The supply of drinking water from aquifers of base remains problematic because of his complexity. The combination of several methods is more adapted for the mapping of water establishment favorable areas. This study i...The supply of drinking water from aquifers of base remains problematic because of his complexity. The combination of several methods is more adapted for the mapping of water establishment favorable areas. This study is focused on water points establishment favorable areas mapping. The methods used are remote sensing, pump tests sheets for determining aquifers and saprolites thickness. To determine the recharge, GR2M Method and drainage density has been used. The digital elevation model (DEM) has been used to generate slopes and drainage density maps. The thematic maps obtained combined under GIS to produce water potentiality map. The results obtained have been with exploitation rates. Three classes of potentialities have been identified. These are classes of high potentialities in groundwater which cover approximately 20% of the study area. It occurs mainly in central areas where there are sedimentary formations usually captured by the drilling. These areas are generally located in the central part, mainly in areas where there is low slope, important with a thick layer of saprolites.展开更多
In Botswana water is the most precious natural resource and the government, through various institutions, is making an attempt to control the development and usage of this resource which is critical in all future deve...In Botswana water is the most precious natural resource and the government, through various institutions, is making an attempt to control the development and usage of this resource which is critical in all future development planning. Virtually all water used in rural areas is extracted from groundwater by means of wells and boreholes. Information on these water points, together with other surface sources, play an important role in regional economic development. An attempt, using the available water points data and Arc View GIS software, has been made to build a Water Point Management System in Central District (WPMSCD), which has already been used by the local authorities to answer day-to-day inquiries related to water points in the District.展开更多
Water resource access in the Nouhao sub-basin, assessed based on the availability of drinking water mobilization facilities, the availability of water for uses and the quality of drinking water, revealed that in 2017 ...Water resource access in the Nouhao sub-basin, assessed based on the availability of drinking water mobilization facilities, the availability of water for uses and the quality of drinking water, revealed that in 2017 the basin was covered by 1249 modern water point, main drinking water sources. On average, the sub-basin shows a ratio of 271 users per drinking water point. Communal level shows some disparity with Bittou recording the highest number of people per drinking water point, i.e., around 537. Water that can be captured in the entire sub-basin meets only 42% of the total water needs from the three mains uses: irrigation, domestic consumption and livestock. The highest demander among these uses is Irrigation with 75% of the need, i.e., approximately 12,859,995 m<sup>3</sup>. Water in 33% drinking sources of this sub basin is of poor quality. Arsenic, one of the quality parameters studied, is found in some communes of the sub-basin. 11% of the water points in Bissiga are arsenic polluted making this commune the most arsenic contaminated location. The vulnerability maps deducted from lack of water for uses;lack of drinking water works and poor water quality shows so, the exposure level of the sub-basin’ communes to some potential risks related to low water resources access.展开更多
Purification capacity of a faucet mounted type water filter for home use was evaluated, particularly with regard to microbiological performance under different running conditions. Biofilms were formed inside the filte...Purification capacity of a faucet mounted type water filter for home use was evaluated, particularly with regard to microbiological performance under different running conditions. Biofilms were formed inside the filter, affecting the bacterial quality of the effluent water. Low flow rate, long stagnation period and high filter temperature were found favorable for bacterial growth inside. By commercial analytical profile index (API) kits, ten different bacterial species were identified in drinking water, four of which were probably contributed to the biofilm formation since they were also present in the biofilm. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to confirm the API identification results, and direct viable count (DVC) method was employed to improve the sensitivity of FISH for the isolated Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas putida as models. Relationship between the filter operating condition and the bacterial community alteration was partly revealed, which could provide the basic knowledge for the filter design and its practical use.展开更多
