Effect of droplet characteristics on liquid-phase distribution in spray zone of internal mixing air-mist nozzle

In continuous casting production,droplet characteristics are important parameters for evaluating the nozzle atomization quality,and have a significant impact on the secondary cooling effect and the slab quality.In order to study the behavior of atomized droplets after reaching the slab surface and to optimize the spray cooling effect,the influence of droplet diameter and droplet velocity on the migration behavior of droplets in the secondary cooling zone was analyzed by FLUENT software.Results show that the droplets in the spray zone and on the slab surface are mainly concentrated in the center,thus,the liquid volume fraction in the center is higher than that of either side.As the droplet diameter increases,the region of high liquid volume fraction on the slab surface becomes wider,and the liquid phase distribution in the slab width direction becomes uneven.Although increasing the droplet velocity at the nozzle exit has little effect on droplet diffusion in the spray zone,the distribution becomes more uneven due to more liquid reaches the slab surface per unit time.A prediction formula of the maximum water flow rate on the slab surface for specific droplet characteristics was proposed based on dimensionless analysis and validated by simulated data.A nozzle spacing of 210 mm was recommended under the working conditions in this study,which ensures effective coverage of the spray water over the slab surface and enhances the distribution uniformity of water flow rate in the transverse direction.

Measurement of Concentration of Sorbent Particles and Water Droplets in Hydration Desulfurization Reactor with PIV

Vortexing limestone injection into furnace combined with calcium lime hydration in the downstream is the most promising technology for controlling SO 2 emission. Particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) is used to measure the gas liquid solid three phase flow field in a reactor. By image processing based on newly developed software, the number concentrations of sorbent particles and water droplets are presented. The measuring results are very helpful for better understanding the desulfurization mechanism and optimizing configurational and operational parameters in the hydration reactor.

Sensitivity of the Grid-point Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG(GAMILI.I.0)Climate Simulations to Cloud Droplet Effective Radius and Liquid Water Path

This paper documents a study to examine the sensitivity to cloud droplet effective radius and liquid water path and the alleviation the energy imbalance at the top of the atmosphere and at the surface in the latest version of the Grid-point Atmospheric Model of the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics （LASG）, Institute of Atmospheric Physics （IAP） （GAMIL1.1.0）. Considerable negative biases in all flux components, and thus an energy imbalance, are found in GAMIL1.1.0. In order to alleviate the energy imbalance, two modifications, namely an increase in cloud droplet effective radius and a decrease in cloud liquid water path, have been made to the cloud properties used in GAMIL. With the increased cloud droplet effective radius, the single scattering albedo of clouds is reduced, and thus the reflection of solar radiation into space by clouds is reduced and the net solar radiation flux at the top of the atmosphere is increased. With the reduced cloud optical depth, the net surface shortwave radiation flux is increased, causing a net warming over the land surface. This results in an increase in both sensible and latent heat fluxes over the land regions, which is largely balanced by the increased terrestrial radiation fluxes. Consequently, the energy balance at the top of atmosphere and at the surface is achieved with energy flux components consistent with available satellite observations.

Adhesion forces for water/oil droplet and bubble on coking coal surfaces with different roughness

Surface roughness plays a significant role in floatability of coal.In the present paper,coking coal surface was polished by three different sandpapers and the surface properties were characterized by contact angle and roughness measurements.The effect of surface roughness on floatability was investigated by adhesion force measurement system for measuring interaction forces between droplets/bubbles and coking coal surfaces with different roughness.The results showed that the contact angle decreased with increasing roughness yet the adhesion force between the water droplet and coal surface increased owing to the increased contact line and the appearance of line pinning.Maximum adhesion forces between water and surfaces were 111.70,125.48,and 136.42μN when the roughness was 0.23,0.98,and 2.79 μm,respectively.In contrast,under a liquid environment,the adhesion forces between air bubble/oil droplet and coal surfaces were decreased with increasing roughness because of the restriction by water.Maximum adhesion forces of increasing roughness were 97.14,42.76,and 17.86 μN measured at interfaces between air bubble and coal surfaces and 169.48,145.84,and 121.02 lN between oil droplet and surfaces,respectively.Decreasing roughness could be beneficial to the spreading of oil droplets and the adhesion of bubbles which is conducive to flotation separation.

