The influences of canopy temperature measuring on the derived crop water stress index

Crop water stress index(CWSI)is widely used for efficient irrigation management.Precise canopy temperature(T_(c))measurement is necessary to derive a reliable CWSI.The objective of this research was to investigate the influences of atmospheric conditions,settled height,view angle of infrared thermography,and investigating time of temperature measuring on the performance of the CWSI.Three irrigation treatments were used to create different soil water conditions during the 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 winter wheat-growing seasons.The CWSI was calculated using the CWSI-E(an empirical approach)and CWSI-T(a theoretical approach)based on the T_(c).Weather conditions were recorded continuously throughout the experimental period.The results showed that atmospheric conditions influenced the estimation of the CWSI;when the vapor pressure deficit(VPD)was>2000 Pa,the estimated CWSI was related to soil water conditions.The height of the installed infrared thermograph influenced the T_(c)values,and the differences among the T_(c)values measured at height of 3,5,and 10 m was smaller in the afternoon than in the morning.However,the lens of the thermometer facing south recorded a higher T_(c)than those facing east or north,especially at a low height,indicating that the direction of the thermometer had a significant influence on T_(c).There was a large variation in CWSI derived at different times of the day,and the midday measurements(12:00-15:00)were the most reliable for estimating CWSI.Negative linear relationships were found between the transpiration rate and CWSI-E(R^(2)of 0.3646-0.5725)and CWSI-T(R^(2)of 0.5407-0.7213).The relations between fraction of available soil water(FASW)with CWSI-T was higher than that with CWSI-E,indicating CWSI-T was more accurate for predicting crop water status.In addition,The R^(2)between CWSI-T and FASW at 14:00 was higher than that at other times,indicating that 14:00 was the optimal time for using the CWSI for crop water status monitoring.Relative higher yield of winter wheat was obtained with average seasonal values of CWSI-E and CWSI-T around 0.23 and 0.25-0.26,respectively.The CWSI-E values were more easily influenced by meteorological factors and the timing of the measurements,and using the theoretical approach to derive the CWSI was recommended for precise irrigation water management.

Effects of nitrogen deposition on the carbon budget and water stress in Central Asia under climate change

Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen(N)plays a significant role in shaping the structure and functioning of various terrestrial ecosystems worldwide.However,the magnitude of N deposition on grassland ecosystems in Central Asia still remains highly uncertain.In this study,a multi-data approach was adopted to analyze the distribution and amplitude of N deposition effects in Central Asia from 1979 to 2014 using a process-based denitrification decomposition(DNDC)model.Results showed that total vegetation carbon(C)in Central Asia was 0.35(±0.09)Pg C/a and the averaged water stress index(WSI)was 0.20(±0.02)for the whole area.Increasing N deposition led to an increase in the vegetation C of 65.56(±83.03)Tg C and slightly decreased water stress in Central Asia.Findings of this study will expand both our understanding and predictive capacity of C characteristics under future increases in N deposition,and also serve as a valuable reference for decision-making regarding water resources management and climate change mitigation in arid and semi-arid areas globally.

Crop water stress index for off-season greenhouse green peppers in Liaoning, China

The crop water stress index(CWSI)is a complex instrument to effectively monitor the degree of water stress of crops and provides guidance for timely irrigation.In an experiment utilizing the CWSI with off-season green peppers planted in barrels in a greenhouse in Liaoning Province,Northeast China,this study monitors the sub-indexes--such as canopy temperature,environmental factors and yield--determines the changing law of each constituent,achieves an empirical model as well as a baseline formula for the canopy temperature of the peppers with a sufficient water supply,and verifies the rationality of the formula with corresponding experimental data.The results obtained by using the CWSI show that the optimal time to determine the water deficit for off-season green peppers is at noon,by measuring the diurnal variation in the peppers with different water supplies.There is a nonlinear relationship between the yield and the average CWSI at the prime fruit-bearing period;moreover,the optimal time to supply water for off-season green peppers comes when the average water stress index ranges between 0.2 and 0.4 during the prime fruiting stage,thereby ensuring a high yield.

