China has started shifting from relying on supply management to demand management strategy in addressing its water shortage problems.Water option,a financial derivative for water commodity,has been utilized to manage ...China has started shifting from relying on supply management to demand management strategy in addressing its water shortage problems.Water option,a financial derivative for water commodity,has been utilized to manage water demands in the United States and Europe since the 1990 s but is still novel to China.In this study we analyzed the pros and cons of China’s existing system for water rights transfers and proposed an alternative,flexible trading instrument-water options for China.Incorporating the uncertainty to water option pricing,this study first conducted an empirical analysis of the water option in the water-receiving area of the Hanjiang-Weihe River Transfer Project of China,and then evaluated the benefits of the water option applications.Results show that water option trading can bring water cost saving and increase the potential industrially added value for industrial enterprises in the receiving area,and trading of short-and-medium term water options is more favorable than the long-term water options trading.The novel water option trading proposed in this study,once verified through pilot studies,will be helpful in addressing water shortage problems in China.展开更多
Through the research on several carbonate reservoirs developed in the Middle East, the basic characteristics of different types of carbonate reservoirs are determined, and a set of high-efficiency water injection deve...Through the research on several carbonate reservoirs developed in the Middle East, the basic characteristics of different types of carbonate reservoirs are determined, and a set of high-efficiency water injection development options and strategies are presented. Hidden baffles and barriers exist in carbonate reservoirs in the Middle East, so the reservoirs could be divided into different separated development units based on the baffles and barriers characteristics. Flexible and diverse profile control techniques such as high angle wells and simple and applicative zonal water injection have been introduced to improve the control and development degree of reservoirs. Three principal water injection development methods suitable for different carbonate reservoirs in the Middle East are proposed, including the combination of crestal gas injection and peripheral water injection, bottom interval injection and top interval production(buoyancy underpinning), and "weak point and strong plane" area well pattern. Based on the characteristics of very low shale content, fast and far pressure transmission in the Middle East carbonate reservoirs, a large well-spacing flood pattern is recommended, and reasonable development strategies have been made such as moderate water injection rate and maintaining reasonable production pressure drawdown and voidage replacement ratio, so as to maximize the recovery of reservoirs in the none or low water cut period.展开更多
The uncertainty of natural fall results in the uncertainty of water resource, which brings difficulty in allocating farming water resource characterized by ＂more use when it is lack but less when enough＂. By analyzi...The uncertainty of natural fall results in the uncertainty of water resource, which brings difficulty in allocating farming water resource characterized by ＂more use when it is lack but less when enough＂. By analyzing the endurance of farming households of water price and the shortcoming of transaction system of farming water fight, options of farming water are deviated from water fight market, which allows farming households to evade the natural and market risks by means of purchasing call or put option contracts in order to raise the utilization ratio of water and to realize the allocation optimum.展开更多
In arid and semi-arid regions, the availability of adequate water of appropriate quality has become a limiting factor for development. This paper aims to evaluate the potential for rainwater harvesting in the arid to ...In arid and semi-arid regions, the availability of adequate water of appropriate quality has become a limiting factor for development. This paper aims to evaluate the potential for rainwater harvesting in the arid to semi-arid Faria Catchment, in the West Bank, Palestine. Under current conditions, the supply-demand gap is increasing due to the increasing water demands of a growing population with hydrologically limited and uncertain supplies. By 2015, the gap is estimated to reach 4.5 x 106 m3. This study used the process-oriented and physically-based TRAIN-ZIN model to evaluate two different rainwater harvesting techniques during two rainfall events. The analysis shows that there is a theoretical potential for harvesting an additional 4 x 106 m3 of surface water over the entire catchment. Thus, it is essential to manage the potential available surface water supplies in the catchment to save water for dry periods when the supply-demand gap is comparatively high. Then a valuable contribution to bridging the supply-demand gap can be made.展开更多
Watershed management consists of multifunctional activities to manage and address the increasing water resource problems. Ever increasing water demand and rapidly depleting water resources, it has become necessary to ...Watershed management consists of multifunctional activities to manage and address the increasing water resource problems. Ever increasing water demand and rapidly depleting water resources, it has become necessary to develop the adaptation options to recharge groundwater resources. A watershed is a special kind of Common Pool Resources (CPRs);an area is defined by hydrological linkages where optimal management requires coordinating the use of natural resources by public participation. Watershed developments have shown significant positive impacts on water table, perennially of water in wells and water availability especially in semi-arid regions. This paper describes direct and indirect impacts of the watershed activities and benefits of hydrological services dealing with watershed management with future prediction of net irrigation water supply. In the present work, we have also discussed the multiple impacts of watershed of CPRs for improving groundwater and surface water resources.展开更多
