RESEARCH ON GUARANTEED WATER DEPTH FOR SAFE DRAINING AT ZUYUAN SEWAGE OUTLET

To select the location of sewage outlet in the sewage disposal program of Shanghai is a rather comprehensive problem which covers many fields and has great influences. The sewage outlet at Zuyuan, about 10 km away from Wusongkou, is situated on the south bank of the South Channel in the Yangtze Estuary. In order to determine the water depth which can guaranteed the safe draining of sewage at the outlet, a statistical method is adopted in this paper for the determination of the guarantee rate of safe draining at Zuyuan sewage outlet by means of the characteristics of fluvial process and previous topographic data, and the guaranteed water depth for safe draining is then determined.

An Air Operated Domestic Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis Plant: Economically Sustainable Solution for Safe Drinking Water Supply for Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology Affected Areas in Sri Lanka

Chronic Kidney Disease with unknown etiology (CKDu) is one of the crucial health issues in North Central, Uva, North Western, North, Central, and Eastern Provinces of Sri Lanka and incapacitates the kidney function. The main source for the CKDu has not yet been identified, though many scientists believed that the number of certain drinking water quality parameters is changed due to the contamination of water sources by agricultural activities. Hence, the government of Sri Lanka introduces electrically driven Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis (BWRO) plants with a capacity of 10 tones/day to supply safe drinking water for the impacted community though it is an energy-intensive process. Concurrently, a smaller version of an electrically driven BWRO plant was introduced to the rural farming community for their domestic use. However, it was not practically worked out due to various reasons such as high cost, unavailability of electrical power supply for those villages. In this study, an economical air operated domestic use BWRO plant with zero-emission was designed. This anticipated system significantly reduces the government expenditures to subsidize the water purification cost by 50% of the existing expenses. Besides, simple payback time was found to be 2.5 years, and the benefit-cost ratio to be more than 1. Evaluating the performance with the conventional values, it comprehends with more sustainable and economically viable system compared to the existing method of water purification.

Safe water,Safe Life

＂Until very recently, 12-year-old Li Xioling drank the spring water that originated from the Longmen Shan, orthe Dragon＇s Gate Mountains of the Tibetan Plateau. Sitting in a makeshift house set up on the bank of the Yanhe River outside her home town Bailu Township of Pengzhou city, Sichuan Province, Li says, ＂It tastes a little sweet. We used itto cook and to bathe.＂

Safe Water for Africa

A project involving a Chinese university is helping African countries treat and reuse wastewater

Comprehensive experiment and evaluation on safety due to fully-mechanized mining under the Xitian River at Linxin Mine

L3414 mechanized mining working face (No.14 coal seam) of Lingxin Mine is under the Xitian River.The mining disturbed zone where rock properties and conditions have been changed due to mining, the safety and environmental protection were con- cemed greatly. Based on engineering geological environment of L3414 working face and mining factors, the color bore-bole TV inspecting, leakage of drilling fluid monitoring, simulation experiment, numerical computing, in-situ ground stress measurement and subsidence measurement, etal, these programs contribute to the formation of a scientific basis for control water safe mining and normal mining or environmental protection in the condition of existing fully-mechanized mining.

Rural Water Supply Management and Sustainability: The Case of Adama Area, Ethiopia

Wise utilization of water resources is becoming very important as world faces water crises. The main objective of this study was to investigate the rural water supply systems with case study in Adama area, in central Ethiopia. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected and analyzed. Four sample water schemes were selected and totally 148 (63 were female) representative households were selected for answering the questionnaires. Key informant interviews and group discussions were also conducted. The study assessed issues such as community participation, water committee empowerment, management and governance of water supply schemes, women participation, functional status of water supply scheme, sanitation and hygiene issues, external support, and monitoring system of water supply schemes. The findings indicated that the community participation in planning and implementation was very good while monitoring mechanism of operation and management as well as community participation on choice of technology was poor. The water schemes were located at reasonable distances i.e. less than 2 km in most cases and the time taken for round trip to fetch water from source was less than or equal to 30 minutes in most cases, however the queuing time was more than an hour. The water supply was inadequate as only about 15% of beneficiaries could get 20 liters of water per day per capita. The water sources were exposed in many cases to human waste, wild life, livestock and uncontrolled flooding. Sanitary practices in the study area were poor as only about 3.4% had ventilated and improved pit latrine and open pit and/or open field defecation were widely practiced.

