Comparison of Using an Electronic System and Conventional Monitoring Method for Monitoring the Quality of Drinking Water and Defects Discovery in Rural Area Water Distribution Network of Abarkouh, Iran

The used water for human consumption must be free of microorganisms and chemicals that cause risk in the human health. In this study, water quality of 18 rural area of Abarkouh was determined and compared the conventional monitoring method (According to ISIR (Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran), 1053 and 4208) and use of electronic system method (Patent in industrial property general office of Iran, 77815). Free chlorine monitoring and pH test done by health workers in the conventional method and the results will be sent to the Health Network monthly. Sampling for microbiological testing is done monthly based on population (According to ISIR, 4208). On the electronic system, the procedure is also done by health workers, but the result will be sent to the receiver device by using a cell phone. According to the chlorine test results if the free chlorine residual reported zero, microbiological sampling was done by a health expert. Finally, the number of chlorine test and microbiological sampling and the results of these experiments collected in the both methods and recorded in SPSS 22 then were analyzed by using chi-square test and Fisher exact test. The result of microbiological experiments shows that the sampling rate decreased 29% in using of electronic system method in comparison to the conventional monitoring method while the number of microbial defect detection increased 19% in drinking water networks monitoring by electronic system. Using of electronic system monitoring can reduce the rate and cost of microbiological sampling and its experiments and increase accuracy of these tests, in this way it will increase the quality and safety of drinking water in distribution network in small and dispersed rural communities.

Characteristics and Optimization of Distribution of Rural Residential Area in Wangcun River Basin of Linfen City

As a carrier of rural population,rural residential area carries important functions such as rural production and life. This paper studied the characteristics of rural residential area and optimization model,to lay certain foundation for integrating urban and rural development and increasing economic income. With the aid of Arc GIS 10. 1 and Fragstats 3. 4 software,based on the theory of landscape ecology,it analyzed the distribution characteristics of residential area in Wangcun River Basin of Anze County,Linrfen City,Shanxi Province. Besides,according to distribution characteristics,it analyzed three optimization models: priority development model,retention limit development model,and migration development model.

Partitioning of Water Distribution Network into District Metered Areas Using Existing Valves

Water distribution network(WDN)leakage management has received increased attention in recent years.One of the most successful leakage-control strategies is to divide the network into District Metered Areas(DMAs).As a multi-staged technique,the generation of DMAs is a difficult task in design and implementation(i.e.,clustering,sectorization,and performance evaluation).Previous studies on DMAs implementation did not consider the potential use of existing valves in achieving the objective.In this work,a methodology is proposed for detecting clusters and reducing the cost of additional valves and DMA sectorization by considering existing valves as much as possible.The procedure of DMAs identification has been divided into three stages,i.e.,a)clusters identification;b)sectorization or boundaries optimization and c)performance evaluation of the partitioned network.The proposed methodology is evaluated on a simple network and a real-world water network with the findings provided and compared to the DMAs,established for a raw water network with no existing valves.It is found that there is an adequate difference in cost of strategy implementation in both the cases for the network under consideration and the existing valve system achieved better network performance in terms of resilience index.

Surface distribution of alkalinity and specific alkalinity and their application to water mass tracing in Kuroshio area of the East China Sea

Surface distribution and seasonal variation of alkalinity and specific alkalinity in Kuroshio area of the East ChinaSea and their application to the water mass tracing are discussed in this paper. Results show a distinct seasonal variation of the alkalinity, which is concerned with the process of vertical mixing. Different specific alkalinity in various water masses has been found. On the basis of the difference of the specific alkalinity and the distribution of alkalinity, two water fronts in summer season, located at 27°-30°N and 124°-1 27°E, (Ⅰ), and at the northern waters about one latitude from the Taiwan Island, (Ⅱ); one in winter season at about one longitude from coast of mainland of China and 26°-30°N were found. In summer season, about 1-2 longitudes eastward shift of front (Ⅰ) is found by comparison of data in May and August. And the high alkalinity of the northern East China Sea in summer season may be caused by the Huanghe River runoff flowing southward along with the Huanghai Sea Coastal Current.

