Analysis on Superior Features and Development Value of Water Tourist Resource in Jiangsu Province of China

In view of the fact that water resource had been taken as the focus of tourism development in Jiangsu Province, the paper had analyzed superior features of water tourist resource in Jiangsu Province, and summarized geographic features and plentiful water resources in Jiangsu. It emphasized that water resource was large in amount and river flew through most cities; that water resource was widely distributed and national AAAAA and AAAA scenic areas (spots) with water resource spread all over the province; that water resource was diversified in types and it could be divided into reaches, natural lakes and pools, springs, waterfalls, river mouths and lake surfaces; that water tourist resource was high in taste, strong in function and high in overall quality; and that water resource played a distinct role in landscape structure, which could not only constitute the main feature in isolation, but also lend people the sense of beauty through multiple landscaping factors. Based on the comprehensive evaluation on superior features of water resource in Jiangsu Province, it had proposed practical value for water tourism development, which was providing reference for scientific tourism planning, offering tourists abundant tourist products, shaping tourism brand image with distinct personality, creating a new growth pole and enhancing the protection of water resource.

Qingdao City Resources Water Price Estimate

The water resource price is currently one of the difficult problems of water price research.After references collection,investigation and analysis,the water resource price of Qingdao City was calculated by applying fuzzy mathematics.According to the present situation and region characteristic of Qingdao,water quality,per capita water supply,economical level,population density and alternative water resources were selected as water resource influence factors and weigh coefficients of all these factors were ascertained.The results show that the water resource price of Qingdao is 3.05yuam/m3 and total water price is 4.65Yuan/m3.

Water pricing towards sustainability of water resources: a case study in Beijing

The role of water pricing for managing water resources is widely recognized in many areas of the world because of the increasing scarcity of water resources, a high competition between water uses and environmental degradation. Based on the analysis of cost of water, this paper explores which types of cost should be reflected in the water pricing enhancing the sustainability of water resources. The principle of full cost pricing in which the cost should include supply cost, opportunity cost and externalities is proposed as a means to achieve the sustainability of water resources. In a case study of Beijing, low water price is analyzed as one reason for unsustainable water consumption. Thus water pricing justified is necessary and pressing. It is proposed to justify water price in phased manner and eventually towards full cost pricing. The assessment of impacts on water resources by raising water price shows water pricing could alleviate the conflict between water supply and demand. This paper concludes that water pricing can play an effective role in enhancing the sustainability of water resources in Beijing.

Evaluation of water resources conserved by forests in the Hani rice terraces system of Honghe County,Yunnan,China：an application of the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model

The Hani Rice Terraces System, based on gravity-flow irrigation, is one of the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(GIAHS) pilot sites selected by FAO in 2010. The water resource plays an important role in the sustainable development of this system. The value of water conserved by the forest is influenced by natural, economic and social factors. In this paper, the water quality, per capita water resources, per capita GDP and population density are chosen as indices to construct an index system for a comprehensive evaluation of water resources value. The weights of these indices are 0.443, 0.31, 0.141 and 0.106 respectively, which are determined by the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) method. The water resources value has been assessed by the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model. The results show that the water resources value in the Hani Rice Terraces System is 4.25 RMB/m^3. Evaluating the value of water resources in the Hani Rice Terraces System can provide a reference for ecological compensation, for raising public awareness of the importance of protecting the system, and ultimately achieving its sustainable development.

Water Resource Pricing Study Based on Water Quality Fuzzy Evaluation: A Case Study of Hefei City

Price plays an important role in water resources management. The price of water resources can also be considered as a “water resource tax” which reflects the value and opportunity cost of water, and people will pay for the right to use water. Currently, the water resource fees’ effect of regulating resource differential revenues is not manifest and it’s not enough to reflect the principle of paid use of resources as well as regulating resources differential revenues. Due to the ambiguity and complexity of water resources price, this paper uses methods relating to fuzzy mathematics for modeling and processing. The study had a comprehensive consideration of five factors including water quality, water resources per capita, household consumption level, per capita GNP, population or population density to evaluate the water resource price.