Numerical Simulation of Water Droplets Deposition on the Last-Stage Stationary Blade of Steam Turbine

Based on the method of discrete phase, the law of droplets’ deposition in the last stage stationary blade of a supercritical 600 MW Steam Turbine is simulated in the first place of this paper by using the Wet-steam model in commercial software FLUENT, where the influence of inlet angle of water droplets of the stationary blades is also considered. Through the calculation, the relationship between the deposition and the diameter of water droplets is revealed. Then, the amount of droplets deposition in the suction and pressure surface is derived. The result is compared with experimental data and it proves that the numerical simulation result obtained in this paper is reasonable. Finally, a formula of the relationship between the diameter of water droplets and the inlet angle is fit, which could be used for approximate calculation in the engineering applications.

Effect of water droplet in solvent sublation

Aqueous phase layer around bubble and water droplet are two additional processes in solvent sublation. In the dynamic process of mass transfer, they are always neglected, but they are very important in the investigation of thermodynamic equilibrium. In this paper, the effect of water droplet in solvent sublation was discussed in detail, and the previous mathematical model of solvent subaltion was improved. Matlab 6.5 was used to simulate the process of water droplets, and the comparison between the previous hypothesis and the improvement in this paper showed the superiority, especially in the investigation of thermodynamic equilibrium. Moreover, the separation and concentration of the complex compound dithizone-Co（Ⅱ） from aqueous phase to n-octanol by solvent sublation also proved the improved mathematical model was reasonable.

Influence of Electrical Field Distortions Induced by Water Droplets on the Contamination Characteristics of an Insulator

When separated water droplets condense on the surface of a composite insulator,the electrical field on the insulator surface is distorted.In turn,such distortions change the trajectories of pollution particles.In this study,the COMSOL software is used to simulate such a process for the FXBW4-10/100 composite insulator with or without water droplets condensation under a 10 kV DC voltage.The influence of the wind speed and particles concentration on the contamination characteristics of the considered 110 kV insulator is analyzed.The results show that:1)in the presence of water droplets on the insulator surface,the ratio of electrical field force and gravity acting on the particles is large;2)the contamination on the insulator surface increases with the wind speed;3)when the wind speed is small,the relationship between the contamination amount and the pollution concentration is essentially linear.

散水式喷头水滴特性试验研究

为了掌握散水式喷头的水力性能,探究其水滴直径、水滴速度和水滴动能的规律.采用2DVD视频雨滴谱仪对散水式喷头在2种出水口当量直径D e、5种工作压力的工况下进行水力性能试验.结果表明:D e为4.88和5.98 mm的水滴平均直径分别集中分布在0.73~1.38和0.85~1.53 mm内,说明出水口当量直径越小,水滴分布可能更集中,且水滴平均直径随着距喷头距离增大而增大,并呈指数分布.水滴速度随压力和距喷头距离增大而增大,D e为4.88 mm的水滴平均速度大于D e为5.98 mm的.在相同的工作压力下,D e为5.98 mm的喷头其单个水滴动能、单位体积动能和动能强度均大于D e为4.88 mm的.单个水滴动能和水滴平均直径呈指数关系,单位体积动能与距喷头距离呈指数分布,动能强度在距喷头距离0.1~0.6 m内波动幅度较小.

燃料电池气体扩散层表面液相涌出行为

燃料电池流道内的两相分布特性对于提升燃料电池水管理能力至关重要,探究多液滴在流道表面流动行为利于优化结构及运行条件。使用流体体积(Volume of Fluid)法对液态水从气体扩散层(Gas diffusion layer)涌出到流道内的动态过程进行模拟,研究流道内气体流速、GDL表面接触角和水孔间距对水涌出过程和流动行为影响。结果表明,液滴在GDL表面经历了生长、分离、传输和碰撞凝并等过程。气体流速明显影响压降和液滴分离周期,随着气体流速增加,压降增加,液滴分离周期从14.7 ms降至4.7 ms,水去除能力显著增强,高气体流速造成液滴形态和流动情况不稳定。GDL表面润湿性改变了表面张力,影响液滴形态和流动,显著影响水覆盖率,随着接触角增大,GDL表面平均水覆盖率从20.03%降至9.01%;水孔间距对液滴碰撞周期影响大,小水孔间距时液滴在生长中发生凝并,大液滴飞溅造成流道内气流速度下降,压降和GDL表面水覆盖率产生大波动;大水孔间距时,流道内速度场受影响明显,前一液滴获得大速度后发生碰撞更易造成液滴飞溅,导致最大水孔间距时水覆盖率下降,从16.84%(D=0.8 cm)骤降至14.69(D=1.2 cm)。研究结果为流道表面接触角,GDL孔隙分布、进气条件等参数优化提供理论指导和技术借鉴,改善质子交换膜燃料电池水传输能力提高工作效率。