A method for canopy water content estimation for highly vegetated surfaces-shortwave infrared perpendicular water stress index

In this paper, a new method for canopy water content (FMC) estimation for highly vegetated surfaces- shortwave infrared perpendicular water stress index (SPSI) is developed using NIR, SWIR wavelengths of Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) on the basis of spectral features and distribution of surface targets with different water conditions in NIR-SWIR spectral space. The developed method is further explored with radiative transfer simulations using PROSPECT, Lillesaeter, SailH and 6S. It is evident from the results of validation derived from satellite synchronous field measurements that SPSI is highly correlated with FMC, coefficient of determination (R squared) and root mean square error are 0.79 and 26.41%. The paper concludes that SPSI has a potential in vegetation water content estimation in terms of FMC.

Assessment of Photochemical Reflectance Index as a Tool for Evaluation of Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters in Cotton and Peanut Cultivars Under Water Stress Condition

The relationships between photochemical reflectance index （PRI） and the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were examined to assess suitability of PRI as a remote-sensing tool for the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. A greenhouse experiment was conducted using cotton and peanut crops under water stress condition. Five cotton and six peanut cultivars were grown using Andosole soil in pots maintained at two water levels; the control and water stress treatment （WS） of 100 and 50% of the daily transpiration, respectively. Higher non-photochemical quenching （NPQ） was exhibited by peanut than that of cotton by the water stress. On the other hand, the decreases of the actual quantum yield of photosystem II （△F/F＇m） and PRI by the water stress in cotton were larger than those in peanut. There were positively significant correlation coefficients between PRI and △F/F＇m in cotton at noon and in the afternoon including the control and WS. The correlations of PRI with NPQ were negatively significant at noon and in the afternoon for cotton, and in the afternoon for peanut. No clear relationship was found among these parameters in the morning probably due to the diurnal increase in global solar radiation. It was concluded that there would be a possibility to detect the effects of water stress on △F/F＇m and NPQ by PRI with some exceptions, although PRI could not note varietals differences in △F/F＇m and NPQ for each treatment.

The driving force of water resource stress change based on the STIRPAT model:take Zhangye City as a case study

A prominent contradiction between supply and demand of water resources has restricted local development in social and economic aspects of Zhangye City,located in a typical arid region of China.Our study quantified the Water Resource Stress Index(WRSI)from 2003 to 2017 and examined the factors of population,urbanization level,GDP per capita,Engel coefficient,and water consumption per unit of GDP by using the extended stochastic impact by regression on population,affluence and technology(STIRPAT)model to find the key factors that impact WRSI of Zhangye City to relieve the pressure on water resources.The ridge regression method is applied to improve this model to eliminate multicollinearity problems.The WRSI system was developed from the following three aspects:water resources utilization(WR),regional economic development water use(WU),and water environment stress(WE).Results show that the WRSI index has fallen from 0.81(2003)to 0.17(2017),with an average annual decreased rate of 9.8%.Moreover,the absolute values of normalized coefficients demonstrate that the Engel coefficient has the largest positive contribution to increase WRSI with an elastic coefficient of 0.2709,followed by water consumption per unit of GDP and population with elastic coefficients of 0.0971 and 0.0387,respectively.In contrast,the urbanization level and GDP per capita can decrease WRSI by−0.2449 and−0.089,respectively.The decline of WRSI was attributed to water-saving society construction which included the improvement of water saving technology and the adjustment of agricultural planting structures.Furthermore,this study demonstrated the feasibility of evaluating the driving forces affecting WRSI by using the STIRPAT model and ridge regression analysis.

Effect of water stress at different periods on seed yield and water use efficiency of guar under Shambat conditions

Water stress effects on seed yield and water use efficiency of three indeterminate guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. Taub.) lines (L12, L18 and L33) were investigated in the experimental farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum for two seasons (2005 and 2006). The guar lines were subjected to water stress induced by withholding irrigation for three weeks. Three water stress treatments were imposed 35, 50 and 65 days after sowing (DAS), and a control treatment irrigated every two weeks. The treatments were arranged in a split-plot design with three replications;with water regime treatments assigned to the main plots and guar lines to the subplots. Data were recorded on seed yield (t.ha–1), number of pods per plant, 1000- seed weight (g), harvest index (HI) and water use efficiency at harvest. The results indicated that exposure of several cultivars of guar to water stress at the three stages of growth didn’t induce any significant effect on number of pods per plant, 1000-seed weight, seed yield and water use efficiency (WUE). On the other hand there was significant reduction in harvest index as a result of imposition of water stress at 35 and 50 DAS. It was also evident that plants re-watered after the stress recovered and had the same values as the control treatment.