Water resources optimization and eco-environmental protection in Qaidam Basin

In order to realize sustainable development of the arid area of Northwest China, rational water resources exploitation and optimization are primary prerequisites. Based on the essential principle of sustainable development, this paper puts forward a general idea on water resources optimization and eco-environmental protection in Qaidam Basin, and identifies the competitive multiple targets of water resources optimization. By some qualitative methods such as Input-output Model & AHP Model and some quantitative methods such as System Dynamics Model & Produce Function Model, some standard plans of water resources optimization come into being. According to the Multiple Targets Decision by the Closest Value Model, the best plan of water resources optimization, eco-environmental protection and sustainable development in Qaidam Basin is finally decided.

An Analysis of the Value of Additional Information Provided by Water Quality Measurement Network

European Community policy concerning water is placing increasing demands on the acquisition of information about the quality of aquatic environments. The cost of this information has led to a reflection on the rationalization of monitoring networks and, therefore, on the economic value of information produced by these networks. The aim of this article is to contribute to this reflection. To do so, we used the Bayesian framework to define the value of additional information in relation to the following three parameters: initial assumptions (prior probabilities) on the states of nature, costs linked to a poor decision (error costs) and accuracy of additional information. We then analyzed the impact of these parameters on this value, particularly the combined role of prior probabilities and error costs that increased or decreased the value of information depending on the initial uncertainty level. We then illustrated the results using a case study of a stream in the Bas-Rhin department in France.

Restructuring water industry in China: towards sustainable urbanization

In its urbanization course, China is faced with a scarcity of water resources in terms of both water quantity and quality. The development of water industry is a fundamental way to alleviate water shortage. Influenced by the traditional planned economy, Chinas urban water industry has been mainly owned and run by local municipal governments. Their tight fiscal budgets have led to very inadequate investments in water industry and thus, caused a slow development of water industry. In this case, restructuring urban water industry is very important. Based on the discussion concerning the trend of demand for and supply of urban water resources, this paper explores such strategic issues as water industry organization and integrated approaches addressing water scarcity. These are followed by a discussion of introducing market mechanism for restructuring water industry.

Farmers’ Ability to Pay for Irrigation Water in the Jordan Valley

This study aims to analyze the famers’ ability to pay for irrigation water in Jordan Valley to investigate the farmer capacity to cope with increasing the water tariff. The residual imputation approach was used based on the enterprise budget for crops cultivated in different geographical locations in Jordan Valley. This methodology deducts the contribution of non-water production inputs, annualized capital cost and fixed costs from the gross output and attributes the remaining value to water. The resulting water value is an indication of the economic efficiency of water and a proxy for the maximum farmer’s ability to pay for water. The result shows that cucumber has the highest ability to pay (JD 2.26 m-3);the percentage of water cost to total cost is 1.1%. This low percent does not encourage farmers to save water. The weighted average for maximum farmers’ ability to pay for irrigation water in Jordan valley is estimated at JD 0.76 m-3. The result shows the farmer’s ability to pay for water used in plastic house is JD 1.34 m-3 compared to JD 0.62 m-3 for open field. The estimated value of desalinated brackish water is JD 0.59 m-3 while the average desalination cost is JD 0.28 m-3. Therefore, the current practice of installing Reverse Osmosis units to irrigate high value cash crops by some farmers is economically rational, since water value is twice the desalination cost of one cubic meter. If farmers have to pay the cost of O&M, they need to pay at least JD 0.065 m-3. Increasing the water prices could encourage more efficient water use, shifts to higher value crops, adoption of plastic houses, and encourage desalination of brackish water.

Economic Value of Water Resources of the Upper Reaches of the Xin’an River Basin, China

Estimating the value of water resources not only forms the basis of water rights transactions between upstream and downstream and eco-compensation standards, but also provides scientific data for the reasonable establishment of local water prices and promotes sustainable use and efficient management. Here, we estimate the economic value of the water resources of the upper reaches of the Xin’an River basin. Our purpose is to establish theoretical support for eco-compensation standardization and provide data for the protection of water resources and water price reform.

