Variations in the Physicochemical Water Parameters and Phytoplankton Community in Coastal Water of Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia

This study was conducted to observe the abundance and distribution of phy-toplankton and temporal and spatial variation physico-chemical water parameters in coastal water of Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia. Water samples and in-situ water quality parameters were taken from five selected locations from May 2019 to February 2020. The sampling location was selected based on human-induced activities such as Marina Resort’s Jetty (ST1), Sabah Ports’ Jetty (ST2), aquaculture cage/pent (ST3), river’s mouth (ST4) and Landung Ayang’s water village (ST5). Water parameters: pH, salinity (ppt), dissolved oxygen (mg/L) temperature (°C) and depth (m) were recorded once every month from the selected station. Identification of phytoplanktonic species and cell density (cell/mL) were determined from collected water samples. Significant differences (p < 0.05) between physicochemical parameters to months were observed during the study period. However, in spatial variations, significant differences (p < 0.05) of pH, dissolved oxygen (mg/L) and temperature (°C) observed. A total of 21 phytoplankton species were identified from the study area, where 4 species belonged to Dinophyceae (HABs blooming species) and 17 species belonged to Bacillariophyceae. The influences of physicochemical water parameters were not significant in phytoplankton diversity and abundance. In addition to these parameters, the nutrients in the water might have important roles in the blooming of phytoplankton, which are essential and vital to address in this type of research.

Implications of Dynamic Interactions between Meteorological Patterns and Surface Water Quality on Environmental Health—A Case Study of the Nairobi River

Urban areas face significant challenges in maintaining water quality amidst increasing urbanization and changing climatic patterns. This study investigates the complex interplay between meteorological variables and water quality parameters in Nairobi City, focusing on the impacts of rainfall and temperature on surface water quality. Data from multiple sources, including the Water Resources Authority, Nairobi Water and Sewerage Company, and the World Bank’s Climate Change Knowledge Portal, were analyzed to assess the relationships between meteorological variables (rainfall and temperature) and water quality parameters (such as electroconductivity, biochemical oxygen demand, chloride, and pH). The analysis reveals varying impacts of rainfall and temperature on different water quality parameters. While parameters like iron and pH show strong relationships with both rainfall and temperature, others such as ammonia and nitrate exhibit moderate relationships. Additionally, the study highlights the influence of runoff, urbanization, and industrial activities on water quality, emphasizing the need for holistic management approaches. Recommendations encompass the establishment of annual publications on Nairobi River water quality, online accessibility of water quality data, development of hydrological models, spatial analysis, and fostering cross-disciplinary research collaborations. Implementing these recommendations can enhance water quality management practices, mitigate risks, and safeguard environmental integrity in Nairobi City.

Understanding Seasonal and Spatial Variation of Water Quality Parameters in Mangrove Estuary of the Nyong River Using Multivariate Analysis (Cameroon Southern Atlantic Coast)

To evaluate the actual status of water quality and conclude on the mains source of pollution in the Nyong estuary River, seasonal and spatial variation of water quality parameters was interpreted by multivariate statistical techniques (Principal Component analysis). Nine (09) environmental variables were monitored at four surface stations in the estuary for two seasonal cycles. The fieldwork was conducted from 2018 to 2019 during high tide and low tide for each survey. In situ physical parameters were measured for a total of 64 samples (32 samples for each tide). The laboratory works consisted of some physicochemical analyses and processing of these data by descriptive and multidimensional statistical analyses. Temperature, suspended particle matter, nitrate, nitrite and phosphate change significantly in the estuary with season (p < 0.05), while salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, and ammonium do not vary significantly with season (p > 0.05). Principal Component analysis found temperature, salinity, pH, ammonium to be the most important parameters contributing to the fluctuations of surface water quality in the Nyong estuary during the dry seasons whereas suspended particle matter, nitrate, and phosphate are the most important parameters contributing to the fluctuation of surface water quality in the Nyong estuary during the rainy seasons. Based on spatial variation, the Principal Component analysis found that, suspended particle matter, nitrate and phosphate contribute to the fluctuation of surface water quality parameters upstream of the estuary while downstream salinity, pH, and ammonium contribute the most to the fluctuation of surface water quality. This study shows us the usefulness of multivariate statistical techniques used in assessing water quality data sets that would help us in understanding seasonal and spatial variations of water quality parameters to manage estuarine systems.

