Level of Bacteriological and Physicochemical Pollution of Surface Waters in Rural Area: The Case of Mbankomo Municipality (Center Region, Cameroon)

A study aimed at evaluating the physicochemical and bacteriological quality of surface water was therefore carried out in a few watercourses in the municipality of Mbankomo, located in the Center Region (Cameroon). The physico-chemical parameters were measured according to the standard method. The organic pollution index (OPI) was determined from the contents of nitrates, phosphates, and ammoniacal nitrogen to characterize the level of organic pollution of the water. The microorganisms sought were total flora, indicators of faecal contamination like total coliforms, faecal coliforms, feacal streptococci and Escherichia coli, as well as the species Clostridium perfringens. The organic pollution index indicates a high-level organic pollution level during the small rainy season and high to moderate during the small dry season. High concentrations of the total and fecal coliforms, streptococci fecal, Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens respectively of 1712 × 105 CFU/100mL;82 × 105 CFU/100mL;10 × 105 CFU/100mL;27 × 105 and 40 × 103 CFU/100mL, all higher than WHO standards, indicate that the waterways of Mbankomo are subject to feacal pollution and harbor pathogenic microflora. The cell densities of main bacteria were significantly correlated with main abiotic parameters, such as Escherichia coli, which was significantly correlated with the pH of the water (r = 0.35;p < 0.05). The variation of organic pollution index category means correspond to a high level of organic pollution during the small rainy season and a high to moderate level during the small dry season. The deterioration of the quality of these waters is favored by their proximity to sources of pollution (toilets, plantation), the runoff of the waters contaminated, the use of detergents and wrong maintenance. These waters without any treatment are not recommendable for human consumption according to standards of the World Health Organization.

Changes in Water Quality of Origin Flows of Hotan River Based on Nemorow Pollution Index

[Objective] The study aimed to analyze water quality of origin flows of Hctan River using Nemorow pollution index method. [Method] Based on data monitored at four monitoring sections of Yorungkash River and Karakash River dudng 2001 -2005, water quality of Hotan River was assessed by using Nemorow pollution index method. [ Result] During 2001 -2005, Yorungkash River and Karakash River had clean water reaching the first standard. Nemorow pollution index was 0.15 -0.69 at the first section of Yorungkash River, and it was 0.23 -0.46 at its last section; there were few changes in water quality at the last section, while Nemorow pollution index showed a downward trend at the first section. Nemorow pollu- tion index was 0.23 -0.65 at the first section of Karakash River, and it was 0.23 -0.47 at its last section, showing a downward trend at its last section. [Condusion] Water quality of Hotan River belonged to first-class clean water.

Development and Application of Water Quality Index (WQI) for the Evaluation of the Physico-Chemical Quality of Groundwater in Gold Mining Areas of Southeastern Senegal

Water is the most essential requirement for life. It provides a variety of purposes such as a source of water supply for drinking, domestic and industrial use, irrigated agriculture, livestock, and mining activities. Evaluating the status of water quality from traditional approaches does not guarantee the whole overview of the water quality situation. Therefore, developing a tool that can convert multiple parameters data into information that is understandable by both technical and non-technical personnel is vital. In this context, the purpose of this paper was to develop, calculate, and apply a water quality index for assessing the suitability (for drinking purposes) of groundwater in the gold mining areas in south-eastern Senegal. The development of this index based on WHO water quality guidelines followed the five standards steps i.e., parameters selection, sub-index formation, parameters weighting and sub-index aggregation and evaluation. Finally, the WQI summarized twelve key water quality parameters into 05 simple terms (excellent, good, medium, poor, and very poor) which is more relevant for reporting to managers and the public in a consistent manner. Thus, it was observed in the study area, that the water quality indexes in artisanal and industrial mining areas are either poor or very poor while in the reference stations (where there are no mining activities) WQI are either good or excellent. This situation was attributed to the effects of mining activities in such zones which contribute to the pollution of groundwater with heavy metals, nitrates, and suspended solids.