The study is interested in chemical quality of water of the one of the five aquifers, unconfined water AQ1, (other free groundwaters AQ2, AQ3, AQ4 and AQ5 being captive) in the area of Pointe-Noire. A series of physic...The study is interested in chemical quality of water of the one of the five aquifers, unconfined water AQ1, (other free groundwaters AQ2, AQ3, AQ4 and AQ5 being captive) in the area of Pointe-Noire. A series of physicochemical analysis was carried out on the samples of water of the zone. The results of these analyses were treated starting from a chemical-hydro method which uses the diagrams of Piper, Stabler, Schoeller Berkaloff, Stiff, Wilcox and the statistical methods classic. These chemical-hydro results made it possible to highlight the prevalence of sodic and potassic facies chlorinated in groundwaters of the unconfined water of the area of Pointe-Noire. In this area, the groundwaters of the unconfined water gather in three principal-hydro facies: sodic and potassic chlorinated waters are the most important (66.7%) in the studied water;calcic and magnesian bicarbonated water (16.65%) and bicarbonated sodic and potassic ones (16.65%). This study reveals that the groundwaters of the area of Pointe-Noire undergo an intrusion saltworks. As a whole, these groundwaters require in certain cases, a specific treatment before consumption.展开更多
Agricultural non-point source pollution has become the main part of water pollution prevention and control in China. This paper made a brief introduction to the causes and hazards of agricultural non-point source poll...Agricultural non-point source pollution has become the main part of water pollution prevention and control in China. This paper made a brief introduction to the causes and hazards of agricultural non-point source pollution and the current situation of agricultural non-point source pollution prevention and control in China. In view of the serious agricultural non-point source pollution in water environment of Guangxi and the difference in quality of drinking water between urban and rural areas,it came up with recommendations for strengthening agricultural non-point source pollution prevention and control from scientific distribution,linked operation and maintenance,popular science education,and legal system construction,to guarantee safe and healthy drinking water in rural areas.展开更多
The measurement of atmospheric water vapor (WV) content and variability is important for meteorological and climatological research. A technique for the remote sensing of atmospheric WV content using ground-based Gl...The measurement of atmospheric water vapor (WV) content and variability is important for meteorological and climatological research. A technique for the remote sensing of atmospheric WV content using ground-based Global Positioning System (GPS) has become available, which can routinely achieve accuracies for integrated WV content of 1-2 kg/m2. Some experimental work has shown that the accuracy of WV measurements from a moving platform is comparable to that of (static) land-based receivers. Extending this technique into the marine environment on a moving platform would be greatly beneficial for many aspects of meteorological research, such as the calibration of satellite data, investigation of the air-sea interface, as well as forecasting and climatological studies. In this study, kinematic precise point positioning has been developed to investigate WV in the Arctic Ocean (80°-87°N) and annual variations are obtained for 2008 and 2012 that are identical to those related to the enhanced greenhouse effect.展开更多
Individual participation of pollutants in the pollution load should be estimated even if roughly for the appropriate environmental management of a river basin.It is difficult to identify the sources and to quantify th...Individual participation of pollutants in the pollution load should be estimated even if roughly for the appropriate environmental management of a river basin.It is difficult to identify the sources and to quantify the load, especially in modeling nonpoint source.In this study a revised model was established by integrating point and nonpoint sources into one-dimensional Streeter-Phelps(S-P) model on the basis of real-time hydrologic data and surface water quality monitoring data in the Jilin Reach of the Songhua River Basin.Chemical oxygen demand(COD) and ammonia nitrogen(NH 3-N) loads were estimated.Results showed that COD loads of point source and nonpoint source were 134 958 t/yr and 86 209 t/yr, accounting for 61.02% and 38.98% of total loads, respectively.NH 3-N loads of point source and nonpoint source were 16 739 t/yr and 14 272 t/yr, accounting for 53.98% and 46.02%, respectively.Point source pollution was stronger than nonpoint source pollution in the study area at present.The water quality of upstream was better than that of downstream of the rivers and cities.It is indispensable to treat industrial wastewater and municipal sewage out of point sources, to adopt the best management practices to control diffuse pollutants from agricultural land and urban surface runoff in improving water quality of the Songhua River Basin.The revised S-P model can be successfully used to identify pollution source and quantify point source and nonpoint source loads by calibrating and validating.展开更多