Chemical substances present in discharge water generated by laundry industry:Analytical monitoring

To our knowledge,precise data concerning the pollution in terms of qualitative and quantitative fluctuations in discharge water from the laundry sector have seldom been reported.This study investigated the chemical composition of the discharge water from a laundry industry.Over 160 chemical substances and 15 standard water parameters were monitored.The results showed that the discharge water presented both inorganic and organic polycontamination with a high degree of qualitative and quantitative variability.However,of all monitored substances,only five metals(Al,Cu,Fe,Sr,and Zn),five minerals(P,Ca,K,Na,and S),and alkylphenols were systematically present and quantifiable.For a daily average water flow of 129 m^(3),the released metal flux was 356 g/d.Substances,such as trichloromethane,brominated diphenyl ether(BDE)47,and fluorides,were occasionally found and quantified.Other substances,such as chlorophenols,organo-tins,and pesticides were never identified.All the samples had quantifiable levels in the chemical oxygen demand(COD),biological oxygen demand(BOD),and hydrocarbons.Only the concentrations of Zn(8.3 g/d),Cu(21.4 g/d),and BOD(57.4 g/d)were close to or above the regulatory values:74.0 g/d for Zn,9.0 g/d for Cu,and 57.0 kg/d for BOD.The data obtained from this study are useful to the choice of additional treatments for the reduction of pollutant fluxes.

Measuring cotton water status using water-related vegetation indices at leaf and canopy levels

Drought is one of the major environmental threats in the world. In recent years, the damage from droughts to the environment and economies of some countries has been extensive, and drought monitoring has caused widespread concerns. Remote sensing has a proven ability to provide spatial and temporal measurements of surface properties, and it offers an opportunity for the quantitative assessment of drought indicators such as the vegetation water content at different levels. In this study, sites of cotton field in Shihezi, Xinjiang, Northwest China were sampled. Four classical water content parameters, namely the leaf equivalent water thickness （EWT^e,f）, the fuel moisture content （FMC）, the canopy equivalent water thickness （EVVmcanopy） and vegetation water content （VWC） were evaluated against seven widely-used water-related vegetation indices, namely the NDII （normalized difference infrared index）, NDWI2130 （normalized difference water index）, NDVI （normalized difference vegetation index）, MSI （moisture stress index）, SRWI （simple ratio water index）, NOWI1240 （normalized difference water index） and WI （water index）, respectively. The results proved that the relationships between the water-related vegetation indices and EWTleaf were much better than that with FMC, and the relationships between vegetation indices and EWTcanopy were better than that with VWC. Furthermore, comparing the significance of all seven water-related vegetation in- dices, WI and NDII proved to be the best candidates for EWT detecting at leaf and canopy levels, with R2 of 0.262 and 0.306 for EWTlear-WI and EWTcanopy-NDII linear models, respectively. Besides, the prediction power of linear regression technique （LR） and artificial neural network （ANN） were compared using calibration and validation dataset, respectively. The results indicated that the performance of ANN as a predictive tool for water status meas- uring was as good as LR. The study should further our understanding of the relationships between water-related vegetation indices and water parameters.