Integrated Assessment of Mineral Resources and Environmentin Mid-South of Shandong Province

On the bases of the field survey and a large number of testing data, we process the qualitative and quantitative assessment of the mine environment in the mid south of Shandong Province using the following grade Ⅰ factors:the surface subsidence in mining area, the three wastes of mine industries, the pollution sources, the surface water pollution, the underground water pollution and the air pollution. By means of emitting factor judgment and water quality indexes, we locate pollution sources, main pollutants, pollution type and pollution grade in the study area. Using the MAPGIS, we draw a zonality map of the mine environment. This paper attempts to offer a concrete example, including valuable assessment method, data and conclusion, for the assessment of mine environment from the integrated assessment of mineral resources and mine environment. This research is oriented towards the sustainable development and the ecological environment optimization.

An evaluation model of water-saving reconstruction projects based on resource value flows

Due to uncertainties in water supply,there is growing demand for water resource management in enterprises.In this study,we evaluated the effects of companies’water-saving reconstruction projects.We used Hina Advanced Materials Company as a case to construct an investment decision model to(1)calculate the internal and external costs of water resources based on circular economic value analysis theory,and(2)locate the level of water resources circulation.We adopted gray situation decision analysis to identify the typical problems that occur in water resource utilization.Moreover,we demonstrated optimization plans for different potential improvements,thereby providing guidance and references for water resource cost management and the comprehensive optimization of environmental benefits.We concluded that the circulation economic value analysis model can effectively display the flow and amount of value derived from water resource flows,thereby providing guidance and suggestions for optimizing water resource flows.

关于水价、水权、水资源税费改革协同发力的思考

运用系统思维,深化水价形成机制、水权及水资源税改革,促进协同发力,是当前和今后一个时期深化水利改革的重点任务。文章在总结改革进展、分析新形势新要求的基础上,对水价、水权、水资源税费的基本属性、改革目的、重点内容进行理论解析,分析了三者间的耦合关系,提出了水价、水权、水资源税费改革协同发力的总体考虑和相关建议。

综合水价内涵、形成机制及实施路径探析

在我国南水北调工程受水区水价管理问题分析的基础上,考虑我国南水北调受水区推进综合水价改革的现实需求,参考电价和天然气价格形成机制,系统解析了综合水价内涵及形成机制,明确综合水价具有区域水资源一体化管理、各类水源成本统一核算和用户终端水价差异化核定特征,提出综合水价需具备工程一体化、管理一体化、监管制度化的实施基础,通过供给侧一体化定价、用户侧差别化定价和管理侧梯次化推进落实综合水价改革,最后提出了推进综合水价改革的相关建议,为我国综合水价改革提供技术支撑,并服务于相关决策的制定。

国内外水资源价值与价格研究综述

针对学术界在水资源价值与价格方面的理论探索及其实践应用,以及目前水价面临的主要挑战,系统整理并归纳了水资源价值研究进展,水资源定价方法和水资源计价方式的种类、适用范围,以及与价值理论相对应的定价模型。研究结果表明:目前对于水资源多元价值的研究仍处于初级阶段,对水资源多元价值的认识不足;现有定价研究大多从单一角度出发,难以全面涵盖水资源社会价值、市场经济价值以及生态经济综合价值,且单一的计价方式不利于节水目标的实现。未来需要开展多维度评估价值、多角度制定价格以及多种计价方式研究,加强水价改革中市场机制的引入,应特别关注发展较慢的农业水价综合改革,以实现水资源的可持续利用。

基于全价值和全成本模型的农业水价方案及其可行性分析

针对现行农业水价标准过低的问题,选取粮食主产区——黑龙江省为研究区域,从农业用水全价值和全成本出发,利用能值理论分析确定农业用水价值,采用全成本水价法确定用水成本,结合现行水价制定不同情境下农业水资源定价方案;运用双对数模型建立农业用水需求价格函数,揭示水价提升带来的研究区域节水潜力,结合指数分析法确定农户可承受能力,从而判断所制定水价方案的可行性。结果表明:2020年,农业水资源全价值为0.594元/m^(3),地表水与地下水全成本分别为0.180元/m^(3)和0.355元/m^(3);针对设计的3种阶梯水价调整方案,利用2005、2010、2015、2020年进行实证分析,过渡期和长期水价方案平均年节水量分别可达2.72×10^(9)、4.45×10^(9)m^(3),平均年节水潜力分别为12.74%、19.48%,且一阶水价均在农户可承受能力范围,确定为可行方案。本文为研究区农业水价综合改革提供了支持,可结合实际情况逐步提高农业水价到合理水平。