In regions, which suffer from water shortage or potential water shortage like the Middle East, water policies and different mitigation measures are formulated. With the increasing population and increasing demand for ...In regions, which suffer from water shortage or potential water shortage like the Middle East, water policies and different mitigation measures are formulated. With the increasing population and increasing demand for food and drinking water with the fixed supply of water, the demand management policies have been introduced. Virtual Water has been adopted as an alternative or potential alternative water resource. In the application of the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), virtual water has to be considered as a resource of water. In this paper, the practical value of the virtual water concept as well as the possibility of the application of the concept in the regional and national level are discussed. The paper emphasizes on the application of virtual water in agriculture products and virtual water trade of these products. This research concluded that, there is a possibility for the application of the virtual water concept on the national level taking into account water endowments, and other natural and social economic conditions. The virtual water strategy seeks ways to consciously and efficiently utilize the internal and external water resources to alleviate water scarcity. This, however, by no means implies that importing food is the only response the water scarce countries and regions should and can take. Other measures concerning the supply and demand sides of water management are imperative. The argument here is that the virtual water strategy should be an integral component in the whole package of integrated water resources management.展开更多
The interests of vulnerable groups can’t be guaranteed due to their weaker capacity and the limited interests demand channels during the water pollution conflicts. The interest protection for the vulnerable people in...The interests of vulnerable groups can’t be guaranteed due to their weaker capacity and the limited interests demand channels during the water pollution conflicts. The interest protection for the vulnerable people in the water pollution conflicts has attracted attentions of the international scholars. The paper tries to construct the market mechanism which can make the vulnerable people to involve in the emission trading. The vulnerable people can buy American put option in the emission trading market. When the price of the emission runs below the contract price, the vulnerable people can get the benefit through executing the option. When the price of the emission runs above the contract price, the vulnerable people can give up the right. The binomial tree option pricing model can help the vulnerable people to make a decision through the analysis of the worth of the American put option.展开更多
基金Under the auspices of the Ministry of Education of Humanities and Social Science Project(No.17XJA790005)Grant of Shaanxi Social Science Association&Shaanxi Statistics Bureau(No.2019TJ053)。
文摘China has started shifting from relying on supply management to demand management strategy in addressing its water shortage problems.Water option,a financial derivative for water commodity,has been utilized to manage water demands in the United States and Europe since the 1990 s but is still novel to China.In this study we analyzed the pros and cons of China’s existing system for water rights transfers and proposed an alternative,flexible trading instrument-water options for China.Incorporating the uncertainty to water option pricing,this study first conducted an empirical analysis of the water option in the water-receiving area of the Hanjiang-Weihe River Transfer Project of China,and then evaluated the benefits of the water option applications.Results show that water option trading can bring water cost saving and increase the potential industrially added value for industrial enterprises in the receiving area,and trading of short-and-medium term water options is more favorable than the long-term water options trading.The novel water option trading proposed in this study,once verified through pilot studies,will be helpful in addressing water shortage problems in China.
文摘Through the research on several carbonate reservoirs developed in the Middle East, the basic characteristics of different types of carbonate reservoirs are determined, and a set of high-efficiency water injection development options and strategies are presented. Hidden baffles and barriers exist in carbonate reservoirs in the Middle East, so the reservoirs could be divided into different separated development units based on the baffles and barriers characteristics. Flexible and diverse profile control techniques such as high angle wells and simple and applicative zonal water injection have been introduced to improve the control and development degree of reservoirs. Three principal water injection development methods suitable for different carbonate reservoirs in the Middle East are proposed, including the combination of crestal gas injection and peripheral water injection, bottom interval injection and top interval production(buoyancy underpinning), and "weak point and strong plane" area well pattern. Based on the characteristics of very low shale content, fast and far pressure transmission in the Middle East carbonate reservoirs, a large well-spacing flood pattern is recommended, and reasonable development strategies have been made such as moderate water injection rate and maintaining reasonable production pressure drawdown and voidage replacement ratio, so as to maximize the recovery of reservoirs in the none or low water cut period.
