Water Intake and Utilization in Mithun (Bos frontalis):Effect of Environmental Temperature,Rearing System and Concentrate Feed Supplement

Seasonal and sexual variations as well as the effect of dry feed supplement on total drinking water intake and its utilization were observed in mithun （Bosfrontalis） - a semi-wild animal found in North Eastern Hill Region （NEHR） of India. In a completely randomized design, twelve adult mithuns （B. frontalis） as per their sex and body weight were assigned in two different rearing systems （free grazing and free grazing with dry concentrate feed supplementation）, and ten growing male mithuns as per their body weight assigned in two different levels of dry concentrate feed supplementation （1.o kg and 2.0 kg dry concentrate feeds on green forage based diet） and in two different seasons （summer and winter）. It was observed that the environmental temperature had a significant effect on drinking water intake by mithuns. Drinking water consumption （per unit of body weight） was significantly （P 〈 0.05） higher in summer than in winter. Supplementation of concentrate feed on free grazing animals resulted in increase in water consumption. Total water consumption （drinking as well as performed water） was found to be 15.18 litres per 100 kg body weight by growing mithun. Feed dry matter and digestible nutrient intakes by growing mithun were observed to be increased with the increase of supplementation of dry concentrate feed. Roughage to concentrate ratio did not affect the nutrient digestibility. Mithun calves drank an average of 4.30 litres water for each kg of dry matter intake. Metabolic water was significantly （P〈0.01） increased with the increase of supplementation of concentrate feed whereas water turn over, which depends upon the body weight of the animals, did not differ significantly on offering of lower or higher level of dry feed. Faecal water loss of growing mithun was decreased with the increase in intake of concentrate feed and was estimated to be 33 - 46 % of total water intake. Excretion of water through faeces of mithun was about 3.8 % of body weight. It could, therefore, be inferred that water intake by mithun varied with seasons, rearing systems and dry feed consumption. As far as the water nutrition is concerned, it is needed to give an attention while feeding mithun in summer with dry feed supplementation under semi-intensive system of rearing.

Influence of a Liquid Nutritional Supplement on Water Intake in Experimental Beagle Dogs

The objectives were to evaluate the effects of a liquid nutritional supplement formulated for dogs on water intakes and urine output. A liquid nutritional supplement was tested by way of a cross-over design in 8 experimental healthy Beagle dogs (4 males and 4 females, aged 9.3 years). The supplement (87 percent water, 2.7 percent protein, 2.6 percent fat, 0.4 percent crude fiber) was added to water and tested at 2 incorporation rates (50 or 70 ml/day/dog—D50 or D70) versus the control placebo (CO-water only). The dogs were kept in a controlled environment;water intakes and urine output were measured. Individual water intakes were characterised by large variations. Mean water intake increased significantly by 28 percent in dogs receiving the liquid nutritional supplement, in both genders, irrespectively of the dosage. Urine output was also increased, by 55 percent. Faeces scores remained unchanged. It was concluded that the liquid supplement increased water intake and urine output in a safe way, without increasing dramatically the daily dietary sodium chloride intake. The recommended dosage of the manufacturer—50 ml/day for dogs weighing 10 - 20 kg BW is efficient. Increasing the dosage had no advantage, nor adverse effects. Increased water intake and urine output is of interest for dogs suffering from urolithiasis.

