Key techniques for evaluation of safety monitoring sensors in water conservancy and hydropower engineering

For the evaluation of construction quality and the verification of the design of water conservancy and hydropower engineering projects, and especially for the control of dam safety operation behavior, safety monitoring sensors are employed in a majority of engineering projects. These sensors are used to monitor the project during the dam construction and operation periods, and play an important role in reservoir safety operation and producing benefits. With the changing of operating environments and run-time of projects, there are some factors affecting the operation and management of projects, such as a certain amount of damaged sensors and instability of the measured data. Therefore, it is urgent to evaluate existing safety monitoring sensors in water conservancy and hydropower engineering projects. However, there are neither standards nor evaluation guidelines at present. Based on engineering practice, this study examined some key techniques for the evaluation of safety monitoring sensors, including the evaluation process of the safety monitoring system, on-site detection methods of two typical pieces of equipment, the differential resistor sensor and vibrating wire sensor, the on-site detection methods of communication cable faults, and a validity test of the sensor measured data. These key techniques were applied in the Xiaolangdi Water Control Project and Xiaoxi Hydropower Project. The results show that the measured data of a majority of sensors are reliable and reasonable, and can reasonably reflect the structural change behavior in the project operating process, indicating that the availabilities of the safety monitoring sensors of the two projects are high

Concept for Floating and Submersible Wireless Sensor Network for Water Basin Monitoring

It will show the feasibility of a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) devoted to monitoring water basin, river, lake, and sea both on the surface and in depth. The swarm of floating probes can be programmed to periodically sink some tens of meters below the surface, collecting data, characterizing water properties and then coming to the surface again. The life span of the probes may be assured by an on-board power supply or through batteries recharged by solar cells. The basic idea of the WSN is reported together with a detailed analysis of the operational constraints, the energy requirements, and the electronic and mechanical discussion.

In situ and on-line monitoring of cadmium in soil pore water using an automatic sampling integrated electrochemical sensor

Cadmium(Cd) contamination in soil pore water is the primary pathway for Cd uptake by food crops,such as rice(Oryza sativa L.),posing significant risks to both food safety and human health.This study presents a novel soil pore water metal sensor(SPW-Msensor) for in situ and online monitoring of Cd in soil pore water(Cd_(pw)).The SPW-Msensor integrates an automated sampling device,comprising a Rhizon sampler and a reciprocating series pump with an independent dual plunger drive,along with a portable electrochemical sensor consisting of a screen-printed electrode,flow cell,and portable potentiostat.The SPW-Msensor enables the detection of Cd within a linear range of 50 to 300 ppb while exhibiting high anti-interference capability.Moreover,it demonstrates excellent repeatability(relative standard deviation values(RSDs)<3.6%) across 30 measurements conducted within a 2-h period.The method exhibits good agreement with results obtained using the standard ICP-MS method(RSDs<5%).Additionally,this study establishes a positive correlation between Cd_(pw)detected by the SPW-Msensor and total Cd concentration(Cd_(total)) in the soil with an R^(2) value equal to 0.89.Data acquired from the SPW-Msensor can be utilized for predicting Cd_(total)through partial least squares regression modeling,achieving model quality score(Q^(2)) of 0.69,adjusted R^(2) of 0.9345,and root mean square error(RMSE) of 0.1912.The SPW-Msensor demonstrates real-time monitoring capabilities for assessing Cd levels in acidified soils.This SPW-Msensor offers an efficient approach for in-situ and continuous monitoring of Cd_(pw)that provides valuable insights applicable to environmental and agricultural domains.

A modified soil water content measurement technique using actively heated fiber optic sensor

Soil water content measurement is critical in practical engineering.The actively heated fiber Bragg grating optic sensor(FBGS)has great potential of multi-point measurement for soil water content measurement in field.In this study,the effect of heating time on the measurement accuracy is discussed,and modifications are made for actively heated fiber optic(AHFO)sensors.The results demonstrate that if an integration data analysis method is used,the accuracy and reliability of soil water content measurement with AHFO sensors will be improved.Both a short fiber length and a short-term heating pattern are effective and can help to reduce soil disturbance.With the proposed integration method,a short heating time is guaranteed for measuring the soil water content.Such improvements will reduce the thermal disturbance to soil sample and improve the reliability of measurement.

