The Management Problem of the Industrialization of Water Resources and Its Countermeasures

Water is the material basis of man＇s living. It cannot be substituted. In addition, it is the life line of agriculture even the national economy. However, water resources face very serious situation in our country. It is shown that wafer resources are in short and the water pollution is benumbing more and more serious day by day. The reason for the problem of water resources is the management problem of water resources. Besides. the per capita water resource is low because the population is increasingly serious. The industrialization of water resources is a new conception presented due to the deepening of the social labor division and the demands of the mitigating contradiction of water resources. This paper analyzes the present situation of water resources in our country and the reasons for the problems, It expounds the important significance of the industrialization of management of water resources. Then it puts forward some saggesnons for the management of the industry of water resources, and some measure to solve those problems.

Coordinated optimal allocation of water resources and industrial structure in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei regions of China

Optimizing the allocation of water resources is critical for promoting the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure and coordinated development in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei regions of China.Based on specific regional and water conditions,to strengthen the constraints on water resources,the“three-step”adaptive management approach of“scheme design-scheme diagnosis-scheme optimization”of water resource allocation are adopted to facilitate the coordinated optimal allocation of water resources and industrial structure in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei regions.First,from the level of overall industry,a water resource allocation scheme for the regions is designed by applying the master-slave hierarchical mode and a bi-level optimal model to determine the ideal amount of water resource allocation for the regions and respective industries.Second,the diagnostic criteria of spatial balance,structural matching,and coordinated development are constructed to determine the rationality of the water resource allocation scheme.Then a benefit compensation function with water market transactions is developed,to adaptively adjust the water resource allocation scheme.Finally,the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure are promoted to improve water consumption efficiency and the coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei regions.The study can provide reference for the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei regions to realize the comprehensive optimal allocation of water resources in the regions and improve the adaptability of water resources and industrial structure optimization.

Urban Water Supply Industry Marketization of China in View of Public Water Service and Water Resource Management

Started with the discussions on the value orientation of urban water supply industry marketization,the article points out that the current urban water supply industry marketization reform is inconsistent with the goal of public water service equalization to some extent.The article also analyzes the problems emerged in urban water supply industry marketization reform and various rea-sons in view of efficiency and fairness.An efficiency and fairness oriented management model is built in this article to illustrate how the government should conciliate interests of various communities involved in the process of marketization reform of the urban water supply industry so as to actualize the coordination of efficiency and fairness.At the end,an assumption on urban water price is put forward to help achieve the public water service equalization.

Evolution Stages of Oasis Economy and Its Dependence on Natural Resources in Tarim River Basin

This paper examines spatio-temporal characteristics of an oasis economy and its relationship with water and mineral resources in the Tarim River Basin from 1965 to 2005. A spatial autocorrelation model, the center of gravity model, and index system of the regional central city are used to probe the evolution laws of spatial structure of oasis economy. The study finds that: 1) The economic centre of gravity, whose variation track during this period follows linear rate law, was moving from headstream to middle reaches of the Tarim River. 2) Positive spatial autocorrelation which showed a waving and ascending trend of regional economy was significant and the neighbor effect of regional economic growth was strengthened continuously. 3) The regional economic centre was located in Hotan City before 1980, moved to Aksu City during the 1980s and to Korla City after 1990. We conclude that above all, during the recent four decades the evolution of the oasis economy in this region has gone through three stages: a traditional agriculture stage (before 1980), oasis agriculture and agricultural product processing stage (1980–1990) and oasis energy industry stage (after 1990). Furthermore, the dependence degree of the oasis economy on natural resources in different stages are studied by using dominance index, regression model, and grey relation method, which shows that an oasis econ- omy highly depends on water resources in the oasis agriculture and agricultural product processing stage while it de- pends more on mineral resources such as oil and natural gas during the oasis energy industry stage.

Restructuring water industry in China: towards sustainable urbanization

In its urbanization course, China is faced with a scarcity of water resources in terms of both water quantity and quality. The development of water industry is a fundamental way to alleviate water shortage. Influenced by the traditional planned economy, Chinas urban water industry has been mainly owned and run by local municipal governments. Their tight fiscal budgets have led to very inadequate investments in water industry and thus, caused a slow development of water industry. In this case, restructuring urban water industry is very important. Based on the discussion concerning the trend of demand for and supply of urban water resources, this paper explores such strategic issues as water industry organization and integrated approaches addressing water scarcity. These are followed by a discussion of introducing market mechanism for restructuring water industry.

