Harvesting Energy Via Water Movement and Surface Ionics in Microfibrous Ceramic Wools

Due to the push for carbon neutrality in various human activities,the development of methods for producing electricity without relying on chemical reaction processes or heat sources has become highly significant.Also,the challenge lies in achieving microwatt-scale outputs due to the inherent conductivity of the materials and diverting electric currents.To address this challenge,our research has concentrated on utilizing nonconductive mediums for water-based low-cost microfibrous ceramic wools in conjunction with a NaCl aqueous solution for power generation.The main source of electricity originates from the directed movement of water molecules and surface ions through densely packed microfibrous ceramic wools due to the effect of dynamic electric double layer.This occurrence bears resemblance to the natural water transpiration in plants,thereby presenting a fresh and straightforward approach for producing electricity in an ecofriendly manner.The generator module demonstrated in this study,measuring 12×6 cm^(2),exhibited a noteworthy open-circuit voltage of 0.35 V,coupled with a short-circuit current of 0.51 mA.Such low-cost ceramic wools are suitable for ubiquitous,permanent energy sources and hold potential for use as self-powered sensors and systems,eliminating the requirement for external energy sources such as sunlight or heat.

Solar-driven salt-free deposition evaporation for simultaneous desalination and electricity generation based on tip-effect and siphon-effect

Solar-driven desalination is a promising way to alleviate the freshwater shortage,while is facing challenges posed by low evaporation rates and severe salt accumulation.Herein,a high-performance twodimensional(2D) solar absorber with Co_(3)O_(4) nanoneedle arrays(Co_(3)O_(4)-NN) grown on the surface of reduced graphene oxide-coated pyrolyzed silk cloth(Co_(3)O_(4)-NN/rGO/PSC) was prepared,and a salt-free evaporator system was assembled based on the composite material and siphonage-the flowing water delivery.It is revealed that the evaporation enthalpy of water can be reduced over the 2D solar absorber grown with Co_(3)O_(4)-NN_T enabling an evaporation rate of up to 2.35 kg m^(-2) h^(-1) in DI water under one solar irradiation.The desalination process can be carried out continuously even with salt concentration up to 20 wt%,due to the timely removal of concentrated brine from the interface with the assistance of directed flowing water.Moreover,the 2D structure and the flowing water also provide an opportunity to convert waste solar heat into electricity in the evaporator based on the seebeck effect,ensuring simultaneous freshwater production and power generation.It is believed that this work provides insights into designing hybrid systems with high evaporation rate,salt resistance,and electricity generation.

Water, Air Emissions, and Cost Impacts of Air-Cooled Microturbines for Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power Systems： A Case Study in the Atlanta Region

The increasing pace of urbanization means that cities and global organizations are looking for ways to increase energy efficiency and reduce emissions. Combined cooling, heating, and power （CCHP） systems have the potential to improve the energy generation efficiency of a city or urban region by providing energy for heating, cooling, and electricity simultaneously. The purpose of this study is to estimate the water consumption for energy generation use, carbon dioxide （CO2） and NOx emissions, and economic impact of implementing CCHP systems for five generic building types within the Atlanta metropolitan region, under various operational scenarios following the building thermal （heating and cooling） demands. Operating the CCHP system to follow the hourly thermal demand reduces CO2 emissions for most building types both with and without net metering. The system can be economically beneficial for all building types depending on the price of natural gas, the implementation of net metering, and the cost structure assumed for the CCHP system. The greatest reduction in water consumption for energy production and NOx emissions occurs when there is net metering and when the system is operated to meet the maximum yearly thermal demand, although this scenario also results in an increase in greenhouse gas emissions and, in some cases, cost. CCHP systems are more economical for medium office, large office, and multifamilv residential buildings.

