The Discuss of the Formula of Flow Loss and Water Using Coefficient on Seepage Proofed Channel

On the basis of the analysis about present water resource situation in China,the disadvantage of the for- mula of flow loss and water using coefficient on anti-seep channel which have been applying in channel de- sign and water saving irrigation administration will be indicated in the paper. The characteristics of that the loss of conveying water is changeable with the now changing have been take into account in the new formula. The formula is validated by the example of middle permeable channel (A=1.90,m=0.40). The calculate re- sult is more precision. Also some formula has been given,they can be referred to the worker of the irrigation administration.

Flow Instability in Parallel Channels with Water at Supercritical Pressure: A Review

Research into flow instability at both subcritical and supercritical pressures has attracted attention in recent years because of its potential of occurrence in industrial heat transfer systems. Flow instability has the potential to affect the safety of design and operation of heat transfer equipment. Flow instability is therefore undesirable and should be avoided?in the design and operation of industrial equipment. Rahman?et al. reviewed studies on supercritical water heat transfer with the aim of providing references for SCWR researchers. It was found out that most of the CFD studies and experimental studies were performed with single tube geometry due to the complexity of parallel channel geometry. Because studies performed with parallel channel geometry could provide detailed information to the design of the SCWR core, they called for more studies in parallel channel geometry at supercritical pressures in the future. In order to help understand how flow instability investigations are carried out and also highlight the need to understand flow instability phenomenon and equip the designers and operators of industrial heat transfer equipment with the needed knowledge on flow instability, this study carried out a review of flow instability in parallel channels with water at supercritical pressures.

Experimental Study on the Mobility of Channelized Granular Mass Flow

Granular mass flows （e.g., debris flows/avalanches） in landslide-prone areas are of great concern because they often cause catastrophic disasters as a result of their long run-out distances and large impact forces. To investigate the factors influencing granular mass flow mobility, experimental tests were conducted in a flume model. Granular materials consisting of homogeneous sand and non- homogeneous sandy soil were used for studying particle size effects. Run-out tests with variable flow masses, water contents, and sloping channel confinement parameters were conducted as well. The results indicated that granular mass flow mobility was significantly influenced by the initial water content; a critical water content corresponding to the smallest flow mobility exists for different granular materials. An increase in the total flow mass generally induced a reduction in the travel angle （an increase in flow mobility）. Consistent with field observations, the travel angles for different granular materials decreased roughly in proportion to the logarithm of mass. The flume model tests illustrate that the measured travel angles increase as the proportion of fine particles increases. Interestingly, natural terrain possesses critical confinement characteristics for different granular mass flows.

Origin of Erosion and Hydraulic Problems of the San Roque Underground Arched Culvert Channel and Its Relationship with the Maximum Flow Rate and the Maximum Permissible Velocity

This work presents the hydrologic estimations of the hydraulic underground arched culvert channel (UACC) in Sabinal Basin, Chiapas, México and the hydrological problems associated with it, such as the erosion phenomenon and abrasion cavity formation in it. On the other hand, the maximum flows that the UACC could transport were analyzed, concluding that it no longer has the hydraulic capacity to transport the flow rate associated to return periods equal to or greater than five years and that maximum permissible velocity UACC’s bottom is 3 m/s.

Numerical Studies of Turbulent Flows in Channels with Abrupt Cross-sectional Changes

The turbulent flows through the channels with abrupt cross-sectional changes are common and importantphysical process in nature.For a better prediction of the mean flow and turbulent characteristics for this problem,atwo-dimensional depth-averaged numerical model is developed.The model is robust and accurate in reproducing therecirculation flow behind a groyne and turbulent flows in channels with abrupt cross-sectional changes,when com-pared to the available experimental data of mean velocities and turbulence kinetic energy.Our results reveal that theabrupt cross-sectional change of a channel can affect the flow pattern significantly and introduces the complex turbu-lence characteristics.In particular,when the channel has an abrupt expansion,the mean flow pattern is mainly in lon-gitudinal direction with rather small transverse component.Meanwhile,a recirculating region forms behind the expan-sion position and the turbulence has very strong intensity within this region.For the flow in the channel with an ab-rupt contraction,the longitudinal component of the flow is decreased by the obstruction on one side and accelerated onthe other side,whereas the transverse velocity is small.The turbulence is extraordinarily strong in the regions adja-cent to the contraction wall in the narrow channel.In both cases of abrupt cross-sectional changes,the TKE is genera-ted dominantly by the shear of the longitudinal velocities.