The Influence of Weather and Climate Variability on Groundwater Quality in Zanzibar

Climate change and variability have been inducing a broad spectrum of impacts on the environment and natural resources including groundwater resources. The study aimed at assessing the influence of weather, climate variability, and changes on the quality of groundwater resources in Zanzibar. The study used the climate datasets including rainfall (RF), Maximum and Minimum Temperature (Tmax and Tmin), the records acquired from Tanzania Meteorological Authority (TMA) Zanzibar office for 30 (1989-2019) and 10 (2010-2019) years periods. Also, the Zanzibar Water Authority (ZAWA) monthly records of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electrical Conductivity (EC), and Ground Water Temperature (GWT) were used. Interpolation techniques were used for controlling outliers and missing datasets. Indeed, correlation, trend, and time series analyses were used to show the relationship between climate and water quality parameters. However, simple statistical analyses including mean, percentage changes, and contributions to the annual and seasonal mean were calculated. Moreover, t and paired t-tests were used to show the significant changes in the mean of the variables for two defined periods of 2011-2015 and 2016-2020 at p ≤ 0.05. Results revealed that seasonal variability of groundwater quality from March to May (MAM) has shown a significant change in trends ranging from 0.1 to 2.8 mm/L/yr, 0.1 to 2.8 μS/cm/yr, and 0.1 to 2.0℃/yr for TDS, EC, and GWT, respectively. The changes in climate parameters were 0.1 to 2.4 mm/yr, 0.2 to 1.3℃/yr and 0.1 to 2.5℃/yr in RF, Tmax, and Tmin, respectively. From October to December (OND) changes in groundwater parameters ranged from 0.2 to 2.5 mm/L/yr 0.1 to 2.9 μS/cm/yr, and 0.1 to 2.1℃/yr for TDS, EC, and GWT, whereas RF, Tmax, and Tmin changed from 0.3 to 1.8 mm/yr, 0.2 to 1.9℃/yr and 0.2 to 2.0℃/yr, respectively. Moreover, the study has shown strong correlations between climate and water quality parameters in MAM and OND. Besides, the paired correlation has shown significant changes in all parameters except the rainfall. Conclusively, the study has shown a strong influence of climate variability on the quality of groundwater in Zanzibar, and calls for more studies to extrapolate these results throughout Tanzania.

Improvement on Mixograph test through water addition and parameter conversions

To improve Mixograph testing effect, Farinograph measurements were adopted as a quality standard and changes in water absorption and parameter conversion in Mixograph test were explored. Comparative study showed that increasing water absorption to about 73% and converting original parameters to compound parameters in Mixograph tests signiifcantly increased their predictive power for lfour quality. These efforts also enabled the adoption of ifxed water addition level in Mixograph test and simpliifed the test procedure signiifcantly. With the success in parameter conversions, Mixograph test results were successful y described by Farinograph parameters, which al ow breeders to compare and exchange test results easily. Al these changes optimized the ofifcial method of Mixograph test with simpliifed procedure and enhanced reliability and made the Mixograph being the superior tool for quality assessment in wheat-breeding programs.

Parameter selection and model research on remote sensing evaluation for nearshore water quality

Using remote sensing technology for water quality evaluation is an inevitable trend in marine environmental monitoring. However, fewer categories of water quality parameters can be monitored by remote sensing technology than the 35 specified in GB3097-1997 Marine Water Quality Standard. Therefore, we considered which parameters must be selected by remote sensing and how to model for water quality evaluation using the finite parameters. In this paper, focused on Leizhou Peninsula nearshore waters, we found N, P, COD, PH and DO to be the dominant parameters of water quality by analyzing measured data. Then, mathematical statistics was used to determine that the relationship among the five parameters was COD〉DO〉P〉N〉pH. Finally, five-parameter, fourparameter and three-parameter water quality evaluation models were established and compared. The results showed that COD, DO, P and N were the necessary parameters for remote sensing evaluation of the Leizhou Peninsula nearshore water quality, and the optimal comprehensive water quality evaluation model was the four- parameter model. This work may serve as a reference for monitoring the quality of other marine waters by remote sensing.