Performance on Power,Hot and Cold Water Generation of a Hybrid Photovoltaic Thermal Module

This paper proposed a new function of photovoltaic thermal(PVT)module to produce nocturnal cool water not just only generating electrical power and hot water during daytime.Experimental tests were carried out under Chiang Mai tropical climate with a 200 Wp monocrystalline PVT module having dimensions of 1.601 m×0.828 m connected with two water tanks each of 60 L taken for hot and cool water storages.The module was facing south with 18o inclination.The electrical load was a 200 W halogen lamp.From experiments,by taking the module as a nocturnal radiative cooling surface,the cool water temperature in the cool storage tank could be reduced 2℃–3℃each night and the temperature could be reduced from 31.5℃to 22.1℃within 4 consecutive days.The cool water at approximately 23℃was also used to cool down the PVT module from noon when the PVT module temperature was rather high,and then the module temperature immediately dropped around 5℃and approximately 10%increase of electrical power could be achieved.A set of mathematical models was also developed to predict the PVT module temperature and the hot water temperature including the cool water temperature in the storage tanks during daytime and nighttime.The simulated results agreed well with the experimental data.

Wide Range Neutron Monitoring(WRNM)System in Boiling Water Reactors(A Short Communication&Memorandum)

The WRNM(wide range neutron monitoring)is a newly developed neutron monitoring channel which was initially conceived as a means to meet Regulatory Guide 1.97 requirements for post-accident neutron monitoring.The scope was expanded to include the startup monitoring function with the aim of replacing both the source and IRMs(intermediate range monitors)in BWRs(boiling water reactors).The WRNMs,consisting of a newly designed fixed incore regenerative sensor and new electronics,which include both counting and MSV(mean square voltage)channels,have been tested in several reactors and its capabilities have been confirmed.The channel will cover the neutron flux range from 103 nv to 1.5×103 nv;it has greater than 1 decade overlap between the counting and MSV channels.Because of the regenerative fissile coating the sensor,even though fixed incore,has a life of approximately 6.0 full power years in a 51 kW/L BWR and similar situation has been proposed for newly designed small modular reactor such as BWRX-300 of General Electric Hitachi reactor.

Consideration of Environmental Effect of Power Generation: Bangladesh Perspective

Nowadays for power generation, environment is a major consideration. The heart of power generation is power station. At present there are almost above 40(Both Government & Rental) power station in Bangladesh. Among these 80% of power station is gas based. Rest of the 20% is coal, liquid and furnace oil based. Bangladesh has only one Hydraulic power station. These gas and coal based power stations are giving adverse effect in Bangladesh. The main emissions from coal combustion at thermal power plants are carbon dioxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO), sulfur oxides (SO), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and air- borne inorganic particles such as fly ash, soot, and other trace gas species. Carbon dioxide, methane, and chlorofluorocarbons are greenhouse gases. These emissions are considered to be responsible for heating up the atmosphere, producing a harmful global environment. It is known to all that hydro power station is a clean source of energy, but it has also some ecological and environmental effect. Dhaka is one of the top polluted city in the world. So for power generation if the environmental effect is not considered then Bangladesh will be in great trouble. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the present and future possible environmental effect of power generation in Bangladesh.

Industrialization prospects for hydrogen production by coal gasification in supercritical water and novel thermodynamic cycle power generation system with no pollution emission

