 20 years,in terms of transparency improvement over nearshore waters.The presented results proved the UBIBSM-achieved remarkable water quality improvement,taking the advantage of long-term consistent and objective data record from satellite ocean color observation.展开更多
基金supported by the projection of China Geographic Survey (12120113099800)the projection of "863" (2012AA062601)
文摘This paper reviewed studies on remote sensing of water depth retrieval. Four water depth retrieval models (single-band, dou- ble-ratio-band, multi-band, and BP network models) were evaluated using TM image and water data from Bangong Co Lake, which is located in China's Tibet Autonomous Region and Indian Kashmir. Tested by independent data, comparison of these four models demonstrates that BP network model performed better than the multi-band model, with the single-band model performing the worst. To sum up, this study demonstrates that first, BP network model performed better than the traditional model; second, precise atmospheric correction and radiation study, affected by different water level sand sediment, could improve the precision of water depth retrieval.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grand No.2020YFA0608501)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grand No.42171143)the CAS’Light of West China’Program(E029070101)
文摘Satellite remote sensing is widely used to estimate snow depth and snow water equivalent(SWE)which are two key parameters in global and regional climatic and hydrological systems.Remote sensing techniques for snow depth mainly include passive microwave remote sensing,Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR),Interferometric SAR(In SAR)and Lidar.Among them,passive microwave remote sensing is the most efficient way to estimate large scale snow depth due to its long time series data and high temporal frequency.Passive microwave remote sensing was utilized to monitor snow depth starting in 1978 when Nimbus-7 satellite with Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer(SMMR)freely provided multi-frequency passive microwave data.SAR was found to have ability to detecting snow depth in 1980 s,but was not used for satellite active microwave remote sensing until 2000.Satellite Lidar was utilized to detect snow depth since the later period of 2000 s.The estimation of snow depth from space has experienced significant progress during the last 40 years.However,challenges or uncertainties still exist for snow depth estimation from space.In this study,we review the main space remote sensing techniques of snow depth retrieval.Typical algorithms and their principles are described,and problems or disadvantages of these algorithms are discussed.It was found that snow depth retrieval in mountainous area is a big challenge for satellite remote sensing due to complicated topography.With increasing number of freely available SAR data,future new methods combing passive and active microwave remote sensing are needed for improving the retrieval accuracy of snow depth in mountainous areas.
基金The National Key Technology Research and Development Program of China under contract No.2012BAB16B01
文摘A spatial resolution effect of remote sensing bathymetry is an important scientific problem. The in situ measured water depth data and images of Dongdao Island are used to study the effect of water depth inversion from different spatial resolution remote sensing images. The research experiments are divided into five groups including Quick Bird and World View-2 remote sensing images with their original spatial resolution(2.4/2.0 m)and four kinds of reducing spatial resolution(4, 8, 16 and 32 m), and the water depth control and checking points are set up to carry out remote sensing water depth inversion. The experiment results indicate that the accuracy of the water depth remote sensing inversion increases first as the spatial resolution decreases from 2.4/2.0 to 4, 8 and16 m. And then the accuracy decreases along with the decreasing spatial resolution. When the spatial resolution of the image is 16 m, the inversion error is minimum. In this case, when the spatial resolution of the remote sensing image is 16 m, the mean relative errors(MRE) of Quick Bird and World View-2 bathymetry are 21.2% and 13.1%,compared with the maximum error are decreased by 14.7% and 2.9% respectively; the mean absolute errors(MAE) are 2.0 and 1.4 m, compared with the maximum are decreased by 1.0 and 0.5 m respectively. The results provide an important reference for the selection of remote sensing data in the study and application of the remote sensing bathymetry.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.61527810the Marine Science and Technology Fund from Director of South China Sea Branch+1 种基金State Oceanic Administration of China under contract No.180101the Key Laboratory Open Project Fund of Technology and Application for Safeguarding of Marine Rights and Interests,State Oceanic Administration of China under contract No.1720。
文摘Secchi depth(SD,m)is a direct and intuitive measure of water's transparency,which is also an indicator of water quality.In 2015,a semi-analytical model was developed to derive SD from remote sensing reflectance,thus able to provide maps of water's transparency in satellite images.Here an in-situ dataset(338 stations)is used to evaluate its potential ability to monitor water quality in the coastal and estuarine waters,with measurements covering the Zhujiang(Pearl)River Estuary,the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea where measured SD values span a range of 0.2–21.0 m.As a preliminary validation result,according to the whole dataset,the unbiased percent difference(UPD)between estimated and measured SD is 23.3%(N=338,R^2=0.89),with about 60%of stations in the dataset having relative difference(RD)≤20%,over 80%of stations having RD≤40%.Furthermore,by excluding the field data which with relatively larger uncertainties,the semi-analytical model yielded the UPD of 17.7%(N=132,R^2=0.92)with SD range of 0.2–11.0 m.In addition,the semi-analytical model was applied to Landsat-8 images in the Zhujiang River Estuary,and retrieved high-quality mapping and reliable spatial-temporal patterns of water clarity.Taking into account the uncertainties associated with both field measurements and satellite data processing,and that there were no tuning of the semi-analytical model for these regions,these findings indicate highly robust retrieval of SD from spectral techniques for such turbid coastal and estuarine waters.The results suggest it is now possible to routinely monitor coastal water transparency or visibility at high-spatial resolutions from measurements,like Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 and newly launched Gaofen-5.
基金The fund supported by Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai) under contract No. SML2021SP313the fundamental research funds for the Central Universities of Sun Yat-Sen University under contract No.23xkjc019the fund supported by China-Korea Joint Ocean Research Center of China under contract No. PI-2022-1-01
文摘The Bohai Sea(BS)is the unique semi-closed inland sea of China,characterized by degraded water quality due to significant terrestrial pollution input.In order to improve its water quality,a dedicated action named“Uphill Battles for Integrated Bohai Sea Management”(UBIBSM,2018–2020)was implemented by the Chinese government.To evaluate the action effectiveness toward water quality improvement,variability of the satelliteobserved water transparency(Secchi disk depth,Z_(SD))was explored,with special emphasis on the nearshore waters(within 20 km from the coastline)prone to terrestrial influence.(1)Compared to the status before the action began(2011–2017),majority(87.3%)of the nearshore waters turned clear during the action implementation period(2018–2020),characterized by the elevated Z_(SD)by 11.6%±12.1%.(2)Nevertheless,the improvement was not spatially uniform,with higher Z_(SD)improvement in provinces of Hebei,Liaoning,and Shandong(13.2%±16.5%,13.2%±11.6%,10.8%±10.2%,respectively)followed by Tianjin(6.2%±4.7%).(3)Bayesian trend analysis found the abrupt Z_(SD)improvement in April 2018,which coincided with the initiation of UBIBSM,implying the water quality response to pollution control.More importantly,the independent statistics of land-based pollutant discharge also indicated that the significant reduction of terrestrial pollutant input during the UBIBSM action was the main driver of observed Z_(SD)improvement.(4)Compared with previous pollution control actions in the BS,UBIBSM was found to be the most successful one during the past 20 years,in terms of transparency improvement over nearshore waters.The presented results proved the UBIBSM-achieved remarkable water quality improvement,taking the advantage of long-term consistent and objective data record from satellite ocean color observation.