Study on Advanced Water Injection Time in Low Permeability Reservoir

A certain formation pressure level must be kept due to the threshold pressure of the low-permeability reser-voir during the seepage. Advanced water injection can keep the formation pressure at a higher level and keep a higher pressure gradient, which is an effective way to develop low-permeability reservoir. Based on the mechanism of advanced water injection and characteristic of porous flow in low permeability reservoir, a seepage model considering threshold pressure gradient is established to determine the formation pressure distribution at anytime as the water is injected at a constant speed. The optimum water injection time for the advanced water injection technology can be determined by using this model. The calculated result coincides basically with the numerical simulation result, which indicates that the model put forward in this paper is feasible.

Timing of advanced water flooding in low permeability reservoirs

It is very important to design the optimum starting time of water injection for the development of low permeability reservoirs. In this type of reservoir the starting time of water injection will be affected by a reservoir pressure-sensitive effect. In order to optimize the starting time of water injection in low permeability reservoirs, this effect of pressure change on rock permeability of low permeability reservoirs was, at first, studied by physical simulation. It was shown that the rock permeability decreases exponentially with an increase in formation pressure. Secondly, we conducted a reservoir engineering study, from which we obtained analytic relationships between formation pressure, oil production rate, water production rate and water injection rate. After our physical, theoretical and economical analyses, we proposed an approach which takes the pressure-sensitive effect into consideration and designed the optimum starting time of water injection, based on the principle of material balance. Finally, the corresponding software was developed and applied to one block of the Jiangsu Oilfield. It is shown that water injection, in advance of production, can decrease the adverse impact of the pressure-sensitive effect on low permeability reservoir development. A water-flooding project should be preferably initiated in advance of production for no more than one year and the optimum ratio of formation pressure to initial formation pressure should be maintained at a level between 1.05 and 1.2.

Stable Production Technology for Horizontal Well Development in Shallow Water Delta Oilfield of Bohai Bay, China

BZ Oilfield is a medium-sized oilfield with shallow delta facies deposits in Bohai Bay of China,compared with fluvial and delta facies oilfields,there is no mature experience for reference of reservoir configuration,well pattern arrangement and development model in offshore oilfields in China.In view of the difficulty in describing the reservoir configuration of shallow water delta,the single distributary sand dam in shallow water delta is characterized by well-seismic combination and multi-attribute constraints.The mathematical mechanism model of pinch-out position of sand body is established,fine characterization of BZ shallow water delta reservoir is put forward.The horizontal well pattern arrangement type for shallow water delta reservoir is proposed and the method of well pattern optimization based on vertical displacement theory is put forward.A method of inversion of reservoir connectivity using production dynamic data by numerical well testing is proposed and a new method for optimizing water injection rate in water injection wells is proposed aiming at the difficulty of recognizing injection-production connectivity of shallow water delta reservoirs.The fine configuration of BZ shallow water delta reservoir based on distributary sand dam is proposed,which guides the recognition of remaining oil distribution law.By deploying adjustment wells,the water flooding coincidence degree of actual drilling is 86% compared with that of pre-drilling prediction,which indicates that the research results of reservoir configuration can effectively guide the understanding of oilfield geology.Through the theoretical well arrangement type of vertical displacement of single sand body in horizontal wells of shallow water delta reservoir,a high water flooding recovery rate of 35% is achieved in primary well pattern.The connectivity coefficients of injection-production boundary of shallow water delta reservoir configuration are calculated,and the water injection distribution coefficients are obtained by normalizing the directional coefficients.This paper presents a configuration method based on multi-attribute fusion under the constraints of sedimentary process.In this paper,a shallow water delta reservoir configuration method based on multi-attribute fusion constrained by sedimentary process is proposed,and the injection-production connectivity coefficient and injection well distribution coefficient of the configuration boundary are calculated.