Soil nutrients in relation to vertical roots distribution in the riparian zone of Three Gorges Reservoir,China

Since the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR), the riparian zone has been subjected to numerous environmental changes. This study was conducted to recognize the distribution of grass roots and its impacts on soil nutrients in the water level fluctuation zone of TGR. Roots of four predominant herbaceous plants in the study area, specifically, Cynodon dactylon, Hemarthria altissima, Hemarthria compressa, and Paspalum paspaloides, and their corresponding relation with soil nutrient contents were investigated. Root surface area density was determined with Win RHIZO, and the relationships of root distribution with soil depths and soil nutrient contents were studied. The results indicates that most roots are distributed in the top soil layer of 0-10 cm. Estimated root surface area density for the selected grass species ranges from 0.16 to 13.44 cm^2/cm^3, and decreases exponentially with an increase in soil depth. Soil organic matter and total nitrogen contents are significantly lower on bare control area than the corresponding values on the grasslands. Total nutrient contents on grasslands of C. dactylon and H. compressa are higher than those of other grass areas. Root length density and root surface area density are significantly correlated with soil organic matter and total nitrogen content for the four grasslands. The present results suggests that plant roots have significant effects on the distribution of soil nutrients in soil profiles in the riparian zone along the TGR. Nevertheless, additional investigations are needed to reveal the specific interactions between plant roots distribution, soil nutrients and water level fluctuations.

基于多角度的农村居民点分布特征及布局优化——以南昌市新建区为例

【目的】研究南昌市新建区1998年与2020年跨度20余年农村居民点的分布特征变化,提出符合区域实际的布局优化策略。【方法】通过核密度、空间自相关、场强模型、最小阻力模型等分析农村居民点的集聚程度、空间聚类程度、城镇辐射引力强度、布局扩张潜力程度,综合4种不同方法分析结果,对南昌市新建区农村居民点布局进行优化。【结果】20余年农村居民点规模扩张速度较快,空间分布集聚程度显著增强,核密度高值位于中心城区及主要交通干线周边;核密度属性下开展空间自相关分析具有代表性,空间集聚特性增强、异质性减弱;农村居民点分布受城镇、主要干线、学校、医院、休闲体育、公园等辐射引力作用显著;高阻力区分布于中部、中西部及北部部分区域,低阻力区分布于南部及北部部分区域;农村居民点布局阻力因素由大到小依次为:政策保护阻力、地形与灾害风险阻力、区位阻力、生产生活阻力;将居民点布局优化类型划分为提升扩展型、整治改造型、控制迁移型。【结论】通过多角度分析农村居民点的空间分布特征,并基于此提出优化布局策略,符合区域地理环境及村庄发展实际,可为多规合一视角下实用性村庄规划编制提供参考。

长藤结瓜灌溉系统中渠道输配水系统可行域研究

灌区输配水渠道的过水能力除了受渠道本身过水能力及上下级渠道的制约之外,还要受泵站、塘堰、中小型水库等灌区中的提水、蓄水设施的影响。为了保障灌区渠系运行的安全性,在渠道本身过水能力及上下级渠道的制约研究的基础上,就提水和蓄水设施两大影响因素,在考虑水泵对连接渠道过水能力的制约和塘堰、水库等蓄水设施对骨干渠道过水能力的调节作用的基础上,采用对比分析法进行渠道输配水系统可行域的分析研究,并且该输配水可行域计算方法在某大型引黄灌区中进行了实例应用,结果表明,提出的可行域计算方法,充分考虑到泵站对于连接渠道过水流量需在水泵设计流量附近运行的要求,以及水库对渠道最大过水流量的消减作用,计算结果合理可靠,可为渠系的合理调度运行以及渠道系统的设计提供科学依据。

基于自然地下水矿化度分布的北方沿海区水稻适宜规模研究

基于自然地下水矿化度分布规律,探究北方沿海区水稻合理种植规模具有重要的节水压盐意义。本研究以唐山市为例,基于地下水矿化度监测及Landsat遥感影像等数据,分析了水稻种植规模时空分布,结合水稻生长的矿化度阈值,利用叠加分析法提出适宜种植规模和调整措施。结果表明:受水资源短缺影响,1991年以来唐山沿海区的水稻种植面积逐年减少,现状水稻种植面积基本稳定在6.28万hm^(2)。地下水矿化度大于3、1~3 g/L和小于1 g/L的区域分别为水稻保留区、探索退减区和优先调减区,面积分别为4.80、1.69和1.05万hm^(2)。结合国家粮食安全要求,唐山市沿海区适宜水稻种植面积为5.00~5.33万hm^(2)。研究成果为北方沿海区水田的开发利用和粮食节水增产策略提供了新思路。

交汇区水流结构对水温分布特征的影响机理

为分析交汇区复杂的水温分布规律及其受水流结构影响的机理,采用Fluent数值模拟软件,通过改变汇流角和汇流比,模拟了不同条件下交汇区的时均流场、紊动特性和水温分布,分析了各工况下交汇区水平面及断面水温分布特征(水温非均匀性指数)和水流结构特征参量(紊动能和涡量)间的关系,探究了不同水流结构对水温分布的影响机理。结果表明:水流剪切影响热掺混层的位置,二次环流影响热掺混层的形态;汇流角或汇流比越大,断面非均匀指数越小,水温掺混越快,热掺混层随剪切层位置的改变越靠近外岸壁(交汇口对侧壁面),热掺混层弯曲程度随二次环流强度增大而增大;紊动能及涡量与断面非均匀指数之间呈现良好的线性关系。