A novel cloud-point extraction (CPE) was successfully used in preconcentration of biphenol A (BPA) from aqueous solutions. Majority of BPA is extracted into the surfactant-rich phase. The parameters affecting the CPE ...A novel cloud-point extraction (CPE) was successfully used in preconcentration of biphenol A (BPA) from aqueous solutions. Majority of BPA is extracted into the surfactant-rich phase. The parameters affecting the CPE such as concentration of surfactant and electrolyte, equilibration temperature and time and pH of sample solution were investigated. The samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Under the optimized conditions, preconcentration of 10 mL sample gives a preconcentration factor of 11. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) are 0.1 μg/L and 0.33 μg/L, respectively. The linear range of the proposed method is 0.2-20 μg/L with correlation coefficients greater than 0.998 7 and the spiking recoveries are 97.96%-100.42%. The interference factor was tested and the extraction mechanism was also investigated. Thus, the developed CPE has proven to be an efficient, green, rapid and inexpensive approach for extraction and preconcentration of BPA from water samples.展开更多
A novel approach was developed for the determination of ultratrace amounts of copper in water samples by using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) after cloud point extraction ( CPE ). 1-( 2-Pyr...A novel approach was developed for the determination of ultratrace amounts of copper in water samples by using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) after cloud point extraction ( CPE ). 1-( 2-Pyridylazo ) -2- naphthol was used as the chelating reagent and Triton X-114 as the mieellar-forming surfactant. CPE was conducted in a pH 8. 0 medium at 40 ℃ for 10 rain. After the separation of the phases by contrifugafion, the surfactant-rieh phase was diluted with 1 mL of a methanol solution of 0. 1 mol/L HNO3. Then 20μL of the diluted surfactant-rieh phase was injected into the graphite furnace for atomization in the absence of any matrix modifier. Various experimental conditions that affect the extraction and atomization processes were optimized. A detection limit of 5 ng/L was obtained after preconeentration. The linear dynamic range of the copper mass concentration was found to be 0-2.0 ng/mL, and the relative standard deviation was found to be less than 3. 1% for a sample containing 1.0 ng/mL Cu ( Ⅱ ). This developed method was successfully applied to the determination of uhratraee amounts of Cu in drinking water, tap water, and seawater samples.展开更多
Non-point source(NPS) pollution has become a major source of water pollution. A combination of models would provide the necessary direction and approaches designed to control NPS pollution through land use planning. I...Non-point source(NPS) pollution has become a major source of water pollution. A combination of models would provide the necessary direction and approaches designed to control NPS pollution through land use planning. In this study, NPS pollution load was simulated in urban planning, historic trends and ecological protection land use scenarios based on the Conversion of Land Use and its Effect at Small regional extent(CLUE-S) and Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT) models applied to Hunhe-Taizi River Watershed, Liaoning Province, China. Total nitrogen(TN) and total phosphorus(TP) were chosen as NPS pollution indices. The results of models validation showed that CLUE-S and SWAT models were suitable in the study area. NPS pollution mainly came from dry farmland, paddy, rural and urban areas. The spatial distribution of TN and TP exhibited the same trend in 57 sub-catchments. The TN and TP had the highest NPS pollution load in the western and central plains, which concentrated the urban area and farm land. The NPS pollution load would increase in the urban planning and historic trends scenarios, and would be even higher in the urban planning scenario. However, the NPS pollution load decreased in the ecological protection scenario. The differences observed in the three scenarios indicated that land use had a degree of impact on NPS pollution, which showed that scientific and ecologically sound construction could effectively reduce the NPS pollution load in a watershed. This study provides a scientific method for conducting NPS pollution research at the watershed scale, a scientific basis for non-point source pollution control, and a reference for related policy making.展开更多
文摘The supply of drinking water from aquifers of base remains problematic because of his complexity. The combination of several methods is more adapted for the mapping of water establishment favorable areas. This study is focused on water points establishment favorable areas mapping. The methods used are remote sensing, pump tests sheets for determining aquifers and saprolites thickness. To determine the recharge, GR2M Method and drainage density has been used. The digital elevation model (DEM) has been used to generate slopes and drainage density maps. The thematic maps obtained combined under GIS to produce water potentiality map. The results obtained have been with exploitation rates. Three classes of potentialities have been identified. These are classes of high potentialities in groundwater which cover approximately 20% of the study area. It occurs mainly in central areas where there are sedimentary formations usually captured by the drilling. These areas are generally located in the central part, mainly in areas where there is low slope, important with a thick layer of saprolites.