水利新质生产力的内涵界定及发展路径研究

新质生产力是符合新发展理念的先进生产力质态。由于水利的基础性、战略性特征,水利新质生产力有着深刻的内涵。从生产力理论出发,提出水利新质生产力具有水利产业、水利部门和水要素三重维度。在每个维度上,水利新质生产力具有不同的战略定位。在新发展阶段,水利新质生产力具有促进水利行业自身强、支撑高质量发展和构建新型生产关系的价值。分析了水利新质生产力的发展路径,提出必须大幅度提升水利创新能力,形成发展水利新质生产力的直接动力;强化水利人才队伍建设,形成发展水利新质生产力的原动力;推进水利科技产业建设,形成水利新质生产力的发展载体;强化水要素的刚性约束,夯实发展水利新质生产力的关键基础。

典型水利产业投资基金情况调研与思考

近年来,一些省份积极探索设立水利产业投资基金,推进水利基础设施建设,取得了一定成效。通过对贵州、湖南、江西和河南等地的典型调研发现,目前水利领域产业投资基金面临管理趋于严格、实际应用不充分、基金吸引力不强等挑战。为推动水利领域用好产业投资基金,建议加强宣传培训提高认识,结合当地实际分类推动,加大政策支持优化设计,推进市场化改革提高收益。

坚持“四水四定”推动经济社会高质量发展——以宁夏回族自治区“四水四定”创新实践为例

坚持“四水四定”,强化水资源刚性约束,既是缓解我国水资源供需矛盾、保障水安全的必然选择,也是推动高质量发展、建设美丽中国的客观要求。文章以宁夏回族自治区为例,深入分析了宁夏回族自治区“四水四定”改革实践,总结了相关经验启示,为探索以水资源节约集约利用推动经济社会高质量发展提供了参考。

工业用地市场化配置的降碳效应与作用路径研究

本文探索在碳减排治理新阶段,工业用地要素市场化配置对地区降碳效应的影响,为深化要素市场化配置提供参考。文章基于全国30个省域2009—2020年的碳排放数据,采用双固定模型检验工业用地市场化配置对地区降碳效应的影响及作用机制。结果表明,工业用地市场化配置显著促进地区降碳效应,经过一系列稳健性检验后结果仍然成立;能源强度与能源消费结构低碳化水平对降碳效应产生正向调节作用,强化工业用地市场化配置对降碳效应的促进作用,资本错配会对降碳效应产生负向调节作用,弱化二者之间的促进作用;工业用地市场化配置对降碳效应在北方和低工业化水平地区的促进效应更显著;进一步分析发现,工业用地市场化配置显著抑制地区污染物排放水平,工业用地出让价格扭曲和工业用地出让面积增加均会抑制地区降碳效应,工业用地招拍挂出让方式显著促进降碳效应。为进一步落实碳减排目标,应提高工业用地要素市场化配置程度,充分发挥市场机制,适当弱化政府干预,最大化工业用地市场化配置政策的动态性和延续性对地区长期降碳效应的促进作用。

市场型村干部助推乡村产业振兴——基于H村和Q村的双案例比较研究

乡村振兴战略下,产业兴旺是核心,是有效解决“三农”问题的“一剂良方”。文章以L市H村和Q村为研究对象,采用双案例比较研究方法,在全面呈现两个村庄产业发展历程和现状的基础上,探析市场型村干部对乡村产业振兴的作用。经研究发现:市场型村干部能够整合内外资源、做好利益联结与分配、培养“一懂两爱”人才队伍,更好助力乡村产业振兴;村干部市场经营能力越弱,乡村产业发展越差;村干部市场经营能力越强,乡村产业则发展越好。因此,培养市场型村干部是乡村产业振兴的重要抓手。

地方现代产业学院建设的探索研究——以梧州学院资源循环利用产业学院为例

培养适应和引领现代产业发展的人才是现代产业学院重要的任务。以梧州学院资源循环利用产业学院为例,围绕地方资源循环利用产业需求,从人才培养模式、专业建设、课程体系、实习实训基地、教师队伍、产学研服务平台和管理体制机制等方面开展地方院校产业学院的建设研究,构建“政产学研用”多元协同育人机制,探索形成政校企产学研深度产教融合的新型应用型人才培养模式,为地方资源循环利用产业的发展提供有力的人才支持和智力支撑。

山西产业用水和产业发展布局协调关系研究

有限的水资源是产业结构优化重要的约束条件,把握产业用水和产业发展布局协调关系有助于提高山西省水资源利用效率,优化我省产业结构转型升级。采用相关分析理论和情景分析,通过相关系数的测定,得到第二、第三产业与取水显著正相关,分析在水资源约束条件下的用水效率和工业增加值、服务业增加值以及地区生产总值之间的关系,预测各产业用水效率提升幅度,给出产业结构和用水结构优化方向。结果表明,各产业用水效率应提高5%~20%不等,以满足产业用水需求和经济发展需求;在取水总量约束下,地区生产总值若保持近年平均增速(5.8%),到2030年,用水效率需比现状提高约30%~50%;地区生产总值若取近年平均增速的50%左右,用水效率则需提高20%~30%左右;如地区生产总值在现状基础上继续增加3%,则用水效率需提高约50%~60%。