Experiments on the influences of well pattern on water flooding characteristics of dissolution vug-cave reservoir

Based on the similarity criterion, volcanic rock samples were taken from outcrops to make experimental models. Water flooding experiments of five-spot well pattern, nine-spot well pattern, five-spot to nine-spot well pattern, the relationship between relative well and fracture positions, and injection rate in dissolution vug-cave reservoirs with/without fractures were carried out to analyze variation regularities of development indexes, find out development characteristics of water flooding with different well patterns and sort out the optimal water flooding development mode. For dissolution vug-cave reservoirs without fractures, five-spot well pattern waterflooding has very small sweeping area, serious water channeling and low oil recovery. When the well pattern was adjusted from five-spot to nine-spot well pattern, oil recovery could be largely improved, but the corner well far from the injector is little affected. In dissolution vug-cave reservoirs with fractures, when the injector and producer are not connected by fractures, the fractures could effectively connect the poorly linked vugs to improve the development effect of water flooding. Whether there are fractures or not in dissolution vug-cave reservoirs, the development effect of nine-spot well-pattern is much better than that of five-spot well pattern and five-spot to nine-spot well pattern, this is more evident when there are fractures, and the edge well has better development indexes than corner well. At the high-water cut stage of water flooding with nine-spot well pattern, the oil recovery can be further improved with staggered line-drive pattern by converting the corner well into injection well. It is helpful to increase the oil production of corner well of nine-spot well pattern by increasing the injection rate, and improve ultimate oil recovery, but the water-free production period would be greatly shortened and water-free recovery would decrease.

水侵气藏型储气库全周期高效建设微观模拟实验

借助微观可视化模型与微流控技术,开展了水侵气藏型储气库初期建库阶段注气驱水及循环储采阶段采气底水上侵、储气排驱水体的模拟实验,分析气液界面稳定机制、气液渗流与赋存规律,探索储气库全周期高效运行的优化调控方式。研究表明:储气库初期建库阶段应调控注气速度,充分发挥重力作用保证气液界面宏观稳定运移,大幅度提高气体的波及能力,为储气库后续循环储采阶段提供更大的储气孔隙空间。储气库循环储采阶段,恒定的储采气速度导致孔隙空间利用率低,逐渐提高储采气速度,从“小吞小吐”逐渐过渡到“大吞大吐”,可以持续打破孔喉内流体的平衡受力状态,扩大储气孔隙空间与流动通道,有利于储气库扩容增效和调峰保供。

断块油藏注采耦合提高采收率机理及矿场实践

针对渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷东营凹陷古近系断块油藏水驱开发后期流线固定导致注入水无效循环的问题,基于渗流力学和油藏工程原理,通过室内物模模拟和油藏数值模拟,提出了“细分开发层系、轮注轮采”的注采耦合开发调整技术,并验证了该技术可提高采收率的原理。研究结果表明:(1)利用注采耦合开发技术建立的“注入期间的高渗通道与低渗通道吸水量比模型”和“采油期间主流线和非主流线产油量比模型”均揭示了“改变压力场促进渗流场调整,实现均匀注入和均匀采出,扩大水驱波及系数和增加驱油效率”的注采耦合渗流力学机制。(2)注采耦合技术可以实现“扩大波及系数、增加驱油效率”,起到类似“调剖”的作用,高含水期通过此项技术可将低渗透岩心的分流率由1.0%提到18.6%,模型驱替更均衡;经过2个轮次的注采耦合调整,高、低渗透岩心的原油采收率分别提高了10.3%和16.1%。(3)研究区D断块古近系沙河街组沙二段Es236含油小层油藏注采耦合开发数值模拟结果显示,主流线和非主流线驱替更均匀,两者压力梯度极差由2.3下降至1.4。经过3个轮次注采耦合开发调整,沙二段3—6砂层组油藏平均综合含水率下降了3.2%,累计增油1 760 t,提高原油采收率2.1%,增油降水效果显著。

大庆油田调整井固井技术研究

大庆油田经过多年的调整开发,受地层非均质性、井网加密、动态注采开发等影响,已改变了原始井下环境。针对大庆油田异常高压层油水侵、高渗低压层界面胶结质量差两方面难题,以“地质先行,一井一策”为指导思想,开展了钻井地质、水泥浆体系、固井工具等技术攻关,形成注水开采油田调整井固井配套技术。现场应用取得了良好效果,为大庆油田原油产能建设提供井筒保障。

基于合理地层压力的X油田吸水能力评价

地层压力是影响注水井的注入压力和吸水能力的重要因素,保持合理地层压力是实现油田稳产的基础。针对X油田A、B两个区块地层压力差异导致的油井产液降低的问题,采用生产指示曲线法结合油水井生产动态对X油田的地层压力进行了评价,确定了X油田的合理地层压力,构建了不同注水量下吸水指数与地层压力的关系图版,给出了地层压力恢复方案。研究结果表明,目前A区块处于合理地层压力范围内,B区块地层压力偏低,应补充注入井注水量;同时两区块实际注水量均偏低,应进一步提高注水强度。基于合理地层压力的油田吸水能力评价方法对油田水驱开发具有重要指导作用。

