Elaboration of a Cartographic Model of Zones Favorable to the Implantation of Water Points: Case of the Watershed of Ehania, South-East of Côte D’Ivoire

The supply of drinking water from aquifers of base remains problematic because of his complexity. The combination of several methods is more adapted for the mapping of water establishment favorable areas. This study is focused on water points establishment favorable areas mapping. The methods used are remote sensing, pump tests sheets for determining aquifers and saprolites thickness. To determine the recharge, GR2M Method and drainage density has been used. The digital elevation model (DEM) has been used to generate slopes and drainage density maps. The thematic maps obtained combined under GIS to produce water potentiality map. The results obtained have been with exploitation rates. Three classes of potentialities have been identified. These are classes of high potentialities in groundwater which cover approximately 20% of the study area. It occurs mainly in central areas where there are sedimentary formations usually captured by the drilling. These areas are generally located in the central part, mainly in areas where there is low slope, important with a thick layer of saprolites.

Waterpoint management system in central district with ArcView GIS

In Botswana water is the most precious natural resource and the government, through various institutions, is making an attempt to control the development and usage of this resource which is critical in all future development planning. Virtually all water used in rural areas is extracted from groundwater by means of wells and boreholes. Information on these water points, together with other surface sources, play an important role in regional economic development. An attempt, using the available water points data and Arc View GIS software, has been made to build a Water Point Management System in Central District (WPMSCD), which has already been used by the local authorities to answer day-to-day inquiries related to water points in the District.

Assessing Water Resources Access of Nouhao Sub-Basin, Burkina Faso

Water resource access in the Nouhao sub-basin, assessed based on the availability of drinking water mobilization facilities, the availability of water for uses and the quality of drinking water, revealed that in 2017 the basin was covered by 1249 modern water point, main drinking water sources. On average, the sub-basin shows a ratio of 271 users per drinking water point. Communal level shows some disparity with Bittou recording the highest number of people per drinking water point, i.e., around 537. Water that can be captured in the entire sub-basin meets only 42% of the total water needs from the three mains uses: irrigation, domestic consumption and livestock. The highest demander among these uses is Irrigation with 75% of the need, i.e., approximately 12,859,995 m3. Water in 33% drinking sources of this sub basin is of poor quality. Arsenic, one of the quality parameters studied, is found in some communes of the sub-basin. 11% of the water points in Bissiga are arsenic polluted making this commune the most arsenic contaminated location. The vulnerability maps deducted from lack of water for uses;lack of drinking water works and poor water quality shows so, the exposure level of the sub-basin’ communes to some potential risks related to low water resources access.

Performance of microbiological control by a point-of-use filter system for drinking water purification

Purification capacity of a faucet mounted type water filter for home use was evaluated, particularly with regard to microbiological performance under different running conditions. Biofilms were formed inside the filter, affecting the bacterial quality of the effluent water. Low flow rate, long stagnation period and high filter temperature were found favorable for bacterial growth inside. By commercial analytical profile index （API） kits, ten different bacterial species were identified in drinking water, four of which were probably contributed to the biofilm formation since they were also present in the biofilm. Fluorescence in situ hybridization （FISH） was used to confirm the API identification results, and direct viable count （DVC） method was employed to improve the sensitivity of FISH for the isolated Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas putida as models. Relationship between the filter operating condition and the bacterial community alteration was partly revealed, which could provide the basic knowledge for the filter design and its practical use.

Hydrochemical Characteristics of the Groundwater AQ1 of the Region from Pointe-Noire to Congo Brazzaville

The study is interested in chemical quality of water of the one of the five aquifers, unconfined water AQ1, (other free groundwaters AQ2, AQ3, AQ4 and AQ5 being captive) in the area of Pointe-Noire. A series of physicochemical analysis was carried out on the samples of water of the zone. The results of these analyses were treated starting from a chemical-hydro method which uses the diagrams of Piper, Stabler, Schoeller Berkaloff, Stiff, Wilcox and the statistical methods classic. These chemical-hydro results made it possible to highlight the prevalence of sodic and potassic facies chlorinated in groundwaters of the unconfined water of the area of Pointe-Noire. In this area, the groundwaters of the unconfined water gather in three principal-hydro facies: sodic and potassic chlorinated waters are the most important (66.7%) in the studied water;calcic and magnesian bicarbonated water (16.65%) and bicarbonated sodic and potassic ones (16.65%). This study reveals that the groundwaters of the area of Pointe-Noire undergo an intrusion saltworks. As a whole, these groundwaters require in certain cases, a specific treatment before consumption.