Energy conversion and utilization, particularly carbon-based fuel burning in air phase, have caused great environmental pollution and serious problems to society. The reactions in water phase may have the potential to realize clean and efficient energy conversion and utilization. Coal gasification in supercritical water is a typical carbon-based fuel conversion process in water phase, and it takes the advantages of the unique chemical and physical properties of supercritical water to convert organic matter in coal to H2 and CO2. N, S, P, Hg and other elements are deposited as inorganic salts to avoid pollution emission. The State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering has obtained extensive experimental and theoretical results based on coal gasification in supercritical water. Supercritical water fluidized bed reactor was developed for coal gasification and seven kinds of typical feedstock were selected. The hydrogen yield covers from 0.67 to 1.74 Nm3/kg and the carbon gasification efficiency is no less than 97%. This technology has a bright future in industrialization not only in electricity generation but also in hydrogen production and high value-added chemicals. Given the gas yield obtained in laboratory-scale unit, the hydrogen production cost is U.S.$ 0.111 Nm3 when the throughput capacity is 2000 t/d. A novel thermodynamic cycle power generation system based on coal gasification in supercritical water was proposed with the obvious advantages of high coal-electricity conversion efficiency and zero pollutant emission. The cost of U.S.$ 3.69 billion for desulfuration, denitration and dust removal in China in 2013 would have been saved with this technology. Five kinds of heat supply methods are analyzed and the rates of return of investment are roughly estimated. An integrated cooperative innovation center called a new type of high-efficient coal gasification technology and its large-scale utilization was founded to enhance the industrialization of the technology vigorously.

基于集控中心的沙溪流域梯级水电站水调自动化系统建设研究

闽江主流沙溪流域集控中心建成后,必须构建基于集控中心的流域水调自动化系统,以集合全流域水情信息,从而加快流域梯级水电站水库调度的决策与响应速度,提高沙溪流域水电集群的综合效益。基于集控中心的沙溪流域梯级电站水调自动化系统建设包括架构“集控中心”、水调自动化系统建设模式、业务节点互联、水情测报系统站点布设、通信组网设计、洪水预报对象规划等,该方案可对水调系统全要素和水调全过程进行数字化映射、智慧化模拟,实现与水电站、设备、气象的同步仿真运行、虚实交互、迭代优化,支撑精准化决策,助力流域梯级水电站绿色高质量发展。

A survey of geothermal power generation combined with renewable energy for low carbon emissions

At present,industrial development is heavily dependent on traditional fossil energy,which has had an increasingly serious impact on the environment.Clean and renewable energy has received extensive attention and its proportion in daily life has gradually increased.As a clean and renewable energy source that is not affected by changes in weather and seasons,geothermal energy has developed rapidly in recent years and has received increasing attention.According to reports,the total installed capacity of geothermal power generation in the world in 2020 was 15950 MW-an increase of~27%over 2015.At the end of 2019,the total installed capacity for global geothermal direct use was 107727 MW-an increase of 52.0%compared with 2015;the total annual energy use was 1020887 TJ(283580 GWh)-an increase of 72.3%over 2015.Through the investigation of geothermal power generation technology in recent years,the characteristics and shortcomings of various power generation methods are analysed.At the same time,this review analyzes the characteristics of geothermal energy and other renewable-energy(solar energy,water energy)coupling power generation,and analyzes the principles and characteristics of geothermal energy and various new-energy coupling power generation methods.Through investigation and analysis,this review provides a complete understanding of various geothermal power generation technologies and provides insights into the future development direction.

湖南省桂阳抽水蓄能电站高压引水隧洞稳定性分析

为研究湖南桂阳抽水蓄能电站高压引水隧洞稳定性,在工程区开展了高压压水试验和地应力测试,定量描述了隧洞围岩在高内水压力作用下的渗透特性,分析了整个工程区特别是重要工程部位的岩体应力状态,在此基础上根据围岩条件、抗抬理论准则、最小主应力准则、渗透准则评价了高压引水隧洞的渗透稳定性。结果表明:(1)工程区水平主应力大小总体上随深度的增加而增大,3个主应力之间的关系为SH>SZ>Sh,属于走滑型应力状态,钻孔附近地壳浅表层的最大水平主应力方位平均为NW32°,高压岔管及厂房区域属中等-低地应力区。高压压水试验结果显示隧洞围岩属于弱至微透水岩体;(2)高压引水隧洞各洞段具有足够的埋深条件,满足抗抬理论准则,同时隧洞围岩的抗渗透能力及抗水力劈裂能力均较好,基本满足钢筋混凝土衬砌方案的要求。