The Industrial Production of Water Dedicated to Absorption of Gases

The paper presents a flow plasma reactor permitting modification of the properties of water/aqueous solutions by stochastic resonance amplification of vibrations of selected chemical species in water with electromagnetic noise generated during a plasma discharge. The main parameters characterizing the quality for super-pure water, tap water and water from the intake in Besko (Poland) before and after the process in the plasma reactor were presented for comparison. In addition, the 17O NMR (the full width at half maximum) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI MS) methods were used to determine differences in physicochemical parameters between the untreated and plasma-treated water. It has been established that the water subjected to plasma treatment shows much different gas absorption properties than the untreated water samples, as a function of temperature and pressure, in this paper we report exemplary data for CO2, oxygen and acetylene. The improved gas absorption properties of the plasma-treated water make it attractive for the use in industrial processes. It is worth pointing to a great capacity of the new reactor (4000 l/h), and low energy consumption (20 MJ/h) for the treatment of the above mentioned volume flow rate of water.

Primary Production and the Hydrochemical Parameters of the Salt Lakes in the North-Western Part of the Crimea(Russia)

1 Introduction It is known that more than 300 lakes and lagoons are present in the Crimean Peninsula,which are divided depending on position to 7 groups:Perekop,Tarkhankut,Evpatoriyskaya,Khersonesskaya,lake on the mountainpastures,Kerch and Genicheskaya.Almost the all lakes,with the exception of the small freshwater lakes,which situated on mountain pastures of the Main ridge of

Sequential Parameter Estimation Using Modal Dispersion Curves in Shallow Water

Existing sequential parameter estimation methods use the acoustic pressure of a line array as observations. The modal dispersion curves are employed to estimate the sound speed profile（SSP） and geoacoustic parameters based on the ensemble Kalman filter. The warping transform is implemented to the signals received by a single hydrophone to obtain the dispersion curves. The experimental data are collected at a range-independent shallow water site in the South China Sea. The results indicate that the SSPs are well estimated and the geoacoustic parameters are also well determined. Comparisons of the observed and estimated modal dispersion curves show good agreement.

Physicochemical water quality parameters in typical rice-crayfish integrated systems(RCIS)in China

To determine the variation of water quality in rice-crayfish(Procambarus clarkii)integrated systems(RCIS)in China,eleven water quality parameters were measured monthly in a typical RCIS located in Qianjiang City(Hubei Province)from July 2014 to June 2015,the parameters were analyzed with principal component analysis(PCA)and compared between the trenches and rice areas during the rice fallow period(Nov-May).The trench and rice area comprehensive results showed that pH(7.48-8.68),NH_(4)^(+)-N(0.2-1.09 mg/L),NO_(2)^(-)-N(<0.052 mg/L)and conductivity(435-951μS/cm)were within the suitable ranges for P.clarkii and that turbidity(TU)was high during the crayfish harvesting and rice planting season.Annual averages of total nitrogen(TN),total phosphorus(TP),permanganate index(CODMn),and chlorophyll a(Chl.a)content were<2(except in Nov-Dec),0.25,10 mg/L,and 50 mg/m^(3)(especially in Nov-May,<10 mg/m^(3)),respectively.Dissolved oxygen(DO)was below 4 mg/L in Mar-Sep,with a minimum of~1 mg/L,and much higher in Oct-Feb.The maximum and minimum monthly average water temperature(WT)were 31.4°C in July and 5.7°C in December,while the maximum and minimum instantaneous WT were 39.7°C and 2.5°C,respectively.PCA analysis showed that the first three axes,which were mainly correlated with DO,WT and nutrient level,described most information of the parameters,and parameters showed seasonal changes.Some differences were observed in water parameters between the trenches and rice areas,i.e.,trenches generally had higher TU,WT and DO,and lower TN,TP and CODMn,although no significant differences were found in some months and some parameters.The study revealed relatively low water nutrient level,probable extreme WT and DO level in some seasons,and certain differences between the trenches and rice areas in typical CRIS in China.Accordingly,some measures should be taken to improve the negative parameters:1)enhance the water fertility;2)increase DO,especially in Mar-Sep;3)increase the trench and water depth to avoid extreme WT.And water quality management should be addressed in both trenches and rice areas.