Laboratory-Scale Evaluation of Single Analyte Bacterial Monitoring Strategies in Water Injection Systems

Microbial activity is the cause of a variety of problems in water injection systems, e.g., microbial corrosion, plugging, and biofouling. Efficient monitoring of Saudi Aramco’s vast water injection system requires the development of online and automated technologies for monitoring microbial activities in the system. A previous system review and technology screening has identified five single-analyte strategies [1], which were evaluated in this study with a laboratory-scale setup to determine their applicability for automated determination of microbial activity in the injection water system. Four of the five single-analyte measuring principles tested in the laboratory setup were deemed less suitable for automation and/or reliable for use in the detection of microbial activity in the company injection water system. These four principles were: luminescence assay for adenosine-5’-triphosphate (ATP), detection and electrochemical measurements of H2S, determination of pH by electrochemical sensor, and measurement of oxidation-reduction potential (ORP). The strategy of staining cells with fluorescent DNA dyes, followed by quantification of fluorescence signals, was identified to hold, with proper optimization of DNA staining and fluorescence detection, a very promising potential for integration in automated, online sensors for microbial activity in the injection water system.

Optimization of DNA Staining Technology for Development of Autonomous Microbe Sensor for Injection Seawater Systems

Microbial activity in the water injection system in oil and gas industry leads to an array of challenges, including biofouling, injectivity loss, reservoir plugging, and microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC). An effective mitigation strategy requires online and real-time monitoring of microbial activity and growth in the system so that the operators can apply and adjust counter-measures quickly and properly. The previous study [1] identified DNA staining technology-with PicoGreen and SYBR Green dyes—as a very promising method for automated, online determination of microbial cell abundance in the vast Saudi Aramco injection seawater systems. This study evaluated DNA staining technology on detection limit, automation potential, and temperature stability for the construction of automated sensor prototype. DNA staining with SYBR Green dye was determined to be better suited for online and real-time monitoring of microbial activity in the Saudi Aramco seawater systems. SYBR Green staining does not require sample pre-treatment, and the fluorescence signal intensity is more stable at elevated temperatures up to 30℃. The lower detection limit of 2 × 103/ml was achieved under the optimized conditions, which is sufficient to detect microbial numbers in Saudi Aramco injection seawater. Finally, the requirements for design and construction of SYBR-based automated sensor prototype were determined.

Design and Implementation of a Low-Cost Portable Water Quality Monitoring System

Water is one of the needs with remarkable significance to man and other living things.Water quality management is a concept based on the continuous monitoring of water quality.The monitoring scheme aims to accumulate data to make decisions on water resource descriptions,identify real and emergent issues involving water pollution,formulate priorities,and plan for water quality management.The regularly considered parameters when conducting water quality monitoring are turbidity,pH,temperature,conductivity,dissolved oxygen,chemical oxygen demand,biochemical oxygen demand,ammonia,and metal ions.The usual method employed in capturing these water parameters is the manual collection and sending of samples to a laboratory for detection and analysis.However,this method is impractical in the long run because it is laborious and consumes a considerable amount of human resources.Sensors integrated into a mobile phone application interface can address this issue.This paper aims to design and implement an Internet of Things-based system comprising pH,temperature,and turbidity sensors,which are all integrated into a mobile phone application interface for a water monitoring system.This project utilizes the Bluetooth Standard(IEEE 802.15.1)for communication/transfer of data,while the water quality monitoring system relies on the pH,turbidity,and temperature of the test water.

Monitoring Soil Moisture under Wheat Growth through a Wireless Sensor Network in Dry Conditions

Drought research requires data on precipitation and actual soil moisture of fields because precipitation is variable among years and the soil textures differ with crop fields. Measurement of soil water content in the field is simple but labor-intensive. A prototype of an automatic field data monitoring system has been recently developed to collect data more efficiently. Using this system, data of soil water contents was successfully transmitted onto the personal computer approximately 700 m away from wheat field plots, for the period from March to May which was critical for soil drying and wheat growth. In addition, sample data of soil water content and grain yield was obtained from field plots of three bread wheat genotypes.

嵌入式水润滑轴承水膜压力无线传感监测方法

现有测试水润滑轴承特性重要表征参数水膜压力的诸多方法中,由于传感器距离真实测点较远或对轴系创伤较大等原因,导致准确的水膜压力实证数据难以获取,制约了轴承进一步研究与发展。针对上述难题,提出将薄膜传感器嵌入到轴承轴瓦中,而压力数据通过无线传感传输的全新监测方法。首先,建立轴瓦开槽轴承的物理模型,通过对沟槽附近轴瓦变形的有限元分析确定开槽位置、结构与数量;建立轴承流体域和固体域物理模型,对水膜压力分布进行仿真分析;然后,提出薄膜传感器标定方法对其准确标定;最后,进行多工况轴承水膜压力测试试验并与仿真结果和现有方法进行对比分析。研究结果表明,通过在轴承轴瓦开槽嵌入薄膜传感器并进行数据无线传输的方法可行,水膜压力实测数据与仿真结果偏差低于10%,比现有方法实测数据更精确。水膜压力沿轴向递减,轴承内部存在部分润滑膜,处于混合润滑状态。