基于Flow-3D的多阶明渠工程数学模型研究

[目的]研究灌区多级阶梯明渠水流的水动力特性及泥沙淤积问题,并评价其对多阶明渠工程的影响.[方法]基于VOF方法,在Flow-3D平台上建立了山东省德州市牛角店输水工程的三维数学模型,通过模拟不同工况下的三维多阶明渠水流,对比分析水流流速分布、水面线变化及渠底泥沙淤积情况.[结果]水流流态平稳后,最大流速出现在第二级阶梯上,挟沙水流流速较清水流速大0.50~0.86 m/s;在挑坎及第二级阶梯上,水面线变化幅度较大;随着时间推移,泥沙主要淤积于挑坎前及第三级阶梯底部,200 s时淤积厚度最高达0.143 mm.[结论]在牛角店输水工程施工及后期运行中,适当加固第二级阶梯渠底,提升第二级侧墙高度,并通过调控下游水位以保证灌渠的安全运行.

Experimental Study on Transitional Flow in a Circular Microtube

We investigate the characteristics of the transition from laminar to turbulent flow in the microtube with a diameter of 310μm. The microscopic particle image velocimetry is used to measure the water flow at Re =1600-2500 in the microtube. It is found that the flow transition occurs at Re=1600-1900, and the streamwise streaks and vortices appear in the transitional flow fields. These experimental observations provide a validation for the theoretical prediction of unstable travelling waves in pipe flow.

Physical Experiments to Investigate the Effects of Street Bottom Heating and Inflow Turbulence on Urban Street-Canyon Flow

The effects of street bottom heating and inflow turbulence on urbanstreet-canyon flow are experimentally investigated using a circulating water channel. Threeexperiments are carried out for a street canyon with a street aspect ratio of 1. Results from eachexperiment with bottom heating or inflow turbulence are compared with those without bottom heatingand appreciable inflow turbulence. It is demonstrated that street bottom heating or inflowturbulence increases the intensity of the canyon vortex. A possible explanation on how street bottomheating or inflow turbulence intensifies the canyon vortex is given from a fluid dynamicalviewpoint.

长江上游水井湾航道整治数值模拟

水井湾滩段是长江上游弯道分汊河道,具有急、浅、险等多种碍航特性。洪中枯流量的差异引起主支汊分流比与分沙比的变化,河床不稳定。采用数值模拟方法,结合丁顺坝平面初步布置方案,研究丁顺坝坝头不同偏角布置下水井湾航道的通航水流条件及汊道分流比变化规律,对比分析各布置方案的计算结果得到平面布置最优方案。研究表明:通航水流条件与丁顺坝坝头偏角不成正向变动关系,坝头偏角存在合适区间;分汊主河道分流比与流量成反向变动关系,坝头偏角对河道分流比影响较小。研究结果可为同类型河流航道整治方案提供理论依据。

Equatorial Wave Expansion of Instantaneous Flows for Diagnosis of Equatorial Waves from Data:Formulation and Illustration

This paper presents a method for expanding horizontal flow variables in data using the free solutions to the shallow-water system as a basis set. This method for equatorial wave expansion of instantaneous flows（EWEIF） uses dynamic constraints in conjunction with projections of data onto parabolic cylinder functions to determine the amplitude of all equatorial waves.EWEIF allows us to decompose an instantaneous wave flow into individual equatorial waves with a presumed equivalent depth without using temporal or spatial filtering a priori.Three sets of EWEIF analyses are presented. The first set is to confirm that EWEIF is capable of recovering the individual waves constructed from theoretical equatorial wave solutions under various scenarios. The other two sets demonstrate the ability of the EWEIF method to derive time series of individual equatorial waves from instantaneous wave fields without knowing a priori exactly which waves exist in the data as well as their spatial and temporal scales using outputs of an equatorial β-channel shallow-water model and ERA-Interim data. The third set of demonstrations shows, for the first time, the continuous evolutions of individual equatorial waves in the stratosphere whose amplitude is synchronized with the background zonal wind as predicted by quasi-biennial oscillation theory.