Relationships of nitrous oxide fluxes with water quality parameters in free water surface constructed wetlands

The effects of chemical oxygen demand(COD)concentration in the influent on nitrous oxide(N_(2)O)emissions,together with the relationships between N_(2)O and water quality parameters in free water surface constructed wetlands,were investigated with laboratoryscale systems.N_(2)O emission and purification performance of wastewater were very strongly dependent on COD concentration in the influent,and the total N_(2)O emission in the system with middle COD influent concentration was the least.The relationships between N_(2)O and the chemical and physical water quality variables were studied by using principal component scores in multiple linear regression analysis to predict N_(2)O flux.The multiple linear regression model against principal components indicated that different water parameters affected N_(2)O flux with different COD concentrations in the influent,but nitrate nitrogen affected N_(2)O flux in all systems.

Factors Affecting Dermo Disease(Perkinsus marinus)in Eastern Oysters(Crassostrea virginica)in Galveston Bay,Texas

The oyster disease Dermo(Perkinsus marinus)affects the viability of oyster reefs of Galveston Bay,Texas.Documenting the relationships between distribution and prevalence of Dermo disease in the eastern oyster(Crassostrea virginica)and environmental conditions is beneficial to management of the eastern oyster in Galveston Bay.We sampled four sites located in Galveston Bay every other month from November 2014 through September 2015.The focus of the study was the relationship of water quality parameters(i.e.,fresh-water flow,salinity,water temperature,and water turbidity)to prevalence and parasite concentration of Dermo disease in oysters.Dermo was present in oysters at all reefs sampled,and Dermo prevalence was greatest at April Fool and Confederate reefs,but declined after heavy rainfall.Linear regression analysis indicated water variables such as temperature,salinity,turbidity,and fresh water inflow explained different amounts of the variability in the Mackin Dermo Intensity Scale among sampled reefs.We found combinations of low fresh-water inflow,high salinity,and high temperatures accounted for majority of the variance of Dermo in oysters located in Galveston Bay.

Water hammer in the pump-rising pipeline system with an air chamber

Water hammer following the tripping of pumps can lead to overpressure and negative pressure. Reduction in overpressure and negative pressure may be necessary to avoid failure, to improve the efficiency of operation and to avoid fatigue of system components. The field tests on the water hammer have been conducted on the pump rising pipeline system with an air chamber. The hydraulic transient was simulated using the method of characteristics. Minimizing the least squares problem representing the difference between the measured and predicted transient response in the system performs the calibration of the simulation program. Among the input variables used in the water hammer analysis, the polytropic exponent, the discharge coefficient and the wave speed were calibrated. The computer program developed in this study will be useful in designing the optimum parameters of an air chamber for the real pump pipeline system. The correct selection of air chamber size and the effect of the inner diameter of the orifice to minimize water hammer have been investigated by both field measurements and numerical modeling.

Effectiveness of oxytetracycline in reducing the bacterial load in rohu fish(Labeo rohita,Hamilton)under laboratory culture condition

Objective:To observe the effectiveness of most widely used antibiotic,oxytetracycline(OTC)in reducing the bacterial load in rohu fish under artificial culture condition in the laboratory.Methods:The experiment was conducted in the Faculty Fisheries,Bangladesh Agricultural University,Mymensingh-2202.The fish were reared in 8 aquaria where fish in 5 aquaria were used for replication of the treatment(experimental group)and fish in remaining 3 aquaria were considered as a control(Control group).OTC was fed to the fish in the experimental aquarium at the rate of 2 g/kg through diet twice daily whereas fish reared under control condition was given feed without antibiotic for 20 d and bacterial content in the aquarium water,gills,skin and intestine of fish were estimated at every alternative day after onset of the experiment.Results:Rearing the fish with OTC treated feed resulted in gradual decrease of bacterial load in the aquarium water,gills,intestine and skin of the fish whereas the content remain unchanged Or little increased in the control group.W ater quality parameters such as dissolved oxygen,pH and total hardness were within the suitable range in the experimental aquarium but not in control aquaria throughout the experimental period.Conclusions:These results suggest that OTC could be a potential antibiotic to reduce the bacterial load in fish and can be used commercially for maintaining the fish health in aquarium conditions.