面向突发性水污染事件的多传感器动态组网立体监测

针对突发性水污染事件应急监测和智能模拟分析需求,研究了多传感器立体协同监测模型,建立了突发性水污染事件的时间、空间属性和传感器观测性能之间的相关关系,实现了卫星、无人机、地面、水上平台的动态、协同组网。在丹江口库区开展了突发性水污染事件动态组网立体监测实验分析,根据水污染事件发生时、动态演变过程中和事件后期3个阶段的不同观测需求,基于多传感器立体协同监测模型,深入开展了多传感器协同优化求解,确定了相应的观测平台及传感器。实验结果表明,协同、高效的“天空地一体化”立体感知网能够全面、精准、快速获取水污染事件监测信息,可以科学支撑突发性水污染事件的应急处置。

多功能便携式水库水质智能移动监测系统设计与实现

为了提高水库水质监测效率和精度,基于物联网、传感器和移动平台技术,构建了一种多功能水库水质智能移动监测系统。系统由ZigBee无线网络、Android智能移动平台、各类型传感器和上位机四部分组成。不仅具有良好的人机交互体验功能,还具有便携性和可移植性,同时可大大降低系统开发成本,能够实现对水温、pH、电导率、水位等多个参数的同时在线实时监测、数据传输、数据分析、阈值设置和报警功能。系统对水温、pH和电导率的平均监测误差分别为3.8%、1.6%和2.7%,均小于5%,精度较高,可在水库常规水质监测中予以应用。

基于PLC控制下水肥一体化智能监控系统设计

水肥一体化系统通过实时监测土壤湿度、植物生长状态等参数,精确控制水肥供给,避免过量使用水和肥料,这对于解决水资源短缺和减少农业生产对肥料的依赖具有重要意义。通过深入分析PLC技术,基于西门子S7-1200作为控制核心,采用先进的传感器技术,实现了对土壤湿度、植物生长状态等关键参数的实时监测,通过智能设备,实时监测农田状态,并远程调整水肥系统的运行参数。试验结果表明,基于PLC控制的水肥一体化智能监控系统能够显著提高水肥利用率,减少资源浪费,降低生产成本,可以为农业生产提供一种先进、高效的管理方案,不仅有助于解决当前农业面临的水资源和肥料管理难题,也为实现可持续农业发展贡献重要的技术手段。

基于物联网的水务移动监测平台应用研究

由于水务系统的各项硬件设备长期运行在潮湿环境下,导致故障的发生频率升高。为了实时监测水务系统的运行,提出了基于物联网的水务移动监测平台应用研究。根据电压探测芯片的感知原理,设计了电源监测电路。在恒定电流下,将压敏元件应用到压力/流量传感器信号处理电路中,结合水务物联网移动监测终端的设计,完成平台的硬件设计。在平台的软件设计中,通过给出供水压力、水泵流量和调速比的约束条件,构建了水务系统优化调度模型。通过监测供水管的裂痕情况,设计了水务移动监测算法,实现平台的软件设计。测试结果表明,监测平台的各项功能均可以正常运行,并将监测数据传输时间控制在5 s以内,提高了监测的实时性。

基于无线传感器网络的鱼塘水质管理研究

随着水产养殖业的快速发展,鱼塘水质管理成为保障养殖效率与产品品质的关键因素。文章探讨了一种基于无线传感器网络的鱼塘水质监测系统的设计与应用。该系统集成了多种水质传感器,如溶解氧、pH值、温度和氨氮浓度传感器,以实时监测鱼塘的水质参数。传感器节点通过无线方式将采集到的数据传输至汇聚节点,再由汇聚节点将数据发送至远程监控中心,实现对水质的远程监控与管理。该系统采用自组织网络技术,能够适应鱼塘复杂多变的环境,降低布线成本,提高监测灵活性。此外,该研究还涉及数据处理算法与预警机制,以便及时发现水质异常并采取相应措施,确保水质维持在适宜养殖的范围内。通过试验验证,该系统有效提升了鱼塘水质管理的效率与精确度,对促进水产养殖业的智能化发展具有重要意义。

基于传感器技术和水封效应协同的VOCs废气处理系统火灾监测及阻隔装置设计

为了预防和控制有机废气处理设施在运行过程中发生火灾事故,研究设计并制作了一种基于传感器技术和水封效应协同的VOCs废气处理系统火灾监测及阻隔装置。通过多种类型的传感器实时监测关键设备状态参数,早期发现火灾隐患,利用水喷淋阻火装置有效切断火焰在VOCs废气处理系统各区域及生产车间之间的传播路径,依靠逻辑控制程序实现各设备之间的安全联锁,保障VOCs废气处理系统的稳定运行,对当前企业废气处理设施的安全生产研究与探索具有一定的现实价值和意义。