Effects of Ovariectomy and 17<i>β</i>-Estradiol Replacement on Dopamine D2 Receptors in Female Rats: Consequences on Sucrose, Alcohol, Water Intakes and Body Weight

Background: Mechanisms underlying overeating-induced obesity in post-menopausal woman include functional lack of 17β-estradiol dysregulating dopamine D2 receptors, thereby inducing food addiction, glucose craving or alcohol dependence through reward circuitry. This study aimed at further understanding 17β-estradiol and dopamine D2 receptors interferences in the etiology of woman obesity. Method: Seventy-two Wistar female rats weighing 200 - 205 g, individually-housed, were divided into non-ovariectomized control (C = 6 groups) and ovariectomized rats (OVX = 6 groups) which were concurrently subjected to the following treatments: Non-drug-treated (DMSO vehicle), 17β-estradiol (E2, 5 μg/kg, s.c.), sulpiride (SUL, 20 mg/kg, i.p.), bromocriptine (BR, 0.1 mg/kg, i.p.), E2 + SUL or E2 + BR, designating the 6 constitutive groups of either control or ovariectomy. Within each experimental group, consumption of different solutions (10% alcohol, 10% sucrose and water) as well as food intake and body weight were daily measured, for 10 consecutive days. Results: This study indicated that D2S was a specific inducer of alcohol and food intakes, but reduced sugar consumption. In addition, 17β- estradiol regulated the body weight set point, modulating D2S functions towards increased food intake at lower weights and decreased food intake at higher weights. D2S met the slow genomic actions induced by 17β-estradiol. Conversely, D2L inhibited alcohol and food intakes, but induced specifically sugar consumption, thereby regulating blood glucose levels and promoting energy expenditure in reducing body weight. Indeed, 17β-estradiol exerted a tonic inhibition on D2L which was released by OVX, exacerbating sugar intake and increasing body weight. D2L mediated the rapid metabolic effects of 17β-estradiol. Conclusion: Our results supported physiological data reporting that activation of the mostly expressed presynaptically D2S-class autoreceptors decreased dopamine release stimulating food intake, whereas activation of the predominantly postsynaptic isoform D2L receptors increased dopamine activity inhibiting food intake. Our studies indicated that 17β-estradiol acted on the two types of D2 receptors showing opposite functions to equilibrate energy intake vs. expenditure for weight set point regulation. Our data also supported biochemical findings reporting that 17β-estradiol induced D2 genes transcriptional regulation, thereby involving both types of D2 receptors in the etiology of obesity. The combined dysregulated effects of D2L and D2S receptors, as 17β-estradiol was lacking, would be causal factors underlying the etiology of obesity.

Extreme wave loads on submerged water intakes in shallow water

This paper provides new guidance concerning the hydrodynamic loads on submerged intake structures located in shallow water under breaking and non-breaking waves. Results from a series of experiments conducted in a large wave flume at 1 ： 15 scale to study the hydrodynamic forces exerted on a generic intake structure located on a sloping seabed in shallow water below breaking and non-breaking irregular waves are presented. Based on analysis of the experimental data, empirical relationships are developed to describe the peak loads in terms of characteristic wave parameters such as significant wave height and peak wave period. The distribution of the peak loads across different parts of the intake structure is also described. Drag and inertia force coefficients for the horizontal forcing on the intake structure and for the main structural sub-components are derived and presented. It is shown that the well-known Morison equation, with appropriate drag and inertia force coefficients, can provide reasonable estimates of the moderate horizontal loads, but the peak loads are less well predicted.

HYDRAULIC SIMILARITY CALCULATION IN MODEL OF SEPARATION OF LIQUID AND SOLID PARTICLES BY WATER INTAKE HEAD WITH INCLINED BOARDINGS

The water intake head installed with inclined boardings is called laminate sediment precipitation, which separates liquid and solid particles in two-phase flow by gravity. The paper presents the equations for calculating the distance H between two incllined boardings, indicating that H has a key effect on the particle precipitation velocity V_2. The paper focuses also on the cal- culation of hydraulic similarity of model with the theoretic model.

2-D FLOW AND SEDIMENT SIMULATION FOR THE FLOOD REGULATION OF A RESERVOIR WITH WATER INTAKE

In this paper, the flood regulation by operating the downstream sluice gates for a reservoir with a water intake is studied. The two-dimensional depth-averaged flow equations are solved by the boundary fitted finite volume method (FVM) based on MacCormack prediction-correction scheme. The bed deformation caused by both the bed load and incoming suspended sediment is determined in a coupled way. The model is used to simulate the practical flood regulation operation of a reservoir. The results have been compared with the physical experiment.