超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法测定水中11大类145种药品和个人护理品

药品和个人护理品(PPCPs)在水环境中频繁检出,是一类受到国内外环保部门普遍关注的新污染物。准确掌握水环境中PPCPs存在的种类及浓度水平,获取水环境中各类PPCPs的基础污染数据,是环境管理部门进行新污染物管控的重要基础。为此,必须开发准确灵敏、方便快捷且能实现高通量筛查及定量分析的检测方法。本研究采用大体积直接进样-超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法测定水环境中11大类(抗生素、降压药、降糖药、抗病毒药、β-受体激动剂、硝基咪唑类药物、H2受体拮抗剂、精神麻醉类药物、降血脂药、非甾体抗炎药及其他类药物和杀菌剂类个人护理品)145种PPCPs。水样经0.22μm的再生纤维素滤膜过滤,加入乙二胺四乙酸二钠(Na2EDTA)并调节pH值至6.0~8.0,加入内标混匀后,采用Phenomenex Kinetex C18柱(50 mm×3 mm,2.6μm)进行色谱分离,以含5 mmol/L甲酸铵的0.1%甲酸水溶液-乙腈为正离子扫描模式下的流动相、5 mmol/L甲酸铵水溶液-乙腈为负离子扫描模式下的流动相,分别进行梯度洗脱,质谱智能化分时间段-多反应选择离子监测(Schedule-MRM)模式检测,内标法定量。145种PPCPs在一定的范围内线性良好,方法检出限为0.015~5.515 ng/L,在低、中、高3个加标水平下的回收率为80.4%~128%,相对标准偏差为0.6%~15.6%。将该方法应用于11份地表水样品和6份饮用水样品的检测,结果显示,145种PPCPs中共检出93种化合物,地表水中PPCPs总含量为276.9~2705.7 ng/L,其中抗病毒药、降糖药和精神麻醉类药品的检出率为100%且含量占比最大;饮用水中检出的PPCPs总含量为140.5~211.5 ng/L,主要检出抗生素、抗病毒药和降糖药。该方法简单快捷,可实现上百种PPCPs的同时测定,适用于环境水体中多种PPCPs残留的测定。

井下油水分离装置现状与展望

油田进入开发中后期,采出液含水率急剧上升,如何降低含水率并提高采收率是开发后期需要解决的首要问题。井下油水分离技术利用水力旋流技术、重力分离技术或其他油水分离工艺实现在井下对采出液进行预分离,从而采出较低含水率的油水混合液,此项技术对于高含水油田具有很大应用前景。通过对井下油水分离装置的研究现状进行简要分析与总结,并指出目前井下油水分离装置存在的问题与挑战,同时做出展望,为其发展提供一定的参考。

油藏型储气库库容影响因素及其变化规律研究

针对目前中、低含水饱和度对自由气库容量影响的研究较少的问题,开展室内实验模拟了多次注气-焖井-采气实验,并根据相似原理,利用实验数据建立了自由气库容量与初始含水饱和度、注采次数的量化表征模型。结果表明,自由气库容量随注采次数的增多而增大,但单次注采后的增幅快速降低;含水饱和度(初始含水饱和大于50%)的提高有利于油藏改建储气库,但是建库初期的注采能力和库容提高相对缓慢;当初始含水饱和度由50%提高到85%时,经过6次注采后,含气饱和度降低幅度约9.27%,而当注采次数分别增至20、30、50时,自由气库容量增加幅度分别为0.51%、3.34%、6.61%。研究结果可为油藏型储气库的注采能力及库容评价提供借鉴。

缝洞型油藏高压扩容注入动态模型及敏感性分析

高压扩容注水是缝洞型油藏提高采收率的有效方式之一。针对高压扩容注水注采过程认识不清的问题,提出了3类高压扩容注水模式,基于高压扩容注入动态模型,模拟不同敏感性参数对高压扩容注水和生产过程的影响,并结合哈拉哈塘缝洞型油藏矿场实例,分析了3类高压扩容注水模式。结果表明:高压扩容注水有远端低能型、渗流屏障型和近端小储集体型3类模式,3类高压扩容注水模式均可有效动用远端储集体,提高采出程度,渗流屏障型增油效果最优;近端储集体大小影响注水指示曲线拐点出现时间,远端储集体大小影响注水指示曲线出现拐点后的注水难易程度;注水过程的交换指数大于生产过程的交换指数,表明高压扩容注水有效;裂缝闭合压力越小,应力敏感系数越小,注水指示曲线出现拐点越早,累计产液量越高。