岩溶凹陷式露天矿山大流量涌水治理技术

我国岩溶地质分布广泛,岩溶突涌水已成为石灰石矿山安全生产的巨大灾害与挑战。以广西某岩溶凹陷式露天矿山大流量涌水为研究对象,针对该矿山地质条件复杂、集中涌水量大、流速高等特点,利用岩溶发育特征、资料分析与地球物理探查等方法初步圈定矿山径流带区域;进一步通过钻探、跨孔CT和示踪联通试验等精准查找到矿山Y01特大涌水点岩溶管道的具体位置,在此基础上研究并实施了矿山涌水治理技术与工艺。研究表明:(1)针对复杂岩溶凹陷式露天矿山大流量、高流速的涌水特征,提出并实施了“非连续帷幕截流+关键通道探查与封堵+止浆垫控流降速”的岩溶矿山涌水综合治理体系。依据岩溶发育的不均匀性,提出了非连续帷幕封堵裂隙型涌水区域的思想;对大流量岩溶管道型集中涌水设计采用止浆垫控流装置,通过控流能有效降低关键过水通道内水流速度,为注浆材料的有效留存沉积和工程的成功封堵提供了重要条件。(2)关键孔联合注浆工艺是岩溶管道型涌水成功封堵的保证,关键孔是指直接揭露岩溶涌水管道或与涌水管道联通性极强并对注浆堵水起主要作用的钻孔。针对矿山Y01岩溶管道型特大涌水精准查找到2个关键孔,均在矿坑南部:一个是距涌水点直线距离约50 m的近距离钻孔(以下简称“近孔”),另一个是距涌水点直线距离约150 m的远距离钻孔(以下简称“远孔”)。现场采用近孔、远孔2个关键孔联合注浆工艺:近孔以粗骨料和自主研发的可控凝结新型材料进行注浆,远孔仅注水泥浆液;近孔粗骨料和新型材料既能降低管道内的水流速度为远孔浆液起到更好的留存沉积作用,又能作为封堵材料起到增强的功能,远孔因其离涌水点距离长、辐射范围广、浆液扩散充分而能确保封堵长度和效果。近孔、远孔协同配合同步注浆是封堵管道型大流量涌水的有效组合工艺。(3)涌水口止浆垫控流降速装置的合理有效调控,配合关键孔联合注浆工艺的同步实施,进一步确保了注浆浆液的有效快速留存和沉积,是岩溶地区封堵管道型大流量涌水的创新性技术和方法。项目实施后,彻底封堵矿坑内集中涌水量达7.12万m^(3)/d的Y01特大涌水点,实现总减水量8.43万m3/d(含非连续帷幕注浆封堵),保证了矿山的正常安全开采,大幅降低了抽排水费用,同时保护了周边环境和地下水资源,具有显著的经济效益和社会效益。研究成果可为我国矿山涌水灾害治理提供理论价值和经验借鉴。

旋流排沙渠道中旋转水流的排沙效果研究

旋流排沙渠道是基于旋转水流强挟带能力的特点提出的一种渠道水沙分离新技术,为了明晰其水沙特性,在试验研究的基础上,采用Realizable k-ε模型、VOF法及离散相模型,对旋流排沙渠道内的水沙两相流特性进行了数值模拟,通过与模型试验成果的对比确定了不同粒径泥沙的球度,研究了持续来沙条件下旋流排沙渠道的排沙效果,分析了渠道和排沙洞内泥沙的分布规律。结果表明:不同粒径泥沙的球度介于0.2~1.0之间时,在渠道顶部局部来沙条件下旋流排沙渠道对粒径为(0.075,3.000]mm泥沙的计算截沙率与试验值吻合良好,二者的相对误差仅为3.5%,误差主要来源于(0.075,0.160]mm的极细颗粒泥沙;当上游渠道水流进口来沙质量流量为60 g/s时,渠底高含沙水流由起旋室的分流,渠道含沙量迅速降低,起旋室前部和后部渠底水流含沙量分别为44.00 kg/m^(3)和0.07 kg/m^(3);排沙洞内的旋转水流对泥沙的挟带作用明显,在强离心作用下泥沙主要分布在排沙洞近壁面,最大泥沙含量约为200.00 kg/m^(3);在持续来沙条件下旋流排沙渠道对粒径为(0.075,3.000]mm泥沙的截沙率为95.98%,仅少量极细泥沙以悬移质形式进入下游渠道,渠道和排沙洞内无大量的泥沙淤积,表明旋流排沙渠道是一种可实现高效且连续排沙的水沙分离技术。本成果可为旋流排沙渠道在工程中的应用和水沙特性的研究提供有益参考。