MODEL STUDY ON PREVENTING SEDIMENT DEPOSSITION IN WATER INTAKE SYSTEM

The hydraulic and sediment deposition problems in the water intake system of a pumping house were studied by physical model. The experimental results of different working cases indicate that the sediment depositions at the gates, stilling basin and culverts are very few when the system was normally operated, but in the forebay of pumping house, especially in the pumping house for living water, the amount of sediment deposition sometimes is considerably large. At the front of the entry of pumping house for living water, installing a set of oblique pipes can prevent the coarse grains to enter it, the deposition amount will obviously decrease.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION AND COMPARISON OF WATER INTAKE-OUTLET METHODS IN POWER PLANTS

The eclipsed form arrangement and march-past method of water intake-outlet arrangements in power plants were researched by 3-D numerical simulation based on the k-e two-equation turbulence model. Firstly, the flowing characteristics of eclipsed form arrangement were analyzed and the effects of some main factors on inlet temperature were investigated. The simulation results are basically in agreement with those of the previous experiments. Then, by comparing the inlet temperature of the above two intake-outlet methods, the superiority and its existent conditions of the eclipsed form were examined.

Lake Mead Intake No. 3

As a result of a sustained drought in the Southwestern United States, and in order to maintain existing water capacity in the Las Vegas Valley, the Southern Nevada Water Authority constructed a new deep- water intake （Intake No. 3） located in Lake Mead. The project included a 185 m deep shaft, 4.7 km tunnel under very difficult geological conditions, and marine works for a submerged intake. This paper presents the experience that was gained during the design and construction and the innovative solutions that were developed to handle the difficult conditions that were encountered during tunneling with a dual- mode slurry tunnel-boring machine （TBM） in up to 15 bar （l bar = l0s Pa） pressure. Specific attention is given to the main challenges that were overcome during the TBM excavation, which included the mode of operation, face support pressures, pre-excavation grouting, and maintenance; to the construction of the intake, which involved deep underwater shaft excavation with blasting using shaped charges; to the construction of the innovative over 1200 t concrete-and-steel intake structure; to the placement of the intake structure in the underwater shaft; and to the docking and connection to an intake tunnel excavated by hybrid TBM.

Research on Monitoring and Earlywarning System of Marine Organisms for the Intake of Nuclear PowerPlants

An monitoring and earlywarning system is proposed for marine organisms and the cause of water intake blockage is analyzed. Based onthe intelligent sensing technology, computer software and hardware technology and digital signal processing technology, the buoy monitoring platformsystem is developed by internet of things technology, cloud computing and the application of large data. Remote realtime monitoring of aquatic organisms and foreign bodies is realized based on underwater acoustic detection and low light imaging technology. Data processing center is established to store, analyze and process monitoring information and display it in real time, and provide emergency decision support. Through development and test of relevant key equipments, the reliability of cold source system of nuclear power plants is improved, which effectively reduces theinfluence of marine biological invasion on security and economic operation of the units.

The Blue Water Footprint of Extensive Beef Production on Semi-Arid Rangeland over a Full Production Cycle in South Africa

Water plays a critical role in beef cattle production. Current methods used to estimate the blue water footprint of beef cattle are largely based on generic values that do not make provision for different production systems within different regions. Total production cycle measurements should therefore be considered to accurately assess the blue water footprint of beef cattle grazing natural rangeland. The aim of the study was to measure water intake of extensive Bonsmara cattle grazing Marikana Thornveld over a full production cycle at the ARC-Roodeplaat Research Station. Measurements commenced at weaning (June 2017) and continued until the heifers weaned their first calves at approximately 210 days of age (July 2019). Water consumption differed between 21.4 litre per animal per day when the heifers were still growing to 54.3 litres during lactation, relating to between 6.7% and 12.0% of live weight. The blue water footprint over the total production cycle was calculated to be 27,147 litres.