Photothermal hygroscopic hydrogel for simultaneous generation of clean water and electricity

Harvesting water from the air using adsorbents and obtaining fresh water by solar-driven desorption is considered as one of the most effective ways to solve the freshwater crisis in arid and desert regions.Based on a simple and low-cost photothermal hygroscopic hydrogel,a new strategy is proposed to boost solar energy efficiency by coupling solar-driven atmospheric water harvesting technology with thermoelectric power generation technology in this paper.Photothermal hygroscopic hydrogel ink PAM-CaCl_(2)is prepared by in situ polymerization using Acrylamide as monomer,Ammonium persulfate as thermal initiator and CaCl_(2)as hygroscopic component.During the day,the photothermal hygroscopic hydrogel absorbs solar energy and evaporates its own internal water to obtain fresh water.Simultaneously,the residual waste heat is utilized to power the thermoelectric panel,which produces electricity based on Seebeck effect.At night,the hydrogel harvests water molecules in the air to achieve regeneration.This hybrid system can achieve a water production rate of 0.33 kg m^(-2)h^(-1)and an additional electrical energy gain of 124 mW m^(-2)at 1 kW m^(-2)solar intensity.Theoretical model of the hybrid system is developed to understand the heat flow and thermoelectric generation process.The results provide new insights into energy and freshwater replenishment options in arid or desert areas with abundant solar energy.

健康在线监测系统在TB水电站的实施与应用

该研究的主要目的是基于当前我国水电系统发展的现状,探究健康在线检测系统在TB水电站引水发电系统项目中的应用情况。通过介绍TB水电站引水发电系统项目健康在线检测系统的智能门禁、智能车辆管理、智能通风等手段,得到智能化管理引水发电系统项目健康在线监测系统的相关措施。

旭龙水电站引水发电建筑物布置设计

旭龙水电站工程地处高地震烈度区,为解决引水发电建筑物布置设计面临的洞室群数量多、规模大、主洞室间距小、坝址区局部高地应力及存在断层等难点问题,结合地形地质条件和枢纽建筑物总体布置,依据相关规程规范,采用工程类比、三维精细数值仿真等技术手段,有效处理了进水口、引水隧洞、主洞室及附属洞室、尾水隧洞、尾水出口等重点部位布置及支护参数设计、围岩稳定分析等技术问题,确定了技术可行、经济合理的引水发电建筑物布置格局。研究成果可为同类引水发电建筑物布置设计提供参考。

南水北调中线工程运行期膨胀土长期变形及稳定性分析

南水北调中线工程运行数年后,部分膨胀土边坡渠段出现了长期变形问题。为掌握膨胀土渠坡长期变形规律,利用南水北调中线膨胀土边坡运行期长期监测资料,分析了膨胀土渠坡深层变形的长期发展特征及其与降雨的关系,揭示了膨胀土边坡深层位移长期发展的内在机理。借鉴土力学流变原理中剪切蠕变的负幂时间函数,分析了幂指数与蠕变衰减速率之间的关系,确定了边坡长期变形收敛与发散的判别阈值,提出了用于深挖方膨胀土边坡长期稳定状态的幂次判别法。选取典型膨胀土深挖方边坡,基于实测数据开展膨胀土边坡长期稳定状态评价。与后续实际运行状态对比表明,幂次判别法具有有效性。研究成果为膨胀土边坡稳定状态评价和运行维护提供理论与技术支撑。

南水北调睢宁二站真空破坏阀优化设计与应用

本文介绍了一种全新的断电闭阀型真空破坏阀,该破坏阀用于泵站的断流装置,可以在主水泵机组运行和停运状态下实现流道内的真空破坏,以防止水泵和电机的损坏。与现有的断电开阀型真空破坏阀相比,本破坏阀采用断电闭阀的方式,通过主弹簧和电磁铁的协同作用,在主机组运行时保持进气通道关闭,停机时打开进气通道,实现流道内外的气压平衡。该破坏阀具有节能、安全可靠等优点,可以有效提高破坏阀的运行效率和使用寿命。