海上低渗油藏CO_(2)混相驱可行性实验研究

海上珠江口盆地陆丰凹陷低渗、特低渗储量丰富,水驱开发难度大,注气开发需求迫切。CO_(2)驱是提高采收率的主要技术之一,但目前海上CO_(2)综合利用方面应用较少。以陆丰凹陷L油藏为例,开展了目标油藏原油注CO_(2)驱油机理实验和长岩心CO_(2)驱油效果评价实验,重点对比CO_(2)注入前后原油相态特征的变化,并对不同开发方式驱油效果进行了对比优化研究,为目标油田CO_(2)驱可行性提供依据。实验结果表明,CO_(2)可以有效提高低渗油藏的开发效果,提高采收率幅度可以在水驱的基础上提高11.75%,交替驱可以作为后期注CO_(2)防窜和进一步提高采收率的技术手段。实验研究结果对海上低渗油藏CO_(2)注气开发提供技术支持。

江苏油田复杂小断块高含水油藏注采井网优化技术

江苏油田复杂小断块油藏经过长期的注水开发后,目前处于中高含水开发期。现阶段储层非均质性对注采井网的影响更加突出,局部存在低效无效注水循环问题,亟需优化调整注采井网。根据非均质油藏剩余油富集类型和影响因素,在原井网基础上,利用油藏数值模拟方法,开展相控条件下的注采井网优化技术政策研究。根据模拟结果,确立了抽稀井网和转注高含水油井两种注采井网优化技术的政策界限,指导陈2断块、韦2断块注采井网优化调整,取得了良好的应用效果,为改善高含水油藏水驱开发效果提供了技术支撑。

高级氧化技术去除水中药物和个人护理品的研究进展

随着人们生活水平的提高,药物和个人护理品(PPCPs)的用量不断增加,常规水处理工艺中对PPCPs的去除效果不佳,导致其在水体中频繁被检出,对生态环境和人体健康产生潜在风险。因此,迫切需要更先进的水处理技术去除PPCPs。介绍了含有PPCPs的水质特征,回顾了传统的水处理方法优缺点,重点介绍了高级氧化法去除水中PPCPs的最新动态和研究进展,总结高级氧化法降解PPCPs存在的问题并对未来的发展提出展望。

枯竭油藏型储气库库容量化室内实验研究

在油藏改建地下储气库时,为了研究不同初始含水饱和度对库容的影响,利用实际矿场岩心开展了不同初始含水饱和度条件下气驱油水多轮次注采实验,分析了不同初始含水饱和度下气驱油水后的驱替效率及建库效果。结果表明,低含水饱和度条件下,油相的相对渗透率显著高于水相而更易被驱替出,因此主要通过气驱油来提高储气空间;中、高含水饱和度时,水相更易被驱替出,储气空间的提高逐渐由被驱替出的原油体积贡献转向于由驱替出的水相体积贡献。相同注采轮次下,由于储层岩石水湿及渗吸作用,高初始含水饱和度时的剩余水饱和度增大,气驱油水总的驱替效率降低,储气库的注采能力和库容相对减小;储层初始含水饱和度增大会降低气驱油水的驱替效率,不利于提高原油采收率及储气库扩容;初始含水饱和度越高,储气库达容时间越久,建库初期的注采能力越低。该研究成果可为油藏型储气库注采能力评价和库容分析提供指导。

煤层注射成胶型抑尘剂影响因素及抑尘效果研究

为解决煤层注水降抑尘技术中水分易流失,开采时注水抑尘效果较差等问题,提出一种既能增加煤层保水率又能改善煤层脆性的抑尘方法:研制出以海藻酸钠(SA)为基质的成胶型抑尘剂,并开展比表面积试验、氮气吸附试验、扫描电镜试验和产尘率试验,研究表面活性剂、黏度及注射压力对成胶型抑尘剂的影响。结果表明:表面活性剂有利于煤层润湿,但对抑尘效果影响较小;抑尘剂黏度增大有利于保水,可使保水时间由10 h提升至30 h,但会导致材料难以进入煤层内部;注射压力对于抑尘剂的抑尘效果具有较大影响,当煤层注射压力较小时,抑尘剂难以快速渗入煤的内部孔隙中,随着压力的增大,抑尘剂逐渐渗入煤孔隙中。当注射压力升至3 MPa后,抑尘效果不再随压力的增加而增加,产尘率由4%降低至2.3%,相对降幅达50%,有效降低了产尘。