考虑压力均匀性的供水管网独立计量区域(DMA)分区优化研究

独立计量区域(district meteredareas,DMAs)是实现城市供水管网压力管理与漏损控制的重要手段。现有的DMA分区算法无法在分区时保障分区内部的压力均衡。为解决这一问题,本文提出一种基于迭代求解DMA分区方法,在保证分区均匀性的同时,实现分区内部压力均衡。该方法提出融合节点压力分布的节点相似矩阵,建立分区合理性评价指标,用于确定独立计量区域划分方案;在隔离阶段采用改进的多目标遗传算法,对边界管段开展隔离阀与流量计的优化布置;最后通过对上述2个过程进行循环迭代,确保最终分区方案的压力均衡。通过对实例管网的分区研究,验证改进方法的有效性和可行性。

既有住区户外公共空间活动分布及影响因素分析——以深圳桃源村为例

既有住区户外空间闲置与不足并存。如何提高户外空间使用效率与品质,是既有住区亟待解决的重要问题。1980~1990年代建设的大型福利住宅区是深圳既有住区主要类型之一。本文以桃源村为典型案例,记录13个组团级户外公共空间居民活动行为数据,总结居民活动分布特征;并从空间构成、空间可达性、活动设施以及景观环境等四个方面构建环境因素指标群。分析影响不同时段、不同年龄居民活动的建成环境影响因素。从时间复合、功能复合及人群复合维度,针对性的提出相应的环境优化策略。

基于信息熵的粤港澳大湾区9市用水结构及空间分布规律研究

为揭示粤港澳大湾区广东9市用水结构的演化特征,基于2004—2022年《广东省水资源公报》数据,采用信息熵方法对2004—2022年粤港澳大湾区广东9市用水结构演变规律和空间分布特征进行分析。结果表明:2004—2022年粤港澳大湾区广东9市总用水量持续下降,用水结构更优化。从区域用水结构空间分布来看,佛山用水结构比较均衡,广州、珠海、中山、东莞用水结构相对均衡,深圳、惠州、肇庆、江门用水结构均衡度较差;从区域用水结构时间分布来看,2004—2022年广州市用水结构均衡度增加最大,其次是惠州和肇庆,深圳、中山、江门、东莞用水结构均衡度变化较小,珠海、佛山用水结构均衡性变化很小。相关研究结论可为粤港澳大湾区广东9市未来用水结构优化调整、水资源优化配置等提供参考。

川西新场地区须二段致密砂岩气藏气水分布特征及主控因素

致密砂岩气藏气水关系复杂,为了阐明川西新场地区须二段气水分布主控因素,以试产数据、压汞曲线、岩石薄片分析为手段,探讨了地层水宏观特征,明确了新场地区须二段气水分布主控因素。结果表明:新场地区须二段储层较致密,孔喉连通性差,致密化储层使气水分布复杂,须二段气藏总体呈上气下水特征,但气水倒置现象较多;研究区气水分布受控于构造演化、砂泥岩相配置关系、河道间叠置方式及单砂体内部成岩差异,多期构造演化过程控制了气水分布的宏观尺度格局,不同类型的河道叠置及砂泥配置关系影响砂体尺度的气水分布,厚层-薄层垂向分离型叠置关系及砂泥互层型配置关系有利于形成气层,单砂体内部成岩差异影响单砂体内部尺度气水分布。对研究区气水分布主控因素的研究结果,可有效指导新场地区须二段气藏的勘探开发。

青藏高寒区隆子县居民点空间分布及其与地形地貌关系

以青藏高寒区隆子县为研究对象,利用遥感高清影像,采取目视解译结合实地考察的方式,获取隆子县居民点数据,选取高程、坡度、坡向、地形起伏度、坡向变率、地面粗糙度、高程变异系数和地貌类型8个因子,运用空间热点探测分析居民点规模分布“冷热点”,利用分布指数和信息熵探讨了隆子县居民点分布格局,通过变维分形揭示了居民点分布与地形地貌的关系.结果表明:(1)隆子县居民点分布以集群型小型居民点为主要特征,规模分布“冷热点”分异明显,热点主要分布在隆子镇,冷点主要分布在雪萨乡;(2)居民点在其分布的优势地形位上,其有序程度也相对较高.居民点在高程3 500~4 000 m,坡度小于2°,北坡坡向,地形起伏度15 m以下,坡向变率5°~10°,地面粗糙度小于1.01、高程变异系数为0.001~0.005的地形位和砂砾质冲洪积平原地貌上的有序性最强,这些地形位大多是居民点分布的优势地形位;(3)地形地貌对隆子县居民点分布及其发展影响的降序排序依次为地貌类型>高程>坡度>高程变异系数>坡向变率>坡向>地形起伏度>地面粗糙度.