A New Cleaner Power Generation System Based on Self-Sustaining Supercritical Water Gasification of Coal

A new cleaner power generation system(IPGS) is proposed and investigated in this paper. Integrating combined cycle with supercritical water gasification of coal, the thermodynamic energy of the produced syngas is cascade utilized according to its temperature and pressure, both sensible and latent heat of the syngas can be recycled into the system, and thereby the net power efficiency can be about 6.4 percentage points higher than that of the traditional GE gasification based power plant(GEPP). The exergy analysis results show that the exergy efficiency of the proposed system reaches 52.45%, which is 13.94% higher than that of the GEPP, and the improvement in exergy efficiency of the proposed system mainly comes from the exergy destruction decline in the syngas energy recovery process, the condensation process and the syngas purification process. The syngas combustion process is the highest exergy destruction process with a value of 157.84 MW in the proposed system. Further performance improvement of the proposed system lies in the utilization process of syngas. Furthermore, system operation parameters have been examined on the coal mass fraction in the supercritical water gasifier(GF), the gasification temperature, and the gasification pressure. The parametric analysis shows that changes in coal concentration in the GF exert more influence on the exergy efficiency of the system compared with the other two parameters.

Proposal of a Solar Thermal Power Plant at Low Temperature Using Solar Thermal Collectors

To this day, only two types of solar power plants have been proposed and built: high temperature thermal solar one and photovoltaic one. It is here proposed a new type of solar thermal plant using glass-top flat surface solar collectors, so working at low temperature (i.e., below 100°C). This power plant is aimed at warm countries, i.e., the ones mainly located between -40° and 40° latitude, having available space along their coast. This land based plant, to install on the seashore, is technologically similar to the one used for OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion). This plant, apart from supplying electricity with a much better thermodynamic efficiency than OTEC plants, has the main advantage of providing desalinated water for drinking and irrigation. This plant is designed to generate electricity (and desalinated water) night and day and all year round, by means of hot water storage, with just a variation of the power delivered depending on the season.

Prospects for High-quality Development of Water Resources

The water resources of rivers and reservoirs with a five-meter drop are used to discuss the technical theory and the cost and practical value of equipment cases.The high-quality development technology of water resources explored in this paper provides a feasible plan for achieving the goal of innovation to zero.

Renewable Energy:Wind Turbines,Solar Cells,Small Hydroelectric Plants,Biomass,and Geothermal Sources of Energy

In this paper,we present five basic types of renewable energy sources,namely:wind turbines,solar cells,small hydroelectric plants,biomass,and geothermal sources of energy.Wind turbines transform energy of wind into electrical energy,solar cells transform energy of sun into electric energy,hydroelectric plants transform energy of water into electric energy,devices or machines can be constructed to transform energy of biomass into heat energy,and geothermal energy into some form of energy.In this paper we present basic information and reasons why there is need today to use these forms of energy—called green energies,we present how these devices or machines function,and we propose for future work design of typical devices or machines that will satisfy basic functional needs.

Research on Green Transformation of Campus Sponge and Energy Saving Facilities on Sloping Land

Based on the renovation of sponge and energy-saving facilities in a middle school in Nanning,this paper systematically studies the overall elevation of the campus,the composition of the drainage system and the layout of space functions,and formulates a characteristic scheme for the renovation of sponge and energy-saving facilities according to the characteristics of the sloping campus.In order to control the total amount of rainwater runoff,the sponge transformation mainly adopts the transformation methods of partition catchment,upper storage and lower use,multi-stage detection and classification treatment.For the purpose of solar energy and wind energy utilization,solar photovoltaic panels and small-scale wind power generation system are adopted.The application effects of sponge and energy-saving facilities are estimated and evaluated.