Quantitative modeling of freshwater stress in the nine water basins of Tanzania

Freshwater scarcity is a global issue of environmental concern that threatens agricultural production and human health.In this study,we established freshwater stress indices(WSIs) for the nine water basins of Tanzania by using the quantity of freshwater available and various water uses.The relationship between water availability and different water uses,including environmental water requirements,was analyzed,with uncertainty and sensitivity analysis performed by a Monte Carlo simulation technique.Extreme WSI values close to 1.00 were obtained in the Rufiji,Pangani,and Wami-ruvu basins,Internal drainage,and Lake Rukwa,while low and moderate WSI values ranging from 0.03 to 0.84 were found in Lake Victoria and the Ruvuma,Tanganyika,and Nyasa basins.This study adds further knowledge on the level of freshwater scarcity,relationships between water availability and different water uses,and suggests policy options to reduce freshwater scarcity at the basin level for sustainable water supply.

Sentinel-1 Radar Data Assessment to Estimate Crop Water Stress

Water is an important component in agricultural production for both yield quantity and quality. Although all weather conditions are driving factors in the agricultural sector, the precipitation in rainfed agriculture is the most limiting weather parameter. Water deficit may occur continuously over the total growing period or during any particular growth stage of the crop. Optical remote sensing is very useful but, in cloudy days it becomes useless. Radar penetrates the cloud and collects information through the backscattering data. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was extracted from Landsat 8 satellite data and used to calculate Crop Coefficient (Kc). The FAO-Penman-Monteith equation was used to calculate reference evapotranspiration (ETo). NDVI and Land Surface Temperature (LST) were calculated from satellite data and integrated with air temperature measurements to estimate Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI). Then, both CWSI and potential crop evapotranspiration (ETc) were used to calculate actual evapotranspiration (ETa). Sentinel-1 radar data were calibrated using SNAP software. The relation between backscattering (dB) and CWSI was an inverse relationship and R2 was as high as 0.82.

Analysis of Adaptive Response of Maize (<i>Zea mays</i>) Varieties from DR-Congo to Water Stress

Maize production in tropical Africa is often negatively affected by drought. The main objectives of the present study were to 1) analyze the impact of water stress on the agro-morphological performance of two varieties of Quality Protein Maize (QPM) compared to two normal maize varieties and 2) assess their adaptive response in contrasting water environments. Agro-morphological responses to water deficiency of maize (Zea mays L.) were assessed in controlled experiments using four maize varieties, two normal maize (Zm725 and Mus1) and two quality protein maize (Mudishi1 and Mudishi3) varieties. They were subjected to three water regimes (100%, 60%, 30% water retention capacity) at the beginning of the bloom stage, using a Fischer block design with four replications. Significant differences (p < 0.05) among varieties, water regimes and their interactions for plant growth and production parameters were observed. Reduction of water supply to plants caused changes in aerial and underground plant growth. Plant stem height, foliar expansion, and root system development characterizing vegetative growth showed variation in varietal response to water regimes. Mus1 (normal maize variety) was the best adapted to variations in water regimes because they developed an important root volume to adapt to the effects of water deficit while maintaining their morphological and productive characteristics.

Effects of different inputs of organic matter on the response of plant production to a soil water stress in Sahelian region

The aim was to study the effects of organic management like the application of organic matters on crop production. This research is placed in the context of climate change impact mitigation. A field experiment was conducted during the dry season. Rainfall inputs were simulated by irrigation to study the effects of water stress during the flowering period of a grain on the agronomic and the physiological behavior of the plant. The measurements were made on the volumetric soil moisture, stomatal conductance, and leaf area index (LAI), grain yield, straw and weight of 100 grains. The water use efficiency (WUE) and yield losses were evaluated. The results of the volumetric soil moisture showed that the use of localized input under water stress (STR-T1) recorded the lowest moisture in the surface horizons. Treatment with localized input under water stress with or without fertilization (STR-T1, STR-T1 + N) showed an ability of stomatal regulation compared to the control (STR- T0) and the input application by spreading (STR- T2). (STR-T1 + N) has initiated an early stomatal closure of the plant because of the effect of nitrogen. However, despite a more pronounced water stress with stomatal closure, the LAI and the grain yield were greater with (STR-T1) and (STR-T1 + N). The results showed that the inputs of localized organic fertilization with or without nitrogen grain yields were the highest regardless of the hydric regime applied. However the losses of grain yield were higher in treatments with organic inputs in spreading and localized under water stress. The WUE by the crop was reduced compared to the control with organic inputs under STR. In this study we show that the use of organic matter increases de farmers risk and this notion of risk is high and it is necessary to consider this risk in the proposals of technical innovations.