体型参数对梯形旋流排沙渠道水力特性的影响

为明确起旋室和排沙洞体型参数对梯形旋流排沙渠道水力特性的影响,采用试验研究与数值模拟相结合的方法,研究了各参数下旋流排沙渠道的分流比、空腔形态、压强、流速,对比分析了不同断面型式的水力特性。结果表明,增大起旋室进口宽度,或减小起旋室出口宽度、起旋室高度、排沙洞直径,均能减小梯形旋流排沙渠道的分流比;起旋室出口宽度是影响分流比的主要因素,排沙洞直径偏小会限制排沙洞内空腔的发展;增加渠道水面与排沙洞出口间的落差后可在排沙洞内形成更有利于泥沙运动的旋转水流;梯形旋流排沙渠道的水资源利用效率更高,当渠道来流量为89.6 m^(3)/h时,梯形旋流排沙渠道的分流比较矩形渠道的降低了6.6个百分点,且同一位置处的旋转水流流速更大。研究成果可为旋流排沙渠道在引水工程中的设计与应用提供参考。

体型参数对旋流排沙渠道水沙特性的影响

为明确关键体型参数对渠道和排沙洞内水沙特性的影响,在模型试验研究的基础上开展了旋流排沙渠道的水沙两相流数值模拟。结果表明:起旋室高度对截沙率影响较为显著,最大相差5.41%;排沙洞直径、倾角和起旋室出口宽度对分流比影响显著,最大相差8.13%,增大倾角后改善了原排沙洞封闭端因壁面条件影响而产生的泥沙淤积;起旋室出口宽度对渠道内水沙特性基本无影响;不同体型下旋流排沙渠道均可高效、持续排沙,截沙率均大于90%,经过起旋室后,高含沙水流从排沙洞流出,下游渠道含沙量急剧减小。

含部分封闭断层油藏水驱优势渗流通道演化规律

含部分封闭断层油藏作为一种常见的油藏类型,低序级断层引起的断层部分封闭导致其与完全封闭油藏具备不同的流体渗流及剩余油分布规律。现有技术难以定量刻画整个水驱进程中油藏深部的优势渗流通道演化规律,进而影响了该类油藏的高效开发。因此,设计制作了含部分封闭断层油藏物理模型并开展水驱油实验,根据模型参数及实验结果建立数值反演模型。基于标准化过流量算法定量表征优势渗流通道,利用数值反演模型与无断层油藏优势渗流通道演化规律进行对比,揭示了含部分封闭断层油藏物理模型优势渗流通道演化规律。研究表明:断层遮挡区域采出井累积产油量较低、产油速度较慢,断层不连续处过流面积减小导致该处采出井见水最早。处于断层另一侧采出井虽初期产油量接近,但断层对注入水阻挡作用导致强阻挡区采出井分流率较高且后期产油速度最高。在无水采油期发育对驱油起积极作用的优势渗流区,该区域经过垂向均衡展布、“指状”展布发育形成油藏底部“纺锤体状”优势渗流通道。各井见水后除在强遮挡区外区域形成由注水井至生产井井底的优势渗流通道,随着注入量增大,该通道在垂向及采出井井周发育且对驱油起消极作用。与无断层油藏相比,部分封闭断层使优势渗流通道在强遮挡区发育滞后且强阻挡区注入水波及困难,导致各区域剩余油分布差异较大,集中分布于强遮挡区上部及强阻挡区断层附近。