基金This paper is supported by National Nature Science Foundation of China （No. 70373042）.
文摘The uncertainty of natural fall results in the uncertainty of water resource, which brings difficulty in allocating farming water resource characterized by ＂more use when it is lack but less when enough＂. By analyzing the endurance of farming households of water price and the shortcoming of transaction system of farming water fight, options of farming water are deviated from water fight market, which allows farming households to evade the natural and market risks by means of purchasing call or put option contracts in order to raise the utilization ratio of water and to realize the allocation optimum.
基金supported by the GLOWA-JR Project of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)
文摘In arid and semi-arid regions, the availability of adequate water of appropriate quality has become a limiting factor for development. This paper aims to evaluate the potential for rainwater harvesting in the arid to semi-arid Faria Catchment, in the West Bank, Palestine. Under current conditions, the supply-demand gap is increasing due to the increasing water demands of a growing population with hydrologically limited and uncertain supplies. By 2015, the gap is estimated to reach 4.5 x 106 m3. This study used the process-oriented and physically-based TRAIN-ZIN model to evaluate two different rainwater harvesting techniques during two rainfall events. The analysis shows that there is a theoretical potential for harvesting an additional 4 x 106 m3 of surface water over the entire catchment. Thus, it is essential to manage the potential available surface water supplies in the catchment to save water for dry periods when the supply-demand gap is comparatively high. Then a valuable contribution to bridging the supply-demand gap can be made.
文摘Watershed management consists of multifunctional activities to manage and address the increasing water resource problems. Ever increasing water demand and rapidly depleting water resources, it has become necessary to develop the adaptation options to recharge groundwater resources. A watershed is a special kind of Common Pool Resources (CPRs);an area is defined by hydrological linkages where optimal management requires coordinating the use of natural resources by public participation. Watershed developments have shown significant positive impacts on water table, perennially of water in wells and water availability especially in semi-arid regions. This paper describes direct and indirect impacts of the watershed activities and benefits of hydrological services dealing with watershed management with future prediction of net irrigation water supply. In the present work, we have also discussed the multiple impacts of watershed of CPRs for improving groundwater and surface water resources.
文摘In regions, which suffer from water shortage or potential water shortage like the Middle East, water policies and different mitigation measures are formulated. With the increasing population and increasing demand for food and drinking water with the fixed supply of water, the demand management policies have been introduced. Virtual Water has been adopted as an alternative or potential alternative water resource. In the application of the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), virtual water has to be considered as a resource of water. In this paper, the practical value of the virtual water concept as well as the possibility of the application of the concept in the regional and national level are discussed. The paper emphasizes on the application of virtual water in agriculture products and virtual water trade of these products. This research concluded that, there is a possibility for the application of the virtual water concept on the national level taking into account water endowments, and other natural and social economic conditions. The virtual water strategy seeks ways to consciously and efficiently utilize the internal and external water resources to alleviate water scarcity. This, however, by no means implies that importing food is the only response the water scarce countries and regions should and can take. Other measures concerning the supply and demand sides of water management are imperative. The argument here is that the virtual water strategy should be an integral component in the whole package of integrated water resources management.
文摘The interests of vulnerable groups can’t be guaranteed due to their weaker capacity and the limited interests demand channels during the water pollution conflicts. The interest protection for the vulnerable people in the water pollution conflicts has attracted attentions of the international scholars. The paper tries to construct the market mechanism which can make the vulnerable people to involve in the emission trading. The vulnerable people can buy American put option in the emission trading market. When the price of the emission runs below the contract price, the vulnerable people can get the benefit through executing the option. When the price of the emission runs above the contract price, the vulnerable people can give up the right. The binomial tree option pricing model can help the vulnerable people to make a decision through the analysis of the worth of the American put option.