鄂尔多斯盆地长8层致密砂岩平板注水实验

为了探索致密砂岩油藏有效注水开发方式,采用鄂尔多斯盆地长8层露头岩心分别制作长宽高为40、40、5 cm的平板模型6个,通过平板实验研究了周期注水、水平井同井异步注采、水平井异井异步注采对油水分布、压力分布、最终采出程度的影响。结果表明,周期注水平板初期注水流线向采出端均匀推进,形成扇形水驱前缘,在裂缝处形成窜流,注水半周期越长,裂缝水窜越明显,适当缩短注水半周期有利于提高采出程度。水平井同井异步注采实验由于裂缝间距小,注入水易水窜,剩余油呈块状富集在靠近采出端边角及平板中下部,水驱范围窄,最终采收率低。水平井异井异步注采实验注入水由注水缝向同井相邻的采油缝以及对面的采油缝同时流动,以相对缝间流动为主;水平井异井异步裂缝正对注采实验剩余油呈条状富集在靠近生产井边角处及平板中部,水平井异井异步裂缝错开注采实验剩余油呈折线状富集在靠近生采出端边角处及平板中部,二者水驱范围均较广,注采裂缝相互错开有效避免了过早水淹,提高了采出程度。

基于气−水两相流的注热CO_(2)增产CH_(4)数值模拟研究

注CO_(2)增产煤层气技术(CO_(2)−ECBM)可以降低温室气体排放,具有清洁能源生产和环境保护的功能。为研究气−水两相流条件下,在含水煤层中注CO_(2)增产CH_(4)的排采规律以及不同初始含水饱和度、不同CO_(2)注入条件对CH_(4)产量、CO_(2)储存和储层渗透率的影响,构建了竞争吸附、温度变化、煤体变形以及水运移的流−固−热耦合模型,通过与现场数据、已有试验以及现有模型的数值解结果,对比证明了模型有较高的准确性并对模型的优势做出具体阐述,随后利用COMSOL开展了CO_(2)−ECBM数值模拟。结果表明:注CO_(2)可以提升CH_(4)产气速率和产气量,这表明了注CO_(2)增产的可行性。随着CO_(2)持续注入,储层CH_(4)浓度降低,CO_(2)浓度升高,注气井附近温度升高,生产井附近温度降低且从注气井到生产井的温度缓慢下降;注气抽采期间,水相相对渗透率逐渐减小,气相相对渗透率逐渐增大。由于有效应力、基质收缩/膨胀共同作用,储层渗透率呈现“降低—升高—降低”的趋势;煤层初始含水饱和度越大,CH_(4)产量越低,渗透率下降幅度越小。累计CH_(4)产量最大下降15.19%,忽略煤层中水的影响会高估CH_(4)产量,在进行数值模拟时要考虑煤层水的影响;CO_(2)注入温度与注入压力越大,CH_(4)产量越大,渗透率下降幅度越大。累计CH_(4)产量分别增加13.27%、39.77%,渗透率分别下降20.4%、46.14%,提高CO_(2)注入温度和注入压力有利于提高CH_(4)产量。

饮用水中消毒副产物形成及治理的研究进展

氯化法广泛应用于生活饮用水处理的消毒领域,但会产生多种对人体有害的消毒副产物(Disinfection By-Products,DBPs),如三卤甲烷(Trihalomethanes,THMs)和卤乙酸(Haloacetic Acids,HAAs)等。检测数据显示,水环境中,THMs浓度范围为0.14~458.00 μg/L,HAAs浓度范围为0.16~136.00 μg/L。因此,中国生态环境部、美国国家环境保护局和世界卫生组织等权威机构制定若干法规,以保护人类健康。一些技术也被开发出来,以去除水中DBPs及其前体物。目前,常用的DBPs去除技术有吸附法、高级氧化法、混凝法、膜过滤法和联合处理法等。采用吸附法时,水中DBPs的去除率可达90%。