Investigation on Water Pollution of Four Rivers in Coastal Wetland of Yellow River Estuary

[Objective] The study aimed at analysing water pollution of four rivers in coastal wetland of Yellow River estuary. [Method] Taking four seriously polluted rivers (Guangli River, Shenxian Ditch, Tiao River and Chao River) in coastal wetland of Yellow River estuary as study objects, water samples were collected from the four rivers in May (dry period), August (wet period) and November (normal period) in 2009 and 2010 respectively, then pollution indices like nutritive salts, COD, chlorophyll-a, petroleum, etc. were measured. Afterwards, the status quo of water pollution was assessed based on Nemero index and comprehensive trophic level index (TLI), so as to find out the integral status quo of water quality of wetland rivers and damages to aquatic ecological environment. [Result] On the whole, water pollution of four rivers in coastal wetland of Yellow River estuary was serious, in the eutrophication state, and the main pollutants were TN, TP, NH+4-N and petroleum. In addition, excessive N and P in the four rivers resulted in water eutrophication of Bohai Bay, so further leading to ride tide, which destroyed the coastal ecological environment of Bohai Sea. Moreover, compared with historical data, water pollution by nitrogen and phosphorus became more serious, while there was no obvious aggravation in the water pollution by petroleum. In a word, water pollution wasn’t optimistic on the whole. [Conclusion] The research could provide theoretical bases for the protection and utilization of river water in coastal wetland of Yellow River estuary and its coastal sea area.

Assessment of water quality suitability for agriculture in a potentially leachate-contaminated region

Dump sites pose a significant threat to groundwater resources due to the possibility of leachate leakage into the aquifer.This study investigated the impact of leachate on groundwater quality in the southwest region of Zanjan City,Iran,where groundwater is utilized for drinking,agricultural,and industrial purposes.We analyzed 18 parameters of dump site leachate,including physicochemical,heavy metals,and bacterial properties,alongside 13 groundwater samples.Sampling was conducted twice,in November 2020 and June 2021,within a five-kilometer radius of the Zanjan dump site.We utilized the Leachate Pollution Index(LPI)to evaluate potential groundwater contamination by leachate leakage from nearby dumpsite.Additionally,due to the predominant agricultural activities in the study area,various indices were employed to assess groundwater quality for agricultural purposes,such as Sodium Adsorption Ratio(SAR),Soluble Sodium Index(SSI),Kelly Ratio(KR),and Permeability Index(PI).Our analysis revealed no observed contamination related to leachate in the study area according to the LPI results.However,with the persistent pollution threat,implementing sanitary measures at the dump site is crucial to prevent potential impacts on groundwater quality.Moreover,the assessment of groundwater quality adequacy for irrigation yielded satisfactory results for SAR,KR,and PI indices.However,during both the dry(November 2020)and wet seasons(June 2021),the SSP index indicated that 80%of the samples were not classified as excellent,suggesting groundwater may not be suitable for agriculture.Overal,our qualitative study highlights the significant impact of the dry season on groundwater quality in the study area,attributed to elevated concentration levels of the investigated parameters within groundwater sources during the dry season.

Application of Index Analysis to Evaluate the Water Quality of the Tuul River in Mongolia

A study of water pollution determinands of the Tuul River was carried out in surrounding area of Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia at 14 monitoring sites, using an extensive dataset between 1998 and 2008. An index method, developed by Ministry of Nature and Environment of Mongolia, applied for assessment and total, seven hydro-chemicals used in the index calculation. The research indicates that the Tuul River is not polluted until the Ulaanbaatar city and the contamination level spike appears when the river entering the city. The upper reaches of the river and tributaries have relatively good quality waters. Several pollution sources exist in the study area. Among them, the Central Wastewater Treatment Plant (CWTP) is a strongest point source in the downstream section of the river, recently. Pollutions at sites 7-10 are strongly dependant effluent treatment levels from the plant, and it contains a high amount of chemicals that can cause of major decrement of the water quality. This would definitely kill aquatic fauna in the stretch of the river affected. It certainly happened in 2007. The general trend of water quality gradually has been decreased in the study period. Clearly, there is a need to improve the water quality in the Tuul River in surrounding area of the Ulaanbaatar. In order to change this situation, operation enhancement of treatment plants, a water quality modeling and artificial increment of dissolved oxygen concentrations become crucial to improve the water quality significantly. Perhaps a new wastewater treatment plant is needed for Ulaanbaatar city.

Application of Micronucleus Technique in Testing River Pollution in the Qinhuang River, Binzhou City

To figure out water pollution of the Qinhuang River in Binzhou City,broad bean root-tip micronucleus technique was applied to test water quality,water sample from different sampling points was taken to detect the contamination of broad bean root tips,so as to reflect water pollution using the pol ution indexes.The results showed that water in the Qinhuang River was polluted in different degrees,and water pollution grew more serious from the upper to the lower reaches.Water pollution sources include domestic sewage and solid waste,thus pollution discharge into the river must be strictly controlled to restore the polluted water and the ecological functions of waterscapes.