文摘In Botswana water is the most precious natural resource and the government, through various institutions, is making an attempt to control the development and usage of this resource which is critical in all future development planning. Virtually all water used in rural areas is extracted from groundwater by means of wells and boreholes. Information on these water points, together with other surface sources, play an important role in regional economic development. An attempt, using the available water points data and Arc View GIS software, has been made to build a Water Point Management System in Central District (WPMSCD), which has already been used by the local authorities to answer day-to-day inquiries related to water points in the District.
文摘Water resource access in the Nouhao sub-basin, assessed based on the availability of drinking water mobilization facilities, the availability of water for uses and the quality of drinking water, revealed that in 2017 the basin was covered by 1249 modern water point, main drinking water sources. On average, the sub-basin shows a ratio of 271 users per drinking water point. Communal level shows some disparity with Bittou recording the highest number of people per drinking water point, i.e., around 537. Water that can be captured in the entire sub-basin meets only 42% of the total water needs from the three mains uses: irrigation, domestic consumption and livestock. The highest demander among these uses is Irrigation with 75% of the need, i.e., approximately 12,859,995 m<sup>3</sup>. Water in 33% drinking sources of this sub basin is of poor quality. Arsenic, one of the quality parameters studied, is found in some communes of the sub-basin. 11% of the water points in Bissiga are arsenic polluted making this commune the most arsenic contaminated location. The vulnerability maps deducted from lack of water for uses;lack of drinking water works and poor water quality shows so, the exposure level of the sub-basin’ communes to some potential risks related to low water resources access.
基金supported by the Proctor and Gamble Company and in part by Boshidian Fund of Ministry of Education of China(No.200800030046)
文摘Purification capacity of a faucet mounted type water filter for home use was evaluated, particularly with regard to microbiological performance under different running conditions. Biofilms were formed inside the filter, affecting the bacterial quality of the effluent water. Low flow rate, long stagnation period and high filter temperature were found favorable for bacterial growth inside. By commercial analytical profile index (API) kits, ten different bacterial species were identified in drinking water, four of which were probably contributed to the biofilm formation since they were also present in the biofilm. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to confirm the API identification results, and direct viable count (DVC) method was employed to improve the sensitivity of FISH for the isolated Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas putida as models. Relationship between the filter operating condition and the bacterial community alteration was partly revealed, which could provide the basic knowledge for the filter design and its practical use.
文摘The study is interested in chemical quality of water of the one of the five aquifers, unconfined water AQ1, (other free groundwaters AQ2, AQ3, AQ4 and AQ5 being captive) in the area of Pointe-Noire. A series of physicochemical analysis was carried out on the samples of water of the zone. The results of these analyses were treated starting from a chemical-hydro method which uses the diagrams of Piper, Stabler, Schoeller Berkaloff, Stiff, Wilcox and the statistical methods classic. These chemical-hydro results made it possible to highlight the prevalence of sodic and potassic facies chlorinated in groundwaters of the unconfined water of the area of Pointe-Noire. In this area, the groundwaters of the unconfined water gather in three principal-hydro facies: sodic and potassic chlorinated waters are the most important (66.7%) in the studied water;calcic and magnesian bicarbonated water (16.65%) and bicarbonated sodic and potassic ones (16.65%). This study reveals that the groundwaters of the area of Pointe-Noire undergo an intrusion saltworks. As a whole, these groundwaters require in certain cases, a specific treatment before consumption.