Groundwater Flow Simulation and its Application in Groundwater Resource Evaluation in the North China Plain,China

The purpose of this study is to establish a 3D groundwater flow modelling for evaluating groundwater resources of the North China Plain. First, the North China Plain was divided into three aquifers vertically through a characterization of hydrogeological conditions. Groundwater model software GMS was used for modeling to divide the area of simulation into a regular network of 164 rows and 148 lines. This model was verified through fitting of the observed and the simulated groundwater flow fields at deep and shallow layers and comparison between the observed and simulated hydrographs at 64 typical observation wells. Furthermore, water budget analysis was also performed during the simulation period （2002-2003）. Results of the established groundwater flow model showed that the average annual groundwater recharge of the North China Plain during 1991 to 2003 was 256.68x10s m3/yr with safe yield of groundwater resources up to 213.49x10s m3/yr, in which safe yield of shallow groundwater and that of deep groundwater was up to 191.65x10s m3/yr and 22.64x10s m~/yr respectively. Finally, this model was integrated with proposal for groundwater withdrawal in the study area after commencement of water supply by South-North Water Transfer Project, aiming to predict the changing trend of groundwater regime. As indicated by prediction results, South-North Water Transfer Project, which is favorable for effective control of expansion and intensification of existing depression cone, would play a positive role in alleviation of short supply of groundwater in the North China Plain as well as maintenance and protection of groundwater.

四川盆地中坝气田雷三气藏高效开发及其对中国高含硫气藏开采的意义

四川盆地中坝气田雷三气藏是中国首个自主开发的大中型高含硫有水天然气藏,经过50余年的勘探与开发,当前气藏采收率高达95%以上,已经成为中国高含硫气藏高效开发的典范。在对雷三气藏地质特征、开发建设历程与成效、开发主体技术等内容进行系统梳理、总结和回顾的基础上,阐述了雷三气藏高效开发对中国大型整装复杂(特)高含硫气藏的指导和奠基作用。研究结果表明:①创新形成了多维度全要素的高含硫有水气藏全生命周期精细描述策略和高效开发模式,实现高含硫有水气藏稀井高产、长周期稳产的重大突破;②创新形成了集增产改造、解堵酸化、排水采气、增压集输为一体的高含硫有水气藏开采系列技术体系,有效解决高含硫有水气藏开发中后期低压、超低压开发阶段的关键生产难题;③创新建立了高含硫有水气藏井筒—地面腐蚀评价和防护技术体系,形成了国内高含硫气藏开发整体腐蚀控制基本理念和技术体系1.0版;④创新研发了高含硫天然气有机硫脱除溶剂和具有自主知识产权的硫黄回收系列催化剂,建立了针对高含硫气藏包括脱硫、脱水、硫黄回收、尾气处理、轻烃回收等天然气处理技术1.0版;⑤集成创新并打造首个高含硫气藏全系统安全风险管控技术体系,保障气藏安全平稳运行近40年。结论认为,该气藏树立了国内同类高含硫气藏高效开发的典范,推动了中国高含硫气藏开发理念认识创新与理论技术突破,在此基础上建设了全国唯一的国家能源高含硫气藏开采研发中心和中国石油高含硫气藏开采先导试验基地,为中国高含硫气藏开发技术加快发展和高含硫天然气快速上产稳产奠定了坚实的技术基础。

侧部承压溶洞与深埋隧道间隔水岩体安全厚度研究

为保证深埋隧道安全通过侧部高压富水溶洞区段,在隧道突水发生机制分析与隔水岩体最小安全厚度划分的基础上,结合突变理论、鲁宾涅特方程及相关工程经验对隧道边墙岩体安全厚度进行研究,导出最小安全厚度计算公式,建立突水判据,分析相关影响因素对隧道边墙隔水岩体最小安全厚度的影响规律。结果表明:隔水岩体最小安全厚度H_(min)与围岩力学参数弹性模量E、内摩擦角φ呈正相关,与溶洞水压力q_(w)、岩梁跨度L及隧道埋深h呈负相关;各因素对H_(min)影响程度由大到小依次为h、φ、E、L与q_(w),其中h与φ影响程度相近,E在超过3 GPa的情况下H_(min)变化趋于平缓,E的影响程度与L相近;结合有限元模拟结果和工程实例分析,验证了H_(min)理论计算公式及突水判据的准确性与可行性,对相关工程建设具有指导意义。