Integrated Control of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution to Provide Safe and Healthy Drinking Water for Rural Areas

Agricultural non-point source pollution has become the main part of water pollution prevention and control in China. This paper made a brief introduction to the causes and hazards of agricultural non-point source pollution and the current situation of agricultural non-point source pollution prevention and control in China. In view of the serious agricultural non-point source pollution in water environment of Guangxi and the difference in quality of drinking water between urban and rural areas,it came up with recommendations for strengthening agricultural non-point source pollution prevention and control from scientific distribution,linked operation and maintenance,popular science education,and legal system construction,to guarantee safe and healthy drinking water in rural areas.

Estimation of annual variation of water vapor in the Arctic Ocean between 80°–87°N using shipborne GPS data based on kinematic precise point positioning

The measurement of atmospheric water vapor （WV） content and variability is important for meteorological and climatological research. A technique for the remote sensing of atmospheric WV content using ground-based Global Positioning System （GPS） has become available, which can routinely achieve accuracies for integrated WV content of 1-2 kg/m2. Some experimental work has shown that the accuracy of WV measurements from a moving platform is comparable to that of （static） land-based receivers. Extending this technique into the marine environment on a moving platform would be greatly beneficial for many aspects of meteorological research, such as the calibration of satellite data, investigation of the air-sea interface, as well as forecasting and climatological studies. In this study, kinematic precise point positioning has been developed to investigate WV in the Arctic Ocean （80°-87°N） and annual variations are obtained for 2008 and 2012 that are identical to those related to the enhanced greenhouse effect.

Assessment of Point and Nonpoint Sources Pollution in Songhua River Basin,Northeast China by Using Revised Water Quality Model

Individual participation of pollutants in the pollution load should be estimated even if roughly for the appropriate environmental management of a river basin.It is difficult to identify the sources and to quantify the load, especially in modeling nonpoint source.In this study a revised model was established by integrating point and nonpoint sources into one-dimensional Streeter-Phelps(S-P) model on the basis of real-time hydrologic data and surface water quality monitoring data in the Jilin Reach of the Songhua River Basin.Chemical oxygen demand(COD) and ammonia nitrogen(NH 3-N) loads were estimated.Results showed that COD loads of point source and nonpoint source were 134 958 t/yr and 86 209 t/yr, accounting for 61.02% and 38.98% of total loads, respectively.NH 3-N loads of point source and nonpoint source were 16 739 t/yr and 14 272 t/yr, accounting for 53.98% and 46.02%, respectively.Point source pollution was stronger than nonpoint source pollution in the study area at present.The water quality of upstream was better than that of downstream of the rivers and cities.It is indispensable to treat industrial wastewater and municipal sewage out of point sources, to adopt the best management practices to control diffuse pollutants from agricultural land and urban surface runoff in improving water quality of the Songhua River Basin.The revised S-P model can be successfully used to identify pollution source and quantify point source and nonpoint source loads by calibrating and validating.

Cloud-point extraction and preconcentration of bisphenol A from water samples

A novel cloud-point extraction (CPE) was successfully used in preconcentration of biphenol A (BPA) from aqueous solutions. Majority of BPA is extracted into the surfactant-rich phase. The parameters affecting the CPE such as concentration of surfactant and electrolyte, equilibration temperature and time and pH of sample solution were investigated. The samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Under the optimized conditions, preconcentration of 10 mL sample gives a preconcentration factor of 11. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) are 0.1 μg/L and 0.33 μg/L, respectively. The linear range of the proposed method is 0.2-20 μg/L with correlation coefficients greater than 0.998 7 and the spiking recoveries are 97.96%-100.42%. The interference factor was tested and the extraction mechanism was also investigated. Thus, the developed CPE has proven to be an efficient, green, rapid and inexpensive approach for extraction and preconcentration of BPA from water samples.

Determination of Ultratrace Amounts of Copper(Ⅱ) in Water Samples by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry After Cloud Point Extraction

A novel approach was developed for the determination of ultratrace amounts of copper in water samples by using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry （ETAAS） after cloud point extraction （ CPE ）. 1-（ 2-Pyridylazo ） -2- naphthol was used as the chelating reagent and Triton X-114 as the mieellar-forming surfactant. CPE was conducted in a pH 8. 0 medium at 40 ℃ for 10 rain. After the separation of the phases by contrifugafion, the surfactant-rieh phase was diluted with 1 mL of a methanol solution of 0. 1 mol/L HNO3. Then 20μL of the diluted surfactant-rieh phase was injected into the graphite furnace for atomization in the absence of any matrix modifier. Various experimental conditions that affect the extraction and atomization processes were optimized. A detection limit of 5 ng/L was obtained after preconeentration. The linear dynamic range of the copper mass concentration was found to be 0-2.0 ng/mL, and the relative standard deviation was found to be less than 3. 1% for a sample containing 1.0 ng/mL Cu （ Ⅱ ）. This developed method was successfully applied to the determination of uhratraee amounts of Cu in drinking water, tap water, and seawater samples.