京津冀城市群虚拟水流动格局变化对区域水资源压力的影响

【目的】合理的虚拟水调动是缓解水压力的重要途径,尤其在人口聚集的城市群地区,用水需求激增导致区域缺水问题严重。城市群内部不同地区间的紧密关联有助于促进虚拟水贸易,对优化城市群水资源配置、缓解水资源压力具有重要意义。【方法】采用多区域投入产出法,解析极端缺水的京津冀城市群内外间及其内部的虚拟水流动格局与变化,并揭示其对缓解区域水压力的作用。【结果】结果表明:(1)2012—2017年京津冀城市群与外部地区的虚拟水贸易量先增加后减少,而城市群内部虚拟水自给量却先减少后增加,2015年后京津冀内部虚拟水贸易增强;(2)京津冀城市群内部虚拟水流动格局呈现明显的时空异质性,虚拟水主要由经济相对欠发达的周边城市流入经济相对发达的中心城市(北京市、天津市、石家庄市和廊坊市),且随时间的推移,流动强度和向中心城市的集中程度均不断加强;(3)虚拟水流动明显缓解了京津冀中心城市的水资源压力,其实际水压力指数比虚拟水流动后的假定水压力指数年均下降12.12%,且下降程度逐年增加,但却加重了周边城市的水资源压力。【结论】京津冀城市群虚拟水流动有效缓解了中心城市的缺水压力,但不同城市的产业结构调整、虚拟水流动格局优化仍有很大提升空间。

2001-2020年黄土高原植被生长季干旱的时空分布

基于MODIS实际蒸散量(ET)和潜在蒸散量(PET)反演作物缺水指数(CWSI),研究黄土高原生长季干旱时空变化特征,并用CWSI和植被归一化指数(NDVI)进行偏相关分析以探究生长季内最干旱月份对NDVI的影响。结果表明:1)黄土高原生长季CWSI多年平均值为0.777,处于中度干旱状态,空间分布表现为东南部较轻,西北部较严重的特征,且高程在1200~1700 m区域内的干旱程度最高;2)2001-2020年多年生长季CWSI整体呈显著下降趋势,其中2001年干旱程度最高,2018年干旱程度最低;在整个生长季内,黄土高原在4月的干旱程度最高;8月的干旱程度最低。具体表现为:4-10月,干旱等级从重旱过渡到中旱和轻旱,又从轻旱演变成中旱;3)从植被类型角度分析,荒漠、草原的分布区域属于重旱;草甸、栽培植被、灌丛的分布区域属于中旱;针叶林、阔叶林的分布区域属于轻旱,且不同植被类型在植被生长季的CWSI均呈波动下降趋势。研究结果可为黄土高原地区的生态预警和旱灾预估提供科学依据。

马铃薯水分胁迫指数模型优化研究

【目的】探究马铃薯的叶气温差与环境因子的关系,进一步优化马铃薯水分胁迫指数模型。【方法】在河南农业大学林学院试验基地进行马铃薯盆栽试验,选择晴朗天气测定不同土壤含水率下马铃薯的叶气温差随太阳辐射和大气饱和水汽压差(VPD)的变化规律,确定作物水分胁迫指数(crop water stress index,CWSI)的上下基线,进一步试验后得到优化后的马铃薯CWSI经验模型,并对相关模型进行验证。【结果】马铃薯的叶气温差随着土壤含水率的降低而升高;当土壤含水率较低(7.28%)时,马铃薯的叶气温差随太阳辐射的增大而增大,呈显著线性关系;当土壤含水率较高(15.85%)时,马铃薯的叶气温差随VPD的增大而减小,呈显著线性关系;构建出马铃薯CWSI的上基线为y=0.0098Q-0.68[Q为太阳辐射强度/(W·m^(-2))],下基线为y=-1.67V+3.75(V为大气饱和水汽压差/kPa);将优化的CWSI模型验证后得知,随着土壤含水率的减少,CWSI值增加,且CWSI同土壤含水量呈极显著负相关关系(p<0.01)。【结论】马铃薯的最大叶气温差与太阳辐射的线性关系作为马铃薯水分胁迫指数的上基线是可行的,该研究对传统CWSI经验模型进行改进,进一步优化了CWSI经验模型。