Macroinvertebrates as Bio Indicators of Water Quality in Pinyinyi River, Arusha Tanzania

Rivers are important for aquatic biodiversity. Anthropogenic activities degrade rivers and decrease their capacity to offer ecosystem services. This study used macroinvertebrates to assess the impact of anthropogenic activities on the Pinyinyi River during dry and wet season. Abundance of macroinvertebrates, average score per taxon and Shannon Weiner Species Diversity Index were used to state the ecological status of Pinyinyi River. Because the abundance of macroinvertebrates can be affected by change in water quality, some of the physicochemical parameters were also measured. A macroinvertebrates hand net is used to collect the macroinvertebrates per sampling point. DO, temperature, pH, turbidity and TDS were measured in-situ using HI-9829 Multiparameter and BOD was measured in the laboratory using Oxydirect levibond method. A total of 164 macroinvertebrates were collected and identified from Pinyinyi River during dry and wet season. They belong to 13 families. The most abundant taxa were mosquito larva, Diptera (41.07%) and aquatic caterpillar, Lepidoptera (23.21%) during dry season representing about 64.28% of the total macroinvertebrates whereas the least abundant taxa were pouch snail (16.07%) and dragonflies, Odonata (19.64%) during dry season representing about 35.72% of the total macroinvertebrates. The most abundant taxa collected during wet season were aquatic earthworm, haplotaxida (19.44%), midges, Diptera (17.59%), black flies, Diptera (15.74%) and creeping water bugs, hemiptera (12.96%) whereas the least abundant were pigmy back swimmers, hemiptera (2.78%), snail (3.7%), predacious dividing beetle (4.63%) and coleopteran (4.63%). Average Score per taxon of Pinyinyi River during dry season was 5.25 and 3.6 during wet season. The Shannon Weiner Species Diversity Index was 1.318 during dry season and 2.138 during wet season. Based on the score, Pinyinyi River is moderately polluted during dry season and seriously polluted during wet season. Based on index, Pinyinyi River has low diversity of macroinvertebrates during dry season and highly in diversity of macroinvertebrates during wet season. Moreover, it was found that, agricultural activities, livestock keeping, bathing and washing alter physicochemical parameters of Pinyinyi River and hence change the abundance of macroinvertebrates as well as the quality of water. The study, therefore, recommends that the source of pollutants should be controlled and the river regularly monitored by the relevant authorities.

Suitability and Sustainability of Rainwater QualityMonitoring System in Cistern for Domestic Use

Rainwater harvesting(RWH)systems have been the source of domestic water for many years and still becoming essential in many communities of developing countries.However,due to various reasons,there are several sources of contamination in the rainwater cistern systems.Dissolved chemicals from the roofing,storage,and conveyance materials,together with the suspended particulate matter from the airborne,are examples of water contamination.In this work,the water quality monitoring system has been designed and implemented.Chemical and physical parameters of water samples were collected from three locations using a data acquisition(DAQ)system and rainwater quality was analyzed using Water Pollution Index(WPI).Results obtained from three locations have been presented.

黄河流域中小河流水质评价的比较研究

我国中小河流众多,流域面积覆盖了全国85%的城镇及广大农村地区,是区域生产生活用水的主要来源和污染负荷排放的接纳者.开展中小河流水质综合评价对于客观、准确地评价水环境质量状况,制订水污染防治整体规划具有重要意义.以黄河流域河南省2条典型中小河流为研究对象,在识别河流水污染状况的基础上,采用单因子评价法、综合污染指数法、水质标识指数法和模糊综合评价4种方法对水质现状进行了综合评价,探讨了不同方法在中小河流水质评价中的适用性.结果表明:2条中小河流主要污染指标为NH_(3)-N、挥发酚及TP;水质标识指数法的评价结果与可靠性分析中的水质评价结果一致性最高,该方法得到的水质类别结果更加可靠.