人工湿地技术对水源地雨水径流污染阻控的应用研究

设置了不同基质(砾石、加气混凝土)及是否种植美人蕉的不同人工湿地结构,通过小试实验对比各个工况对雨水径流污染的阻控效果.研究发现,加气混凝土与种植美人蕉的人工湿地组合成本略高(4.20元/工况),较其余工况高出1.00~2.90元/工况,但在运行的两个周期(交替运行30 h,落干48 h)内,NH_(4)^(+)-N、NO_(3)^(-)-N、TN、PO_(4)^(3-)、TP和COD_(Cr)的平均去除率分别为73.3%、47.0%、85.4%、56.4%、76.0%和65.5%,平均高出其余工况10.9%~18.8%,效果最优,性价比最高,适于推广应用.

Combining CLUE-S and SWAT Models to Forecast Land Use Change and Non-point Source Pollution Impact at a Watershed Scale in Liaoning Province, China

Non-point source(NPS) pollution has become a major source of water pollution. A combination of models would provide the necessary direction and approaches designed to control NPS pollution through land use planning. In this study, NPS pollution load was simulated in urban planning, historic trends and ecological protection land use scenarios based on the Conversion of Land Use and its Effect at Small regional extent(CLUE-S) and Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT) models applied to Hunhe-Taizi River Watershed, Liaoning Province, China. Total nitrogen(TN) and total phosphorus(TP) were chosen as NPS pollution indices. The results of models validation showed that CLUE-S and SWAT models were suitable in the study area. NPS pollution mainly came from dry farmland, paddy, rural and urban areas. The spatial distribution of TN and TP exhibited the same trend in 57 sub-catchments. The TN and TP had the highest NPS pollution load in the western and central plains, which concentrated the urban area and farm land. The NPS pollution load would increase in the urban planning and historic trends scenarios, and would be even higher in the urban planning scenario. However, the NPS pollution load decreased in the ecological protection scenario. The differences observed in the three scenarios indicated that land use had a degree of impact on NPS pollution, which showed that scientific and ecologically sound construction could effectively reduce the NPS pollution load in a watershed. This study provides a scientific method for conducting NPS pollution research at the watershed scale, a scientific basis for non-point source pollution control, and a reference for related policy making.

铝基材料水解制氢技术研究进展

氢能是全球公认的清洁能源,被认为是化石能源的理想替代品,具有广泛的市场前景。铝价格低廉、密度较低且能量密度高,铝水解产氢是一种有效提供氢能的方法。简述了铝水反应的原理,介绍了目前国内外主流的3种铝基材料水解制氢技术(纯铝与酸碱溶液反应、机械球磨法制备铝基复合材料、熔铸法制备铝基低熔点合金)的研究进展,并探讨了不同技术的反应原理、不同添加物的作用机理,对比了各种技术的特点,提出熔铸法制备低熔点合金将成为日后研究的重点,最后对未来熔铸法制备铝基低熔点合金的前景进行了展望。

轮式动态模拟仪在高含水期原油不加热集输中的应用

随着不断深入开发,油田集油管线内产液的流变性逐渐转变为高含水期“水包油”为主的流态,因而管道内的流动条件得以改善。通过前期开展的季节性停掺冷输试验证实,高含水期集输进站温度可以接近凝固点甚至低于凝固点。因此提出利用临界粘壁温度作为采油井不加热集输边界条件,并利用轮式动态模拟分析仪测试单井临界粘壁温度,指导采油井平稳集输,应用后实现措施节气219.6×10^(4)m^(3),节电73.4×10^(4)kWh。

一种基于物质点法的熔冰仿真方法

为了解决拉格朗日法模拟熔冰时产生的穿模现象,提出一种基于物质点法的熔冰仿真方法。首先,将欧拉空间中的每个拉格朗日粒子视为固-液双相耦合的集合体,实现固相到液相的平稳过渡;其次,在物质点法背景网格上计算热能,采用预处理共轭梯度法求解相变过程的温度线性系统;最后,对潜热现象进行处理,引入虚拟水模型,通过限制虚拟水的移动来实现对冰块外部水流现象的仿真。实验结果表明,该方法不仅能够利用物质点法处理自碰撞的优势解决穿模现象,而且能模拟出真实的潜热过程的水流现象。