基于电涡流传感器的水润滑轴承磨损监测系统

为了实时监测轴承磨损状态,保证舰船航行安全,设计一种基于电涡流传感器的水润滑轴承磨损监测系统。将电涡流传感器固定安装在导流罩上,静态获取尾轴停止时的下沉位移测量磨损量,动态测量尾轴转动时输出的正弦信号,通过软件法求解瞬时转速。对系统主要硬件进行设计和选型,确保其满足磨损监测的需要,同时对软件的工作流程和主要功能模块进行设计,完成监测系统的研发。经过试验测试验证,该系统各项功能符合预期目标,能够有效监测水润滑轴承磨损状态。研究成果对水润滑轴承的使用和维修具有指导意义和应用价值。

极谱式柔性溶解氧智能传感器研发

溶解氧在维持水体生态系统和保证良好生产生活方面发挥着关键作用。随着新技术、新材料、新兴应用场景的涌现,尤其在推动渔业智能化的进程中,溶解氧的检测需要更加轻质、微小、柔软、生物相容的传感器。柔性电子与传感技术的结合为上述问题的解决提供了可能。该研究利用磁控溅射和点胶喷墨技术制备了一种具备温度测量功能的柔性溶解氧传感器并评估其线性度、灵敏度、响应时间、漂移、稳定性、机械弯曲等性能,设计相应的传感电路和智能处理系统,验证该智能传感器在养殖水体溶解氧检测中的可行性。结果表明:常温下,柔性溶解氧传感器的采集电流与溶解氧含量之间具有较好的线性关系(R^(2)为0.9945),传感器的灵敏度为-0.03μA·L/mg,响应时间为16.8 s,7 d内响应电流的最大差值为0.0195μA。柔性温度传感器在0~150℃范围内的电阻与温度具有良好的线性关系(R^(2)为0.9949),传感器的灵敏度为-2.47 kΩ/℃,响应时间为3 s,迟滞误差为2.17%,且在0~60°的弯曲范围内均保持良好的性能。所开发的智能传感器相较商用传感器在不同温度下溶解氧含量检测的最大误差小于5%,可快速准确获取待测水体的溶解氧含量和温度信息,具有良好的渔业应用前景。

面向供水管网漏损监测的传感器优化布置多准则决策分析方法

供水管网漏损精准监测对于避免水资源浪费具有重要意义,为此,提出一种面向供水管网漏损监测的传感器优化布置多准则决策分析方法。基于充分考虑传感器布置优化的权重、差异阈值和偏好阈值的不确定性,利用信息熵在整个决策空间内对传感器的初始位置进行筛选再根据漏损监测目标,通过定义一组传感器布置优化准则,利用多准则决策分析方法对初始方案进行排序,得到顾及多组参数及不同偏好场景下各种初始方案的概率排序。为了验证该方法的适用性,采用基准测试管网k1模型开展仿真试验并比较了几种不同的偏好场景。结果表明所提出的方法能够适应顺序优先和最重要的优先顺序,而且能够对方案进行排序和成对比较,避免了使用“黑匣子”对传感器布置方案进行选择。

水泥灌浆全过程物联网监测系统研究

在水利水电工程建设中,帷幕灌浆工程量大,需采用智能灌浆全过程物联网监测系统替代常规灌浆记录仪,以规范施工操作。设计了一种包含制浆机、灌浆泵及储浆桶的水泥灌浆全过程物联网监测系统,集成智能传感器、PLC、物联网网关模块等设备,利用物联网网关云服务器数据爬取技术实现进浆及返浆流量、进浆密度、压力等数据的采集和处理,并能提供触摸屏人机交互及数据存储功能,且实现了远程物联透传显示及控制。该系统已在南水北调中线雄安调蓄库灌浆试验工程中付诸应用,结果表明:该系统运行稳定,数据实时性好,为实现全过程智能灌浆和管控奠定了基础。

多参数云传感器系统在水质监测中的应用

针对饮用水管道中水质传感器表面污垢导致无线传感网络检测数据不准确的问题,设计了一种内置微型污垢监测器的多参数传感器系统。通过测量管道中的薄层沉积物,估算污垢的厚度和类型,利用算法分析实现了预警、预测性维护和更高效的管理流程,并在供水网络中实施为期两个月的实验验证。实证结果表明,此方案鲁棒性高、成本低,具有实用性。