广西防城港海域表层海水重金属和富营养化特征分析与评价

海水重金属和营养盐的研究对于了解海洋生态系统平衡、评估海洋环境质量、制定保护策略等方面具有重要意义。为研究防城港海域表层海水水体质量,于2021年9月在防城港海域开展调查,分析海水中的溶解氧(dissolved oxygen,DO)、化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)、溶解无机氮(dissolved inorganic nitrogen,DIN)、溶解无机磷(dissolved inorganic phosphorus,DIP)及5种重金属(Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、As)含量,采用单因子指数、水质综合污染指数、有机污染指数和富营养化指数对海水水体质量进行评价。结果显示:除DIN和DIP外,防城港海域表层海水中其他因子均优于二类海水水质标准;单因子评价表明超标因子主要为DIP和DIN,超标率分别为70%和98%;水质综合污染指数法评价表明整个海域均处于轻度及以上污染;重金属风险熵评价结果表明防城港海域主要风险元素为Cu、Cd和Zn;富营养化和有机污染指数表明防城港海域均处于有机污染状态,且有55%区域处于富营养化状态,多集中在企沙半岛南部海域及防城港航道。综合分析表明:DIN和DIP主要受海水养殖业和沿岸污水排放的影响;5种重金属主要来源为海洋运输、海水养殖业及工业废水排放、混合输入源,3种来源相对贡献率分别为18%、8%和74%。研究成果可为防城港海域可持续发展、海洋环境保护和治理提供科学依据。

基于3种水质指数方法的鄱阳湖五河水质分析与评价

为了研究鄱阳湖五大水系的污染现状,采用灰色关联法、单因子评价法和综合污染指数评价法,选取溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、总氮和总磷5个评价因子,对赣江、信江、抚河、修河和饶河水质进行了分析评价。结果表明研究水域水质总体为Ⅰ—Ⅲ类,由于农业污水排放导致五河全年总氮含量均过高,同时由于七八月份温度过高导致溶解氧含量过低。运用灰色关联法、单因子评价法和综合污染指数评价法,分析3种方法的优缺点,对比综合分析其评价结果,其中综合污染指数法和灰色关联法得出的结果较为客观,其产生的研究结果可为鄱阳湖五河水污染防治以及水质综合管理提供参考。

南水北调中线总干渠污染物降解及自净能力研究

自净过程是影响河湖水体水质变化的重要因素,污染物降解系数是决定水体自净能力的关键参数。定量分析长距离输水过程中渠道本身的自净作用,对于认识总干渠水质变化过程,区分其他外源因素对水质变化的影响都有着重要意义。以高锰酸盐指数和氨氮为研究对象,采用室内实验模拟的方法测定了南水北调中线输水总干渠典型断面的污染物降解系数,并将模拟的自净衰减过程与水质实际变化过程进行对比。结果显示:①总干渠污染物降解系数k相对天然河流处于较低水平,陶岔断面k_(COD_(Mn))为0.055 d^(-1),k_(NH_(3)-N)为0.003 d^(-1),郑湾断面k_(COD_(Mn))为0.049 d^(-1),k_(NH_(3)-N)为0.003 d^(-1),大安舍断面k_(COD_(Mn))为0.032 d^(-1),k_(NH_(3)-N)为0.009 d^(-1);考虑到高锰酸盐指数实际组分复杂,渠道降解系数较模拟结果可能更低。②模拟的自净衰减过程受温度、流速的影响较大,不同条件下总干渠高锰酸盐指数将从1.8 mg/L下降至0.228~1.042 mg/L,氨氮浓度将从0.034 mg/L下降至0.026~0.030 mg/L。由于存在藻源性、大气沉降和坡面径流等外源输入增量,总干渠沿程实测高锰酸盐指数介于1.8~2.4 mg/L之间(2019年),基本维持稳定;氨氮浓度介于0.029~0.096 mg/L之间(2019年),有升高趋势。理想条件下,自净作用最大能够消减高锰酸盐指数增量的81.81%,消减氨氮增量的30.37%。研究成果可为深入认识南水北调中线总干渠输水过程中水质沿程变化提供参考。

采煤塌陷湿地水质与富营养化评价

PAH湿地公园作为采煤沉陷区生态修复而设计的生态湿地公园,其修复后的湖泊水质情况备受关注。本研究于2023年10月在PAH北湖布置13个采样点,研究分析了氧化还原电位、水温、pH、溶解氧、电导率、透明度、五日生化需氧量、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮、总氮、氨氮、总磷、叶绿素、化学需氧量和高锰酸盐指数共15项指标,对其水质和富营养化进行评价。结果表明,北湖内梅罗污染指数均值为0.86,其水质处于清洁状态。综合营养水平指数均值为59.98,北湖水体整体上处于轻度富营养化和中度富营养化的临界状态,北湖部分理化指标呈明显空间异质性。

基于水质单因子指数的水体污染源识别与指标阶段变化监测研究

为实现对水体污染源的准确识别,提出基于水质单因子指数的水体污染源识别方法。在确定研究对象后,根据水域的实际情况布设监测点位置。然后选定总氮、总磷、氨氮、高锰酸盐指数、重金属污染浓度以及细菌总数量6项指标用于反映水体的营养物质含量、有机污染程度和水体的氧化还原状态、酸碱度等。根据指标测定结果,利用因子分析方法精准识别水体污染源。然后,在已确定的水污染源附近,定期采集水样和检测指标,监测水质指标在不同阶段的变化情况,以期为水域污染治理提供支持。