Determination Uranium Concentrations and Effective Dose of Drinking Water for Nineveh Governorate—Iraq, Using Kinetic Phosphorescence Analyzer (KPA)

In this work, the concentrations of natural Uranium and the annual effective dose (ET in Sv·y-1) in drinking water for Nineveh Governorate in northern Iraq were determined using a pulsed-laser Kinetic Phosphorescence Analyzer (KPA). Furthermore, the relationship between pH for water samples and the concentration of Uranium was studied. The drinking water samples are taken approximately from all regions of Nineveh as;15 samples of tap water are taken from refinery stations, 13 samples of water samples are taken from wells that are used for drinking, and 18 samples of drinking water are withdrawn from wells in Adayyah region (this region is located near nuclear wastes site). Thus, the total studied samples are 46. The results of Uranium concentration for all samples ranged from 2.61 ± 0.08 to 9.14 ± 0.012 μg·L-1 with an overall average value about 5.87 ± 0.046 μg·L-1, and the total annual effective dose ranged from 2.3 to 8.04 μSv·y-1. The results also showed that the pH number increases with increasing Uranium concentration and have, in general, high values in well water.

Total Energy Expenditure of 16 Chinese Young Men Measured by the Doubly Labeled Water Method

Objective Doubly labeled water （DLW） method is the gold standard for measuring total energy expenditure （TEE）. We used this method to measure TEE in Chinese young men. Methods Sixteen healthy young men age 23±1 recruited. TEE was measured by the DLW method, by indirect calorimetry. We also conducted 24-h estimate energy requirements of the subjects. years with body mass index 22.0±1.4 kg/m2 were and basal energy expenditure （BEE） was determined activity, energy balance and factorial approach to Results TEE of subjects by DLW method was 9.45±0.57 M J/day （2258±180 kcal/day）. The 24-h activity was 10.80±0.33 M J/day （2582±136 kcal/day）. The energy requirement, derived from energy balance observations, was 9.93±1.32 M J/day （2373±315 kcal/day）. The BEE of 6.65±0.28 M J/day （1589±67 kcal/day）, calculated by the adjusted Schofield equation, was significantly higher （P〈O.O01） than that measured by indirect calorimetry, 5.99-±0.66 M J/day （1433-±158 kcal/day）. The TEE derived from the factorial approach was 10.31-±0.43 M J/day （2463±104 kcal/day）. Conclusion The TEE of Chinese young men measured by the DLW method was about 10% lower than the current recommended nutrient intake （RNI）, suggesting that the RNI for Chinese men maybe overestimated. Further studies are warranted to determine the value of the estimated energy requirement.

Impacts of water quality variation and rainfall runoff on Jinpen Reservoir,in Northwest China

The seasonal variation characteristics of the water quality of the Jinpen Reservoir and the impacts of rainfall runoff on the reservoir were investigated. Water quality monitoring results indicated that, during the stable stratification period, the maximum concentrations of total ni- trogen, total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen, total organic carbon, iron ion, and manganese ion in the water at the reservoir bottom on September 6 reached 2.5 mg/L, 0.12 mg/L, 0.58 mg/L, 3.2 mg/L, 0.97 mg/L, and 0.32 rag/L, respectively. Only heavy storm runoff can affect the main reservoir and cause the water quality to seriously deteriorate. During heavy storms, the stratification of the reservoir was destroyed, and the reservoir water quality consequently deteriorated due to the high-turbidity particulate phosphorus and organic matter in runoff. The turbidity and concentrations of total phosphorus and total organic carbon in the main reservoir increased to 265 NTU, 0.224 mg/L, and 3.9 mg/L, respectively. Potential methods of dealing with the water problems in the Jinpen Reservoir are proposed. Both in stratification and in storm periods, the use of measures such as adjusting intake height, storing clean water, and releasing turbid flow can be helpful to safeguarding the quality of water supplied to the water treatment plants.