综采面坚硬顶板超深孔预裂爆破远场解危控制技术

工程实践表明,顶板事故在煤矿各类事故中占首要位置,已严重制约了我国现代化矿井安全高效开采。为了实现煤矿综采面坚硬顶板的安全治理,亟需形成综采面坚硬顶板超深孔预裂爆破远场解危控制技术以有效解决因工作面大空间坚硬顶板垮落而影响安全生产的重大难题。基于此,通过自主创新和联合攻关,面向深部矿井坚硬顶板,开展了综采面坚硬顶板超深孔预裂爆破远场解危技术研究;研发了高威力三级煤矿许用水胶炸药、填塞材料等技术与装备,形成了成熟的深孔爆破工艺,突破了厚硬顶板爆破中煤矿许用炸药威力与安全度的矛盾,解决了超深孔爆破中炸药可靠起爆等技术瓶颈问题;通过构建大空间采场覆岩-支架-围岩系统力学模型,揭示了采场大小周期来压及强矿压作用机理,提出了大空间采场厚硬覆岩多层位精准定位爆破弱化控制原理和基于爆破损伤的综采工作面厚硬顶板深孔爆破参数设计方法,形成了综采工作面厚硬顶板超前深孔卸压控制技术。研究成果在全国近百个综采面进行工程应用,未发生一起顶板事故,避免了综采面厚硬顶板发生压架、形成飓风、矿震等重大安全事故的风险,保障了综采面的安全高效生产,为综采面坚硬顶板远场解危的设计提供了理论依据并为现场施工提供了指导作用。

区域水资源集约安全利用评价:以北京市为例

构建了区域水资源集约安全利用评价模型,对北京市2008−2019年的水资源集约安全利用进行评价.结果显示:北京市水资源集约安全利用情况在2010年达到最佳状态,2012年最差,但近年来逐渐向好发展;水资源集约利用指数除2013年有所下降,整体上呈逐年上升趋势;水资源安全利用指数变幅较大,其中2010年最佳,2012年最差,2013年后也在逐年向好发展.北京市在推进节水型社会建设的同时,也应筑牢生态安全屏障:在改善水资源集约利用方面,需紧抓节水工作,提高水资源利用效率,同时也要加快调整发展模式,优化产业布局;在改善水资源安全利用方面,应严格控制污染物排放总量,大力推进城市污水处理与资源化.

生态水文系统支撑城市韧性安全建设的若干思考

近40年城市生态水文学应用研究的重要进展,特别是区域水循环要素的优化调控,有效地支撑了韧性安全城市建设。在城市生态水文系统理念的指导下,北美、欧洲和中国相继出现了低影响开发、水框架指令、海绵城市与气候适应型城市建设。全球变化和人为活动相互作用产生了复杂的城市生态水文过程,自然水循环模式已转变为“自然-社会”相互作用的二元水循环模式。面对全球变化,韧性安全城市的建设更加关注对气候变化的减缓和适应,特别是对极端天气气候事件的适应能力。我国长期持续大规模的城市开发建设,强烈影响和改变着区域水循环关键要素,城市地下空间开发利用和地面沉降面临着极端天气气候情境下的灾害风险。因此,地学基础条件及其韧性构成了城市韧性安全底座的基础。基于二元水循环关键要素调控设计的减缓和适应对策,在新一轮气候适应型城市建设中发挥了重要作用。“气候变化—区域二元水循环—水平衡调控—灾害风险”“遥感大数据—台站网小数据—传递函数—云孪生”,可作为一种地球大数据支撑韧性城市建设与可持续发展的技术框架和方法组合。上海作为长江流域的龙头和海陆交互敏感区域,城市韧性安全还面临着海平面上升的考验。在气候变化情景下区域二元水循环关键要素调控,可作为地学服务上海地下空间安全及城市韧性安全的一个策略。