软土地区深基坑降水地表重金属污染对周边环境的影响研究

软土地区深基坑施工会涉及大量土方开挖和基坑排水操作,增加了土壤流动性。降水天气会加快土壤重金属污染物的释放和流动速度,污染附近的土壤以及水体。为此,研究软土地区深基坑降水地表重金属污染对周边环境的影响。调查江苏省深基坑工程施工现状,采集调研地区的土壤与水样,确定实验材料和实验仪器。实验表明,通过单因子污染指数、综合污染指数、内梅罗指数验证了重金属污染对周边环境具有明显的污染影响,深基坑工程较多的工业区中重金属Cd、Pb、Cu的含量较高,降水过程会加重该影响,且软土地区深基坑施工对周边水体的影响较大。

地表水污染状态实时监测与污染物特征分布研究

在广东省黄冈河流域,由于亚热带季风气候和大量降雨导致的土壤侵蚀,地表水污染成为一个严重问题。为降低损失,文章实施了实时监测并分析污染物特征分布。首先,对地理、气候、地表水利用及污染现状进行了深入分析;然后,利用地表水微波检测法进行实时监测;最后,基于监测结果,采用单因子指数评价法对地表水污染物特征分布进行了分析。结果表明,文章研究成功实现了实时监测,并展示良好的污染物特征分布分析能力,为地表水污染防治提供有力保障。

城市园林景观对河道水污染的防治效果研究

针对城市水污染日益严重的问题,提出城市园林景观对河道水污染的防治效果研究。采集滨河公园河道各采样点水体样本,以理化指标、重金属和类金属含量及对应WQI和TLI评估上、下游水质。分析后可知,园林景观对河道水污染防治作用明显,且部分指标间存在关联作用,进一步分析植被过滤带、台地式石笼护岸、河岸斜坡式缓冲带和生态浮岛中各种植类型的净化效果,实验分析得出各种植类型均具备防治效果,其中乔灌木群落栽植效果最佳,因地制宜地结合各种植类型能够有效防治河道水污染。

潮白河流域河道底泥污染和释放特征及发展趋势研究

河道是水的主要承载体,河道底泥作为河道的重要组成部分,对整个河道的污染状态起决定性作用。因此,文章以潮白河流域为例,研究了河道底泥污染和释放特征,并对发展趋势进行了分析。通过分析底泥的组成、来源、污染特征以及释放机制,为河道污染的评估和监测提供科学依据。在外源污染得到有效控制的基础上,研究提出了采用生态清淤疏浚方式来快速减小内源污染的方法。最终,根据评价及实验结果,揭示了底泥对上覆水体的影响,并提出了科学的生态清淤方案。通过深入研究河道底泥污染和释放特征,文章为环境保护、生态恢复和人类健康提供了科学支持,为保护水环境、维护生态平衡和保障人类健康提供了有效的管理和决策依据。

基于雷达图的永定河水环境质量评价

永定河是海河流域七大水系之一,也是京津冀地区重要水源涵养区、生态屏障和生态廊道。为掌握永定河水环境质量状况,评估跨流域生态补水对永定河水质改善成效,本研究采用雷达图指数法,对永定河2020—2022年13个地表水监测断面开展水质评价,并结合内梅罗指数、主成分指数评价结果,分析近3年水环境质量状况。研究显示,从空间上看,上游的洋河、桑干河水质较好,雷达图指数基本达到尚清洁及以上,永定河(干流)平原段特别是入海河口相对较差;从时间上看,2020年以来永定河水质稳步提升,单月优良水体(Ⅰ~Ⅲ类)累计占比由58.1%提升至86.7%,全年水质状况由轻度污染提升至优,跨流域生态补水发挥出显著效果;从监测指标看,主成分分析显示COD_(Mn)、COD_(Cr)和BOD_(5)等耗氧量指标是主要污染因子,此外,氟化物背景值以及氮磷肥料施用、畜禽养殖引起的氨氮、总磷面源污染也是影响永定河水质的重要污染指标。结果显示,雷达图以可视化形式表达监测断面水质状况,直观展现各项监测指标污染程度,与内梅罗指数、主成分指数评价结果具有良好的一致性,可为水环境监测评估与综合治理成效评价提供方法借鉴。