大孔隙参数对斜坡非均匀渗流与稳定性的影响

为揭示降雨条件下大孔隙参数对斜坡水分非均匀运移与稳定性的影响,基于两域模型与稳定系数场原理,建立降雨入渗下斜坡非均匀渗流与稳定性求解模型,并借助COMSOL Multiphysics多物理场有限元平台,编制相应的模型求解程序,通过大孔隙土柱降雨试验验证数值模型的合理性,对比均匀流与非均匀流条件下斜坡体积含水率和点稳定系数,分析大孔隙参数(大孔隙占比ω_(f)、两域导水系数之比μ、大孔隙经验参数r_(w))对斜坡渗流场及稳定系数场的影响规律。结果表明:相比不考虑大孔隙,考虑大孔隙时的基质域和大孔隙域表层体积含水率分别增长7.7%和降低5.1%,入渗深度分别增长83.3%和150.0%;边坡浅层失稳面积增大3.9%。基质域和大孔隙域入渗深度均随大孔隙占比ω_(f)的增大而减小;随着大孔隙域与基质域饱和渗透系数之比μ增大,两者入渗深度变化趋势相反,即μ越大,基质域入渗深度越小,大孔隙域反之;两者与经验参数r_(w)无显著关系。至降雨结束,基质域表层土体体积含水率已达最大值;大孔隙域则随着ω_(f)和μ的增大而增大,但几乎不受经验参数r_(w)的影响。非均匀流条件下,边坡水分交换沿着剖面从上往下分为负交换区、正交换区和无交换区,水分交换平衡深度与基质域入渗深度变化趋势一致;水分交换负交换区与正交换区的深度均存在一个峰值,并随大孔隙占比ω_(f)的增大而减小,随着μ和r_(w)的增大而增大。不同参数取值下,边坡均为浅层失稳破坏,ω_(f)和μ越大,失稳层深度越大,表层点稳定系数越小,因此大孔隙不利于边坡稳定。

海上平台三甘醇脱水装置故障分析及工艺优化

目的解决某海上平台三甘醇脱水装置无法达到脱水要求的问题。方法基于现场实际生产数据,采用HYSYS软件进行该工艺系统的模拟分析,找出该系统运行问题的原因。结果脱水塔入口天然气中水含量过高是影响脱水系统效果的主要因素,改造方案应考虑入口过滤分离器和重沸器改造两方面。结合平台实际情况,最终确定改造方案为更换入口过滤分离器滤芯与重沸器电加热器。改造后,在表压5.2 MPa下的干气水露点从6℃降至-23℃,达到预期效果,且为后续扩容预留了操作空间。结论该海上平台三甘醇脱水装置处理量无法达到设计值的原因可能是入口过滤分离器性能不达标导致脱水塔入口天然气中水含量过高,建议在进行三甘醇脱水装置工艺设计时,严控入口过滤分离器处理指标,并根据入口过滤分离器处理指标配套三甘醇脱水装置。

点面电极直接放电在水处理中的应用

液体中直接放电技术对于水处理等领域的发展起到了很好的促进作用,本文以液体中直接放电的电极结构设计为主线,介绍了基本的液体中点-面电极放电发生器的设计思想,分析了不同电极构型放电发生器的优势与不足,列举了目前用于水处理的多点-面、线-面(筒)、多孔陶瓷电极等较大体积放电发生器的结构特点及设计,总结了实际应用中液体中点面电极直接放电技术提升所面临的挑战。

基于三维点云计算的CO_(2)-水-岩反应程度量化表征方法

CO_(2)地质封存是减少大气中CO_(2)排放,降低温室效应的重要途径,CO_(2)注入含水地层中时,CO_(2)-水-岩反应可能引起岩石矿物的侵蚀,对CO_(2)地质封存安全性产生显著影响。在室内实验中,通过表征岩石表面的形貌特征可以有效地评估CO_(2)-水-岩反应程度,为CO_(2)地质封存的安全性评估提供科学依据。通过三维点云计算可以精确量化地表征CO_(2)-水-岩反应程度,这种方法首先运用三维激光扫描技术,构建岩石表面的三维模型,确定CO_(2)-水处理前岩石表面三维模型的基准面,并基于处理前的均方根粗糙度确定处理后岩石表面三维模型的基准面。基于三维模型点云信息,提出了两种不同的体积计算新方法,并通过对规则模型体积的计算比较了两种计算方法的准确性与适用性,可根据实际情况选择两种计算方法量化表征CO_(2)-水处理前后岩石表面的侵蚀体积。最后,以陕西省咸阳市某煤矿煤样为例,开展了CO_(2)-水-岩反应模拟试验,验证了计算的可行性。试验结果表明:该文提出的侵蚀体积计算方法可有效地量化表征CO_(2)-水-岩反应程度,CO_(2)-水处理后岩石表面不同区域的侵蚀差异性明显,岩石表面的侵蚀体积与均方根粗糙度之间存在显著的正比关系,随着均方根粗糙度的增大,侵蚀体积也相应上升。