基于水资源空间均衡的“四水四定”调控模型构建

为实现未来不同时间尺度下的水资源空间均衡与动态调控,创建了一套完整严谨、可动态调控的“四水四定”模型体系。通过模糊信息粒化窗口的支持向量机模型预测区域未来总用水量,利用基于时间序列相似性分析的自回归支持向量机模型预测区域未来分用水量,并对两类数据进行不确定性分析;构建了复杂回归函数对各类用水指标进行情景预测,经统计检验后将其作为当前用水模式下未来用水指标;构建了“四水四定”水资源承载力模型和水资源空间均衡模型,基于未来总用水量、未来各分用水量、未来用水指标,选用水资源负载系数、用水效益和水土资源匹配系数3个指标,结合基尼系数量化水资源空间均衡度,分析当前用水模式下未来水资源均衡度;构建了最优化模型,以最小化基尼系数为目标函数调整未来用水模式,实现水资源动态调控。所创建的模型体系可以实现未来不同时间尺度下的水资源空间均衡与动态调控。

不同尺度下水-能-碳系统空间关联关系分析

为应对气候变化和资源短缺压力的影响,研究水资源、能源和碳排放之间的关联关系,对促进“资源-环境-社会”的协调发展和推进绿色可持续发展进程具有重要意义。本文采用多区域投入产出模型,从三个尺度分析中国水-能-碳系统的变化情况和关联关系,结果表明:中国水资源、能源和碳排放空间转移的重心均位于东部地区,省际间水足迹、能源足迹和碳足迹贸易在产业关联路径的流量不断缩减,国际贸易水足迹的增加不利于改善中国水资源空间分布不均衡的情况;中国的30个省份水生产部门每万元产值的完全能源消耗量保持在较为稳定的低水平,完全用能效率高于直接用能效率,每万元产出的完全碳排放量高于直接碳排放量的情况居多,绝大多数省份直接和完全碳排放效率较高;五个能源生产部门每万元产出直接用水量、完全用水量和碳排放量均呈下降趋势,电力、热力的生产和供应业始终是直接和完全用水量与碳排放量最高的部门,且直接用水与碳排放量高于完全用水和碳排放量。

基于水资源空间均衡的“四水四定”调控模型的应用

将前期研究构建的基于水资源空间均衡的“四水四定”调控模型应用于山东省临沂市水资源空间均衡动态调控,在预测各区(县)用水量和用水指标的基础上,探究了各区(县)未来水资源空间均衡度,在不同时间尺度上对未来用水量进行了动态调控。结果表明:调控模型可靠性高且具备普适性;当前用水模式下临沂市未来水资源在空间上处于绝对均衡状态,仅水土匹配系数处于一般均衡状态;对各区(县)不同类型未来用水量进行动态调控,可在不同时间尺度上使临沂市水资源空间均衡的各项指标达到绝对均衡状态;在“四水四定”与水资源空间均衡的约束下,通过对未来长短期用水量的动态调控,临沂市预期用水量能够实现动态均衡。

淮河流域工业水资源绿色效率测算及空间分异研究

以淮河流域39个城市为研究对象,运用超效率SBM模型测算2011—2021年各市工业水资源绿色效率水平,探究淮河流域工业绿色水资源利用效率空间的分布特征及其演变过程,并利用标准差椭圆法对效率的空间转移变化进行分析。结果表明:淮河流域工业水资源绿色效率整体呈上升趋势,但波动较大,区域间差异显著,表现为上游、下游高,中游低。省际间,淮河流域山东段工业水资源绿色效率较高,安徽段相对较低。城际间,泰安市效率值偏高,淮南、淮北市效率值偏低。淮河流域工业水资源绿色水资源空间上呈“东北—西南”分布格局,效率重心整体向西南方向移动,移动轨迹为“东北—西南—西北”。

Modeling demand/supply of water resources in the arid region of northwestern China during the late 1980s to 2010

Water demand increases continuously with an increasing population and economic development. As a result, the difference between water supply and demand becomes a sig- nificant issue, especially in arid regions. To figure out the utilization of water resources in the arid region of northwestern China （ARNWC）, and also to provide methodologies to predict the water use in future, three models were established in this study to calculate agricultural irri- gation, industrial and domestic water use in the ARNWC from the late 1980s to 2010. Based on river discharges in the region, the supply and demand of water resources at the river basin level were analyzed. The results indicated that agricultural irrigation demand occupies more than 90% of the total water use in the ARNWC. Total water demand increased from 31.97 km3 in the late 1980s to 48.19 km3 in 2010. Most river basins in this arid region were under me- dium and high water stress. Severe-risk river basins, such as the Shiyang river basin and the eastern part of the northern piedmont of the Tianshan Mountains, were found in this region. It was revealed that the water supply became critical from April to May, which was the season of the lowest water supply as determined by comparing monthly water consumption.

黄河流域首单跨省域水权交易案例的战略意义与改革启示

宁夏回族自治区与四川省跨省域水权交易开创了黄河流域跨省域交易的先河,对全国省际层面运用市场机制解决水资源供需矛盾具有示范意义和参考价值。文章在阐述本案例交易背景的基础上,详细剖析交易主体、交易类型、交易标的、交易方式等关键要素,从缓解省际水资源供需矛盾、市场化矫正黄河流域分水方案、推动流域统一的用水权市场建设等方面论证其战略意义,总结本案例对推动省级层面区域水权交易市场发展的若干启示。