燃料电池部分堵塞通道内液滴的动态行为

为了有效去除通道内液态水,采用流体体积模型(volume of fluid model,VOF)方法研究了燃料电池通道内部分堵塞对液滴运输过程的影响,探讨了堵塞块形状参数、液滴尺寸和气体扩散层(gas diffusion layer,GDL)表面润湿性对通道内两相输运特性的影响.结果表明:堵塞块的存在会影响液滴在通道内运输,堵塞块的引入导致液滴受到y方向的剪切力增大,液滴的运输速率提高,有利于GDL表面液态水的去除;随着堵塞比和纵向比的增大,通道内压降增大,液滴运输速率加快;随着液滴直径和GDL表面接触角的增大,液滴运输速率增大;当液滴直径为0.8 cm和GDL表面接触角为150°时,通道内液滴的运输速率越快.

挑流喷溅水滴的数论分档随机喷溅数学模型

挑流泄洪雾化时,水舌与下游水垫塘的碰撞会喷溅大量随机运动的水滴,它构成了喷溅水滴运动的初值问题,基于数论方法在选点较少的情况下仍然有较好的均匀性的思想。本文提出了数论分档水滴的概念,通过数论方法对水滴进行分档,并将高维相空间降维到一维相空间来计算,建立了水滴数论分档随机喷溅数学模型。对比其数值解和高精度解的结果表明:在计算水滴数相同时,本文数学模型的误差最小,随着水滴数的增加,其误差减小的也最快并迅速接近高精度解。因此,水滴数论分档随机喷溅数学模型不仅能够用更少的水滴获得更高的计算精度,而且能够实现高维初值相空间降维到一维相空间的简洁表达。

混沌脉冲组电场作用下油中液滴的聚结特性

混沌脉冲组(CPG)电场可用于乳化液破乳,但是乳化液滴在油中的聚结特性尚不清楚。通过数值方法研究了油中液滴在混沌脉冲组电场中的聚结特性以及电场参数对液滴聚结过程的影响。结果表明:CPG电场作用下液滴聚结过程可分为6个阶段,各阶段的呈现与电场作用时间和电场休止时间相关,其中第Ⅲ阶段的持续时间对聚结时间影响较大;占空比影响液滴聚结过程的状态以及聚结时间;电场强度的增加对液滴聚结状态无显著影响,但明显缩短聚结时间,当电场强度从500 kV/m增加到700 kV/m,液滴聚结时间从0.400 s减小到0.152 s。研究液滴在CPG电场中的聚结特性能够为CPG电场在工业中的应用提供理论依据。

喷溅水滴在白噪声激励下的运动特性

针对溅抛水滴在水舌风场的随机运动机制的科学问题,基于布朗运动的机制,提出运动于坝下游空间的挑流喷溅水滴,会受到大量气体分子的碰撞而产生随机力的物理思想,建立水滴运动随机微分方程,并应用量纲分析方法,获得了扩散系数的数学表达式,进而确立了水滴随机运动数学模型。应用该模型计算得到了随机力作用下水滴运动速度和运动轨迹的变化规律;并对溅水实验进行了数值模拟,计算得到的喷溅范围更接近于实验观测值,验证了水滴随机运动数学模型的正确性。

Roe格式在水滴欧拉方程数值求解中的应用

目前普遍采用欧拉法求解水滴运动控制方程以模拟结冰表面水滴撞击特性。水滴欧拉方程近似没有压力项的空气欧拉方程,但已应用于空气欧拉方程的空间离散格式多数不能直接应用于水滴欧拉方程,有研究者将经典Roe格式应用于水滴欧拉方程时出现了奇点问题。通过对水滴欧拉方程进行形式改造,基于中心格式验证改造方法的有效性,并应用Roe格式结合线性重构与限制器函数实现对水滴欧拉方程二阶精度的求解。将NACA23012翼型计算结果与FENSAP ICE软件进行对比,两者水滴收集系数分布基本一致。

旋翼近水面效应影响因素

旋翼在近水面高速旋转产生的水气交混流场会引发近水面效应,为了解近水面效应对飞行器介质跨越造成的潜在风险,通过近水面与地面实验详细对比了不同直径的碳纤维旋翼桨叶在无地效、地面效应与近水面效应工况下的气动特性。研究分析了旋翼近水面效应关键影响因素,指出了旋翼在近水面工作时拉力、扭矩与功率剧烈变化的原因,初步认识了液滴对于旋翼的作用,揭示了近水面效应影响规律:对于直径0.56 m桨叶,在高油门、低水面距离工况下,近水面效应具有非线性增升、增阻、转速降低、需用功率增大的效果;低油门、高水面距离工况下具有增升、减阻的效果;同时近水面效应又受旋翼直径、桨叶类型、转速影响。对于直径0.25 m桨叶,在不同工况下近水面效应都具有增升、减阻的效果。