船舶对明渠水流运动的影响模型试验研究

为了探求船舶对于明渠水流运动的影响,利用水位测针和粒子图像测速(Particle Image Velocimetry,PIV)系统分别测量了明渠水流中不同吃水工况下船舶前、后的沿程水深及流场,分析了位于船舶中间纵剖面上的流速分布特征。结果表明:①相较于无船工况,船前水深略有增加,船后水深略有减少;且船舶对水深的影响程度随着吃水深度的增加而增加,有船与无船水深的比值最大为1.071,最小为0.951;②船舶中间纵剖面上纵向垂线流速分布从船头前“J”型向船舶底部的“■”型转变,流经船尾后逐渐恢复为“J”型,且在船头附近形成下潜水流、船尾附近形成上升水流;③在船舶吃水深度为0.6 h时,纵向(沿水流方向)与垂向(沿水深方向)上都出现各个工况下的最大流速,纵向流速最大值达到无船时平均纵向流速的2.11倍,位于船头附近(x/l=-2/5);下潜水流流速最大值达到无船时平均纵向流速的71%,位于船头附近(x/l=-0.5);上升水流流速最大值达到无船时平均纵向流速的29%,位于船尾附近(x/l=2/3)。

甘蔗生物质炭在界面太阳能海水淡化中的应用

太阳能驱动的界面水蒸发作为环保、高效、可持续的海水淡化技术,在近年来受到广泛关注。快速的水运输、高效的光热转换是实现持续、稳定蒸发的关键。多级孔道的生物质衍生蒸发器在太阳能水蒸发应用中展示出高效、环保、可持续的应用潜力。以废弃的甘蔗节为原料,利用冷冻干燥和高温碳化工艺制备了具有天然多级孔道结构的生物质基蒸发器,并研究了材料的光吸收、水运输和蒸发性能以及不同风速下对流空气对蒸发器的蒸发性能和热损失的改善作用。结果表明:具有发达的多级孔道结构的生物质基蒸发器展示出了高达92.8%的太阳光吸收率。在一倍太阳光强下展示出1.55 kg/(m^(2)·h)的蒸发速率和77.6%的光热转换效率。此外,在风速2 m/s的条件下,蒸发器的蒸发速率展示出了高达2.27 kg/(m^(2)·h)的蒸发速率和91.6%的光热转换效率,显示了对流效应对淡水产出速率的增强和对热损失的抑制作用。

菱形流道对流动电极电容去离子脱盐性能的影响

流动电极电容去离子(FCDI)作为一种新兴的除盐技术,具有理论无限吸附和适用于高浓度盐水除盐的优势。但是,在FDCI系统运行过程中,流动电极在蛇形流道内很容易出现颗粒聚集和沉降,使脱盐率降低甚至出现堵塞流道问题。设计菱形流道并应用于FCDI系统,利用流态模拟分析菱形流道内流态,以选择适宜的流道结构来避免低速区和颗粒聚集区的形成。模拟结果表明,菱形L2流道内导流体的引入大幅度地降低了流道内的低速区并改善了颗粒沉积情况。此外,脱盐实验结果表明,在高含盐量(16 g·L^(-1))下,菱形L2流道FCDI系统依然能获得较高的脱盐性能。

ABRUPT DEFLECTED SUPERCRITICAL WATER FLOW IN SLOPED CHANNELS

The effect of the bottom slope on abrupt deflected supercritical water flow was experimentally and theoretically studied. Model tests were conducted in a flume of 1.2 m wide and 2.6 m long with sloped bottom at an angle 35.54°, its length of deflector was 0.2 m and the deflection angles were 15° and 30°. An approximate method for calculating the shock wave angle and depth ratio of the abrupt deflected supercritical water flow was suggested, and a correction coefficient for the hydrodynamic pressure was introduced to generalize the momentum equation in the direction perpendicular to the shock front. It must be noticed that in the sloped channel the shock wave angle and the depth ratio are no longer constant as those in the horizontal channels, but slowly change along the shock front. The calculated results are in good agreement with measured data.

3-D TURBULENT FLOW SIMULATION FOR THE TAIL WATER CHANNEL

The simulation of 3-D turbulent flow with free surface in the tail water channel is presented. The governing equations are the 3-D incompressible N-S equations and k-Ε turbulent model equations, which are discretized by control volume method to predict the mean flow and turbulent flow. The concept of a fractional volume of fluid (VOF) is also used to predict the free surface profile. The turbulent flow field in the tail water channel of the Fengman Hydropower Plant in China has been simulated by this model.