多用途条件下水经济价值的最小用水效益决定论

基于劳动价值论以及边际效用价值论,提出了价值的边际劳动价值决定论以及多用途条件下水经济价值的评估理论和方法,认为水经济价值取决于供需平衡时各种用途用水效益的最小值或供水成本的最大值。基于该理论和方法,对北京市原水经济价值进行了评估,结果表明,北京市的水经济价值是由效益低的农业用水界定,北京市农业用水效益的估计值更接近水的价值。结合可视为北京市边际供水成本的南水北调水价,2020年北京市原水经济价值应在2.33~4.82元/m^(3)之间。

都江堰灌区水生态产品价值实现历史演进与对策建议

灌区是水生态产品的直接提供者之一,全面支撑水生态产品价值实现是灌区高质量发展的使命和任务。通过回顾和总结都江堰灌区水生态产品价值实现的历史演进特点,分析了目前存在的问题,建议从系统规划、水权水价改革、加强科技创新和数字孪生灌区建设等方面不断拓展水生态产品价值实现的广度和深度,充分融合千年古堰造福于民的价值追求,实现水生态产品价值的“帕累托最优”。

猎豹优化算法在水资源优化配置中的应用

水资源优化配置能够解决区域水资源短缺及不合理利用问题,近年来优化算法成为获得水资源优化配置结果的重要工具。为有效缓解现有优化配置算法中存在的收敛缓慢、局部优化和早熟等问题,介绍了一种新型的元启发式算法:猎豹优化算法(the Cheetah Optimizer,CO),利用该算法收敛速度快、鲁棒性强、寻优能力强等优点,将其运用至水资源优化配置问题中。以太原市为研究区域,建立了以经济效益、社会效益和生态效益为目标的水资源优化配置模型,采用CO求解该模型,并与遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)结果进行对比分析。结果表明:CO的污染物排放总量在规划年(2030)控制目标内,区域用水满意度达到0.98,能够满足基本用水和发展用水需求;与现状年(2020)相比,生活用水占比下降22.58%,三次产业用水占比分别上升10.53%、25.81%、12.5%,地表水和地下水供水比例分别降低21.70%、11.14%,回用水和引黄水供水比例分别提高了5.43%、27.40%,符合太原市水资源配置思路,验证了CO的有效性;与GA相比,CO的区域满意度、综合用水价值和配水公平性分别提高了7.10%、3.57%和56.52%,污染物排放量和缺水率分别降低了3.11%和3.85%,同时有更好的协调性,验证了CO的优越性。研究成果表明用CO求解水资源优化配置模型合理可行,为水资源优化配置模型求解提供了新方法。

基于能值-生态足迹的贵州高原典型喀斯特区域水资源可持续评价研究

【目的】深入剖析喀斯特地区水资源利用问题,从自然资源供应与需求关系辨析水资源利用状况,以期为喀斯特地区水资源高效开发利用与可持续发展提供科学依据和有益参考。【方法】生态足迹模型是生态经济学中测量人类社会资源消耗的经典方法,基于能量流的能值生态足迹模型是该领域研究的最新成果。本研究选取贵州高原典型喀斯特区域—南明河流域为研究对象,基于2010—2020年南明河流域的用水量、供水量等数据,运用能值水资源生态足迹模型系统地分析了南明河流域2010—2020年的水生态足迹、水生态承载力、水生态赤字和生态压力等变化情况。【结果】①2010—2020年,南明河流域水资源能值生态足迹年均值为1.080 hm^(2)/人,水资源能值生态承载力年均值为0.562 hm^(2)/人,水资源生态赤字明显,但整体呈逐年下降趋势;②南明河流域水资源生态压力指数年均值达2.004,处于亚安全状态,生态系统承受压力在较安全范围;③2010—2020年,南明河流域水资源生态经济协调指数年均值为1.345,接近最佳协调状态(1.414),水资源经济协调性整体较好。【结论】总体来看,南明河流域人均能值生态足迹、万元GDP和生态赤字呈逐年下降趋势,生态承载力、生态压力和生态经济协调指数呈现上下波动态势,水资源利用整体向好的方面发展。