Dietary Iodine Intake in the Chinese Population

Objective To evaluate dietary iodine intake and its potential risks among the Chinese population Methods Individual dietary iodine intake was calculated using food consumption data multiplying by iodine concentration in foods, table salt and drinking water, followed by summing, and then compared with the corresponding age-specific reference values, including Upper Intake Level （UL） and Recommended Nutrient Intake （RNI）. Results In areas with water iodine concentration （Wl） lower than 150 ug/L, 80.8% of residents had iodine intake between the RNI and UL, 5.8% higher than UL, and the remaining （13.4%） lower than RNI if iodized salt was consumed. However, in the uniodized salt consumption scenario, only 1.0% of residents between RNI and UL, 1.4% higher than UL, and a large part of residents （97.6%） lower than RNI. In areas with Wl higher than 150 ug/L ,all residents had iodine intake between RNI and UL if iodized salt was consumed, except 10.5% and 24.9% of residents higher than UL in areas with Wl at 150-300 ug/L and higher than 300 ug/L respectively. However, in the uniodized salt consumption scenario, only 1.5% and 1.7% of residents had higher iodine intake than UL respectively. Conclusion The findings suggested that in general, the dietary iodine intake by the Chinese population was appropriate and safe at the present stage. People in areas with WI lower than 150 ug/L were more likely to have iodine deficiency. While people in areas with WI higher than 150 ug/L were more likely to have excessive iodine intake if iodized salt was consumed.

我国滨海核电厂取排水方式现状及其对海洋生态环境的影响

随着我国核电发展的加快,核电生态环境问题逐步受到关注。目前我国在运核电厂均采用海水直流冷却方式,取排水构筑物的建设对周边水动力及冲淤环境造成一定影响。通过比较我国部分核电厂取排水方式发现,暗涵排水方案对周边水动力及冲淤环境影响较小,在涨、落潮南北方向±200 m、东西方向±100 m范围内,平均流速变化仅为0.01 m·s^(−1);在距离排水口中心200 m的范围内,冲刷深度超过0.3 m。垂直岸取水方案对周边水动力及冲淤环境影响相对较大,平均流速变化0.05 m·s^(−1)的最远距离可达约2.4 km,取水明渠两侧淤积厚度大多在0.2~1.0 m。除海工构筑物对水动力和冲淤环境有一定影响外,核电厂运行对周边海洋生态环境的影响主要为取水卷塞及卷载效应、温排水和余氯的排放。建议在核电厂设计阶段综合考虑优化取排水方案,在优先保障核电安全的基础上尽量降低对海洋生态环境的影响,推进核电产业与海洋生态保护协同发展。

深圳LNG应急调峰站取水口设计

根据深圳LNG应急调峰站取水口平面布置,结合其使用功能特点和施工过程,取水口结构采用与护岸同步施工。针对取水口结构尺寸大、质量过大、浮运安装比较困难的问题,进行针对性的结构设计,采取“预制浮坞式+现场二次浇筑”方案,并对不同工况下结构内力进行数值分析。结果表明,该方案能满足设计要求,较好地克服施工过程中遇到的困难,并顺利通过交工验收,达到了节约成本和缩短工期的目的。

鲤鱼洲取水口工程进水流态改善试验研究

以珠江三角洲水资源配置工程鲤鱼洲取水工程为例,建立水力物理模型对取水河段的水力特性、取水口的进水流态进行深入研究。试验显示,取水口设计方案存在因弯道水流、汊道水流及侧向引水等导致的进水流态不良问题,综合取水河段河势、取水口地形特征,提出基于优化进水角度及进水导墙体型、适应取水水域岸线形态的水流调控技术,可有效调整取水口水流分布,改善回流等不良流态,提高取水效率。