板式湿式空气冷却器风机及喷淋系统试验研究与改造

板式湿式空气冷却器是一种综合空气侧增湿与高效低阻力降传热的新型模块化空冷产品。某炼油厂常减压装置板式湿式空气冷却器使用过程中,风机出口湿空气携带液体,形成空中飘水和地面积水,造成操作场地湿滑,成为工作安全隐患。结合板式湿式空气冷却器运行情况与工艺参数、风机性能、喷淋效果的关系以及夏季生产的实际需要,分析了产生此现象的可能原因,确定了关键影响因素。通过整机试验,开展了风量、风压、喷淋水量与空气携带液体的相关性研究,提出了产品改进措施。

正极性直流电场对绝缘子雾凇覆冰的影响机理及覆冰试验验证

复杂大气环境下绝缘子覆冰是影响电网安全运行的关键科学问题。与交流相比,直流电场对荷电水滴具有较强的吸附作用,但鲜有研究涉及。基于场致荷电、流体力学和电磁学原理,对两种典型悬式绝缘子开展了电场-流场耦合仿真分析以及自然覆冰试验研究。结果表明,荷电水滴在直流电场中趋向于沿电场线运动,且其轨迹偏移量随着外施电压和水滴直径的增加而增大,而随着风速的增加而减小;直流电场下绝缘子表面产生冰树枝,不同绝缘子表面法向电场分量存在较大差异,进而影响冰树枝的生长特性;随着外施电压的升高,冰树枝逐渐从绝缘子伞裙边缘扩散至其表面,且冰树枝尖端逐渐变钝;带电情况下两种绝缘子覆冰量和覆冰长度大于不带电情况,且增长幅度均超过15%。研究结果对于建立带电绝缘子覆冰增长模型奠定了基础。

Q波段微带到带状线垂直过渡结构

层间垂直过渡结构通常被用来实现组件结构的小型化和高密度设计,在毫米波电路布线中起着不可或缺的作用。本文设计了一种可用于Q波段的微带线到带状线的垂直过渡结构,在微带线的末端采用“水滴”匹配结构,以金属通孔连接传输线的形式进行射频信号的垂直传输。运用三维高频电磁仿真软件(HFSS)建立该结构,并与其他类似结构进行性能仿真比对。优化结果表明,这种结构在42~47 GHz频带范围内,反射系数小于-20 dB,带内插入损耗优于0.3 dB,可以满足工程应用的要求。相比同类型的其他垂直过渡结构,本文结构在减小占用面积的同时保持了良好的传输性能。

PEMFC扩散层中气体组分反应和传递格子Boltzmann模拟

通过格子Boltzmann方法中的多组分Shan-Chen模型对燃料电池气体扩散层与双极板流道特征结构进行模型构建,探究不同孔隙率、压缩比以及积水液滴位置对质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)内气体组分传递的影响。模拟结果发现小孔隙率会造成气体的堵塞,影响传质效率,而气体扩散层的压缩效应导致结构变形进而造成气体在流道进口处的堵塞;压缩导致气体通道变得狭窄,促进氧气接触下部的催化层发生反应,流道附近的反应强度会随着压缩比的增加而增加;当积水液滴位于扩散层中部时,其能够将部分的反应气体引导到催化层处,从而增加反应气体的浓度;而位于底部的液滴会将催化剂覆盖从而阻碍催化反应的进行。

利用AFM探究聚合物和表面活性剂对油滴间稳定性的影响

采用原子力显微镜(AFM)探究水中油滴之间的相互作用,并考察了聚合物聚(4-苯乙烯磺酸钠)(PSS)和阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)对油滴稳定性的影响。采用分子动力学模拟软件模拟了PSS和SDS在水中的相互作用。结果表明:在不含聚合物和表面活性剂的盐溶液中油滴容易聚并;当水溶液中加入100 mg/L的PSS会使油滴稳定,这主要是由于PSS吸附层提供了空间位阻,有效阻止了油滴之间的聚并作用;然而,100 mg/L PSS和0.1 mM/L SDS共存时会导致油滴再次聚并,这是因为PSS和SDS同时存在时,两者易形成团簇,只有少部分PSS吸附到界面,此时PSS无法形成有效的空间位阻,导致油滴在相互靠近时发生聚并,从而影响了水包油体系的稳定性。