基金Supported by State Key Research and Development Program of Ministry of Science and Technology"Soil Passivation-Physiological Barrier-Enrichment and Removal Technology in Paddy Field with Mild Cadmium Contamination"(2016YED0800705-01)Key Research and Development Program of Guangxi"Research and Demonstration of Remediation Technology in Cadmium and Lead Polluted Paddy Field"(Gui Ke AB16380084)+2 种基金Key Agricultural Science and Technology Project of Guangxi"Integration,Research and Development of Heavy Metal Pollution Prevention Technology for Paddy Field"(201528)Scientific Research and Technological Development Program Project of Nanning City"Research and Demonstration of Integrated Ecological Restoration Technology for Heavy Metal Cadmium Polluted Paddy Field in Nanning"(20162105)Scientific and Technological Service Ability and Party Informationization Construction of Ecological Comprehensive Demonstration Village in Jianning No.1 Team of Xixiangtang District of Nanning(20152054-13)
文摘Agricultural non-point source pollution has become the main part of water pollution prevention and control in China. This paper made a brief introduction to the causes and hazards of agricultural non-point source pollution and the current situation of agricultural non-point source pollution prevention and control in China. In view of the serious agricultural non-point source pollution in water environment of Guangxi and the difference in quality of drinking water between urban and rural areas,it came up with recommendations for strengthening agricultural non-point source pollution prevention and control from scientific distribution,linked operation and maintenance,popular science education,and legal system construction,to guarantee safe and healthy drinking water in rural areas.
基金Chinese Polar Environment Comprehensive Investigation and Assessment Programmes under contract Nos CHINARE2013-03-03 and CHINARE 2013-04-03the National Oceanic Commonweal Research Project under contract No.201105001the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.41374043
文摘The measurement of atmospheric water vapor (WV) content and variability is important for meteorological and climatological research. A technique for the remote sensing of atmospheric WV content using ground-based Global Positioning System (GPS) has become available, which can routinely achieve accuracies for integrated WV content of 1-2 kg/m2. Some experimental work has shown that the accuracy of WV measurements from a moving platform is comparable to that of (static) land-based receivers. Extending this technique into the marine environment on a moving platform would be greatly beneficial for many aspects of meteorological research, such as the calibration of satellite data, investigation of the air-sea interface, as well as forecasting and climatological studies. In this study, kinematic precise point positioning has been developed to investigate WV in the Arctic Ocean (80°-87°N) and annual variations are obtained for 2008 and 2012 that are identical to those related to the enhanced greenhouse effect.
基金Under the auspices of Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (973 Program) (No. 2004CB418502,No. 2007CB407205)the Knowledge Innovation Programs of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KSCX1-YW-09-13)
文摘Individual participation of pollutants in the pollution load should be estimated even if roughly for the appropriate environmental management of a river basin.It is difficult to identify the sources and to quantify the load, especially in modeling nonpoint source.In this study a revised model was established by integrating point and nonpoint sources into one-dimensional Streeter-Phelps(S-P) model on the basis of real-time hydrologic data and surface water quality monitoring data in the Jilin Reach of the Songhua River Basin.Chemical oxygen demand(COD) and ammonia nitrogen(NH 3-N) loads were estimated.Results showed that COD loads of point source and nonpoint source were 134 958 t/yr and 86 209 t/yr, accounting for 61.02% and 38.98% of total loads, respectively.NH 3-N loads of point source and nonpoint source were 16 739 t/yr and 14 272 t/yr, accounting for 53.98% and 46.02%, respectively.Point source pollution was stronger than nonpoint source pollution in the study area at present.The water quality of upstream was better than that of downstream of the rivers and cities.It is indispensable to treat industrial wastewater and municipal sewage out of point sources, to adopt the best management practices to control diffuse pollutants from agricultural land and urban surface runoff in improving water quality of the Songhua River Basin.The revised S-P model can be successfully used to identify pollution source and quantify point source and nonpoint source loads by calibrating and validating.