柠条塔煤矿水文地质结构特征与水害治理模式研究

随着西部煤炭资源的持续高强度开采,矿山所面临的工程与水文地质条件越来越复杂,极易诱发采掘突水溃砂事故,而水文地质结构特征的研究是水害评价和治理的重要基础性工作。本文以陕北榆神府矿区的柠条塔煤矿为例,在对其地质条件和构造发育情况进行系统分析的基础上,从矿区的补给、径流、排泄条件,主要充水水源,矿体与含水层的空间结构关系三个方面对矿山的水文地质结构特征进行了研究。研究发现,地表浅部松散层主要接受大气降水补给,基岩风化带含水层主要接受侧向径流补给。矿井充水水源包括大气降水、地表水、含水层水、老空水和烧变岩水五种,不同煤层根据其埋深、开采厚度、冒裂带发育高度等的不同具有不同的充水水源。基于对矿山水文地质结构特征的分析,认为火烧区下部2-2煤层回采工作面可能存在突水溃砂风险,并设计了两排帷幕注浆孔。注浆治理工程完成后的放水试验结果表明,烧变岩含水层补给量大幅度减小,治理效果显著,可以保障煤层的安全开采,研究成果对榆神府矿区的矿井水害防治及水资源保护具有一定的理论意义和实践意义。

分区计量技术在井下供水的研究与实践

随着煤矿安全生产要求的日益提高,井下供水系统的稳定性与可靠性成为关键。分区计量(DMA)技术作为一种先进的管网管理手段,已在城市供水领域得到广泛应用。围绕“DMA技术在煤矿井下供水的应用”这一主题,深入探讨了DMA技术的原理,在井下供水系统中的具体应用及其带来的经济效益与安全效益。通过实例分析,验证了DMA技术在提升煤矿井下水供系统效率与安全性方面的显著作用。

多参数智能液体流量计及在线监测系统在水质监测中的应用

目前,城市供水管网上的液体流量计只具备流量测量功能。本文提出了多参数智能液体流量计及在线监测系统,可在水质监测方面起到较好的日常监测和预警作用,及时发现水质异常情况,为后续改善水质提供技术依据。

关于构建煤矿地测防治水技术管理体系的研究

在煤矿生产领域中,构建1个科学、高效的地测防治水技术管理体系是确保安全生产的关键。以长榆河矿井为例,深入分析了该煤矿的水害问题,总结了现有管理体系的不足之处,通过构建完善的组织框架、设计科学的技术管理流程、加强资源管理及明确技术要求,有效应对了煤矿水害。研究结果旨在为煤矿企业提供实用的防治水管理方案,以保障矿井的安全生产。

不同安全利用技术在安吉Cd污染水稻田上的应用效果

文章通过田间试验研究了原位钝化、叶面阻控和水分调控3种安全利用技术措施在Cd污染水稻田的治理效果,通过对治理后土壤Cd有效态含量和糙米中Cd含量的综合分析,以期得出适宜当地的安全利用技术措施。结果表明,钝化剂处理可以降低土壤有效态Cd含量和水稻糙米中的Cd含量,其中腐殖酸处理效果最佳。叶面阻控和水分调控对降低水稻糙米中的Cd含量也起到一定效果,其中有机硅和无机硒混合叶面肥(Se+Si)效果要优于单一叶面肥。全生育期淹水效果优于其他水分管理措施,该措施下糙米中Cd含量最低,为0.27 mg·kg^(-1)。综合表明,在酸性土壤的高Cd背景下,3种安全利用技术措施下水稻糙米中的Cd含量虽然均超过GB 2762—2022《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》标准,但均能显著降低糙米中的Cd含量,以单一技术措施来看,安全利用效果为原位钝化>水分调控>叶面阻控。

本安型电路控制负压放水器的设计

本安型电路控制负压放水器由本安型直流电源供电,高低水位感应块感应水位的高低,触发并驱动本安型三通电动阀控制气路的开闭,实现积水和放水操作,从而将瓦斯抽采管路中的积水自动排出管道外。该放水器使用安全稳定可靠,有效解决了传统机械式负压放水器的弊端。

大型邮轮空调水系统安全返港设计

空调系统是船舶安全区域服务系统的重要组成部分。空调水系统包括空调冷媒水系统和空调热媒水系统,其作用是将冷/热媒水从冷源或热源输送至空气处理设备。为了研究安全返港要求对大型邮轮空调水系统设计的影响,该文首先结合安全返港设计要求,给出了大型邮轮空调系统安全返港设计目的,提出了大型邮轮空调水系统安全返港的设计目的和基本设计方法。然后以某大型邮轮为例,对空调水系统的配置方案、系统原理和阀门操作展开分析研究,给出了启用安全区和支持安全返港的机械处所空调水系统安全返港设计方法,结果表明应灵活地选择不同设计方式来简化安全返港设计。此研究成果可为后续大型邮轮空调水系统设计提供参考。