基于SWAT的沁河流域水压力指数计算及生态脆弱性分析

生态脆弱性是综合反映流域生态系统健康水平的重要属性,而水资源是维持流域生态系统健康和可持续发展的关键因素。因此,从水资源领域评估流域生态脆弱性并分析其时空变化特征对于应对流域水资源短缺压力和改善流域生态系统健康水平具有重要的研究价值。以沁河流域为研究对象,构建流域SWAT模型,引入水压力计算公式,从蒸散发量的角度,量化分析沁河流域2010-2016年生态脆弱性的时间变化和空间分布特征。结果表明:①SWAT模型经过率定与验证后,纳什系数E NS和相关系数R 2均符合模型精度标准,表明该模型在沁河流域具有良好的适用性。②流域年际水压力指数值随时间递减,表明沁河流域生态脆弱性及生态系统状态逐年好转,蒸散发量是主要影响因素。③流域水压力指数年内变化大,本年度12月到次年度2月的生态脆弱性较强;结合相关研究结果,认为降水和冰雪天气是主要影响因素。④流域整体生态脆弱性状况逐年改善,但流域内部生态脆弱性空间差异化呈现扩大趋势。

‘娇红1号’红花玉兰对水分胁迫的生理响应

以‘娇红1号’1年生嫁接苗为试材,设置盆栽土壤含水量为田间最大持水量(FWC)的20%(HD)、40%(LD)、60%(CK)、80%(LF)、100%(HF)5个处理,测定不同处理条件下‘娇红1号’叶片的光合特性和生理指标分析‘娇红1号’红花玉兰对水分胁迫的生理响应,探究‘娇红1号’红花玉兰在江西等江南丘陵区的引种效应。结果表明:在水分胁迫下,HD处理下的‘娇红1号’苗木在胁迫第10天全部死亡(其余的存活率为100%),CK下‘娇红1号’叶片的叶绿素含量先降后升,其余处理都随着胁迫时间的加长而降低。P_(n)和G_(s)的日变化出现双峰现象,T_(r)日变化呈现先升后降趋势,C_(i)日变化呈现上升趋势,WUE和L_(s)的日变化呈现下降趋势。CK处理的P_(n)、G_(s)、C_(i)和T_(r)日均值最大,HF处理下WUE和L_(s)最大。随着胁迫时间的延长,‘娇红1号’苗木叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和MDA含量呈现先升后降的变化趋势。Pro含量和SOD活性呈现上升趋势。APX活性呈现先降后升再降的变化趋势,且在胁迫维持到第40天时CK处理下最低。可见,60%~80%FWC的条件下最利于‘娇红1号’红花玉兰的生长。

泡核桃耐涝特性研究

为了评价泡核桃耐涝特性,采用盆栽控水法,对淹水深度10、20和30 cm条件下泡核桃光合作用和叶片生理指标进行测定分析,并观察其生长表现。结果表明:淹水深度10 cm的泡核桃叶片在淹水5 d后开始出现萎焉,其叶片净光合速率、相对电导率、丙二醛含量和相对含水量与对照无显著差异(P> 0.05),可溶性糖含量呈先增加后减少趋势。与对照相比,淹水深度20和30 cm的泡核桃均在水淹4 d后出现了叶片萎蔫现象,且随淹水时间的延长,叶片净光合速率、相对电导率和丙二醛含量总体呈先增加后降低趋势,叶片相对含水量呈下降趋势,可溶性糖含量呈先增加后减少趋势。通过研究得出:泡核桃根系在水淹根系垂直分布区一半以上,一般4 d左右就开始出现涝害。因此,在四川夏季出现连续4 d以上降雨,土壤达到饱和含水量后,核桃极易出现生长减弱、落果甚至死亡等涝害现象,此时需加强土壤排涝管理或加强耐涝品种选择。