基金Project(20956001) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(CX2011B083) supported by Hunan Provincial Innovation Foundation for Postgraduate, ChinaProject(K1104026-11) supported by Project of Changsha Science and Technology Bureau, China
文摘A novel cloud-point extraction (CPE) was successfully used in preconcentration of biphenol A (BPA) from aqueous solutions. Majority of BPA is extracted into the surfactant-rich phase. The parameters affecting the CPE such as concentration of surfactant and electrolyte, equilibration temperature and time and pH of sample solution were investigated. The samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Under the optimized conditions, preconcentration of 10 mL sample gives a preconcentration factor of 11. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) are 0.1 μg/L and 0.33 μg/L, respectively. The linear range of the proposed method is 0.2-20 μg/L with correlation coefficients greater than 0.998 7 and the spiking recoveries are 97.96%-100.42%. The interference factor was tested and the extraction mechanism was also investigated. Thus, the developed CPE has proven to be an efficient, green, rapid and inexpensive approach for extraction and preconcentration of BPA from water samples.
基金the Analysis and Testing Foundation of Zhejiang Province(No 04045)
文摘A novel approach was developed for the determination of ultratrace amounts of copper in water samples by using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) after cloud point extraction ( CPE ). 1-( 2-Pyridylazo ) -2- naphthol was used as the chelating reagent and Triton X-114 as the mieellar-forming surfactant. CPE was conducted in a pH 8. 0 medium at 40 ℃ for 10 rain. After the separation of the phases by contrifugafion, the surfactant-rieh phase was diluted with 1 mL of a methanol solution of 0. 1 mol/L HNO3. Then 20μL of the diluted surfactant-rieh phase was injected into the graphite furnace for atomization in the absence of any matrix modifier. Various experimental conditions that affect the extraction and atomization processes were optimized. A detection limit of 5 ng/L was obtained after preconeentration. The linear dynamic range of the copper mass concentration was found to be 0-2.0 ng/mL, and the relative standard deviation was found to be less than 3. 1% for a sample containing 1.0 ng/mL Cu ( Ⅱ ). This developed method was successfully applied to the determination of uhratraee amounts of Cu in drinking water, tap water, and seawater samples.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41171155,40801069)National Science and Technology Major Project of China:Water Pollution Control and Governance(No.2012ZX07505-003)
文摘Non-point source(NPS) pollution has become a major source of water pollution. A combination of models would provide the necessary direction and approaches designed to control NPS pollution through land use planning. In this study, NPS pollution load was simulated in urban planning, historic trends and ecological protection land use scenarios based on the Conversion of Land Use and its Effect at Small regional extent(CLUE-S) and Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT) models applied to Hunhe-Taizi River Watershed, Liaoning Province, China. Total nitrogen(TN) and total phosphorus(TP) were chosen as NPS pollution indices. The results of models validation showed that CLUE-S and SWAT models were suitable in the study area. NPS pollution mainly came from dry farmland, paddy, rural and urban areas. The spatial distribution of TN and TP exhibited the same trend in 57 sub-catchments. The TN and TP had the highest NPS pollution load in the western and central plains, which concentrated the urban area and farm land. The NPS pollution load would increase in the urban planning and historic trends scenarios, and would be even higher in the urban planning scenario. However, the NPS pollution load decreased in the ecological protection scenario. The differences observed in the three scenarios indicated that land use had a degree of impact on NPS pollution, which showed that scientific and ecologically sound construction could effectively reduce the NPS pollution load in a watershed. This study provides a scientific method for conducting NPS pollution research at the watershed scale, a scientific basis for non-point source pollution control, and a reference for related policy making.