滨海盐碱地刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)混交林土壤水盐动态

以固氮树种刺槐与绒毛白蜡、榆树、臭椿三树种的混交林及其纯林为研究对象,研究了刺槐与不同树种混交对土壤水分、盐分年动态变化的影响。研究结果表明：（1）刺槐与3个树种混交,刺槐臭椿混交林生长最好,均高于各自纯林。（2）混交林一定程度改善了土壤含水量及层次分布,土壤含水量整体趋势均表现出0~60cm表层土中含水量高于各自纯林,而深层土壤含水量低的特点,只有8月份纯林和混交林的土壤含水量没有显著差别。不同树种在具体层次上略有差异;（3）混交林降低了土壤含盐量,改变了土壤盐分层次分布和年变化规律。不同月份间土壤含盐量随土壤深度、混交树种的变化而变化。深层土壤含盐量高,表层土壤含盐量低,混交林含盐量低于纯林且存在树种差异。混交林与纯林含盐量均雨季低,旱季高;但在某一具体月份各层次含盐量差别不大;不同土层含水量、含盐量与天然降水之间有明显的相关性,天然降水是混交林及纯林土壤水分的主要来源。

Sugarcane Requirement of Water and Effect of Fertigation on Sugarcane

The sugarcane is a main sugar crop in China. The seasonal drying is one of the problems that influence the improvement of output and quality of sugarcane in China. The experimental results for the water requirement and fertigation of the sugarcane showed, that the distribution of the rainfall in spring, autumn and winter, all could not suit the requirements for sugarcane growth. Detailedly, it can suit that sugarcane requirement of 74.4%, 68.6% and 35.7% respectively at seedling emerging stage, tillering stage and mature stage according to sugarcane growth. The drought has already limited the yield of sugarcane. Application of fertigation can enhance the fertilizer use efficiency, and it is also a water saving technique in sugarcane production.

鄂尔多斯盆地双河地区延长组长6油层组地层水化学特征分布规律

致密油藏油水关系复杂,地层水化学组分及其分布规律对指导致密油勘探具有重要意义。基于此,对双河地区长6油层组地层水化学组成、矿化度、水化学特征参数与沉积微相、有效厚度及产能之间的关系进行了深入研究。研究表明,双河地区地层水类型主要为CaCl_(2)型,地层水的矿化度主要分布在2201.2~153670.9 mg/L,平均为53947.2 mg/L。矿化度在50000 mg/L之前,含油饱和度随着矿化度的增加而降低的,而在50000 mg/L之后,含油饱和度随着地层水矿化度的增加而增加。这是由于,较高的矿化度代表好的保存条件,利于油气长期大规模聚集,因而含油饱和度较高;而当目的层矿化度处于10000~20000 mg/L相对低的范围时,主要对应3~5 m薄层单砂体组成的复合砂体,因而含油饱和度也相对较高。分析认为,目的层矿化度、钠氯系数、镁钙系数特征均表明目的层处于相对封闭的沉积环境,有利于油气的保存,这些水化学参数均与致密油藏聚集及产能有较为显著的相关性。

基于组合流量法的城市供水系统小区漏损诊断和预警

近年来,城市供水管网漏损问题频发,小区供水管网作为供水管网的最后一公里,降低小区管网漏损已成为供水企业的重要工作内容。文章针对夜间最小流量移动平均隔差法诊断不及时等问题,提出了一种基于全天流量的判别阈值矩阵分析的漏损诊断预警方法,利用全天流量趋势构建判别阈值矩阵诊断漏损,还将基于全天流量的判别阈值矩阵分析法与夜间最小流量移动平均隔差法结合,提出了一种基于全天流量和夜间最小流量的组合型漏损诊断预警法。将夜间最小流量移动平均隔差法、基于全天流量的判别阈值矩阵分析法和组合流量法分别应用于S市的30个DMA小区,识别准确率分别可以达到73.52%、78.19%和91.28%。结果表明,文章提出的基于全天流量的判别阈值矩阵分析法以及组合型漏损诊断预警法在解决小区供水管网漏损问题方面具有较好的应用前景和实际效果。

On the Design Models of Urban Waterscape

Water is an intelligential element in landscape.Taking the planning and design of waterscape in Zixinyuan residential area as an example,the design model and its feasibility are discussed in terms of the design of waterscape and management system of water in urban residential area.It is considered that a good waterscape should satisfy two aspects:firstly,it should display a fine visual effect and profound artistic conception;secondly,the problems such as self-cleaning,recycling,and reuse of water should be solved by the management system to save water resource.The combination of the two aspects can inspire the ecological function of waterscape.And the waterscape and urban cultural environment can be in a harmonious coexistence.