不同水分胁迫处理对陆地棉核心种质资源的影响

为研究不同水分胁迫下陆地棉对干旱的响应能力并筛选棉花抗旱关键指标和优异抗旱种质资源,选取30份陆地棉核心种质为试验材料,以全生育期正常灌水处理为对照,设置播种后和花铃期各浇水1次和花铃期断水2次2种胁迫处理,在蕾期、花铃期和吐絮期测定相应指标,通过描述性统计分析、差异分析、主成分分析和相关性分析,采用抗旱综合度量值(D)进行各材料的抗旱性评价。结果表明,干旱胁迫对不同棉花材料的生长发育均有不同程度的影响,播种后和花铃期各浇一水处理的D值离散较大(0.285~0.774),能更清晰地区分不同品种的抗旱性。利用D值可将30份材料分为4类:第Ⅰ类为抗旱材料,包括‘中棉所41’‘新陆早7号’等6个品种;第Ⅱ类为中抗材料,包括‘晋棉46’‘新陆早31号’等11个品种;第Ⅲ类为敏感材料,包括‘中棉所17’‘鲁1138’等5个品种;第Ⅳ类为高敏材料,包括‘新陆中8号’‘酒棉8号’等8个品种。果枝始节数、果枝数、株高、皮面产量和衣分5个指标对干旱较为敏感,可作为棉花抗旱评价的关键指标。以上研究结果可为棉花抗旱育种提供参考。

避雨条件下水分胁迫对中稻不同生育期生长指标及产量的影响

为了查清不同程度的干旱胁迫对中稻生长指标及产量的影响,以杂交稻“天优华占”为材料进行盆栽试验,在分蘖期、孕穗期、抽穗期和乳熟期设置轻旱、中旱、重旱三个水分胁迫水平,以正常间歇灌溉为对照(CK),监测土壤含水率,测量各生育期不同水分梯度下的株高、分蘖数、叶绿素含量和叶面积,分析各生育期不同干旱胁迫对水稻生长指标和产量的影响。结果表明:干旱胁迫在拔节—孕穗期对株高抑制最显著,分蘖期对分蘖数和叶面积影响最明显,抽穗—开花期对叶绿素的合成影响最大且日需水量最高;干旱胁迫对产量最敏感的时期是抽穗—开花期,不同胁迫水平均会减少水稻的有效穗数、千粒重和结实率,三个胁迫水平较正常水平(CK)分别减产27.57%、44.23%、46.32%;采用相关分析得出影响产量相关度从大到小依次为千粒重、结实率和有效穗。因此,确保抽穗—开花期的水分供给能够有效改善水稻的千粒重、有效穗和结实率,提高水稻的产量和水分利用效率。

滴灌条件下温室黄瓜土壤蒸发的影响因素及模拟

明确土壤蒸发的变化过程和影响因素,建立简便且具有较高精度的计算模型,对提高水资源利用效率,减少无效水分消耗具有重要指导意义。以温室滴灌黄瓜为试验对象,对土壤蒸发进行了连续测量,引入Priestley-Taylor模型的土壤蒸发模块,将蒸发过程分为2个阶段,探讨了3个限制系数(Deardorff,1977:f_(sw)-1;Yao et al.,2013:f_(sw)-2;Ershadi et al.,2014:f_(sw)-3)对模型精度的影响。结果表明:全生育期温室滴灌黄瓜的土壤蒸发在0.13~9.15 g/d之间变化,平均值为3.15 g/d,总体表现为“增加-降低-增加”的变化趋势;土壤蒸发与表层含水率和LAI均呈e指数函数关系,与含水率呈正比,与LAI呈反比;土壤蒸发系数与含水率变化过程相似,全生育期在0.49~1.26之间变化;3个模型在第2阶段的模拟精度较高,且f_(sw)-1的精度优于f_(sw)-2和f_(sw)-3,MAE和RMSE分别为0.14和0.21 mm/d。因此,采用PT-f_(sw)-1模型模拟滴灌条件下的土壤蒸发具有较高精度,可为精确掌握温室滴灌黄瓜水分消耗提供依据。