Influence of a Liquid Nutritional Supplement on Water Intake in Experimental Beagle Dogs

The objectives were to evaluate the effects of a liquid nutritional supplement formulated for dogs on water intakes and urine output. A liquid nutritional supplement was tested by way of a cross-over design in 8 experimental healthy Beagle dogs (4 males and 4 females, aged 9.3 years). The supplement (87 percent water, 2.7 percent protein, 2.6 percent fat, 0.4 percent crude fiber) was added to water and tested at 2 incorporation rates (50 or 70 ml/day/dog—D50 or D70) versus the control placebo (CO-water only). The dogs were kept in a controlled environment;water intakes and urine output were measured. Individual water intakes were characterised by large variations. Mean water intake increased significantly by 28 percent in dogs receiving the liquid nutritional supplement, in both genders, irrespectively of the dosage. Urine output was also increased, by 55 percent. Faeces scores remained unchanged. It was concluded that the liquid supplement increased water intake and urine output in a safe way, without increasing dramatically the daily dietary sodium chloride intake. The recommended dosage of the manufacturer—50 ml/day for dogs weighing 10 - 20 kg BW is efficient. Increasing the dosage had no advantage, nor adverse effects. Increased water intake and urine output is of interest for dogs suffering from urolithiasis.

永定河流域水文演变与多水源联合优化调度

水资源是保护修复永定河生态环境功能、维护河流生命健康的控制性因素。永定河流域水资源极为紧缺,且地表水资源量呈显著衰减态势。为实现紧缺严苛的水资源条件下永定河生态水量的有效保障,系统解析了流域水文演变特征,核算了分河段基本生态水量和多水源生态补水潜力,建立了耦合水资源供用耗排过程和水工程群联合运用的多水源优化调度模型,提出了常规和极端情况下的多水源生态水量调度方案和基于降水年型研判的调度方案运用方式。研究成果为有效保障永定河生态水量、提升应对变化环境的韧性提供了关键方法和模型,为华北地区其他河流生态保护修复和综合治理提供技术参考。

Study on Maize-water Model for Supplemental Irrigation in Loess Plateau

The Loess Plateau has a typical semi-arid climate, and the area suffers from very harsh ecological environment, severe soil erosion and water runoff, and uneven distributed precipitation. Due to the relatively low holding capacity, current rainwater-collecting and conservation facilities can only supplement a maximum of18 mm of water for crop production in each irrigation. In this study, mathematical models were constructed to identify the water requirement critical period of maize crop by evaluating response of each individual developmental stage to supplemental irrigation with harvested rainwater. In the transformed Jensen model, ETmin/Eta was used as the index of relative evapotranspiration. The use of relative yield and relative crop evapotranspiration was able to eliminate influences from unintended environmental factors. A BP neural network crop-water model for extreme water deficit condition was constructed using the index of relative evapotranspiration as the input and the index of relative yield as the output after iterative training and adjustment of weight values. Comparison of measured maize yields to those predicted by the two models confirmed that the BP neural network crop-water model is more accurate than the transformed Jensen model in predicting the sensitivity index to waterdeficit at various growth stages and maize yield when provided with supplemental irrigation with harvested rainwater.

Ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting with supplemental irrigation to improve seed yield and water use efficiency of winter oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.)

Ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting （RFRH） planting pattern can lessen the effect of water deficits throughout all crop growth stages, but water shortage would remain unavoidable during some stages of crop growth in arid and semiarid areas. Supplemental irrigation would still be needed to achieve a higher production. Field experiments were conducted for two growing seasons （2012-2013 and 2013-2014）to determine an appropriate amount of supplemental irrigation to be applied to winter oilseed rape at the stem-elongation stage with RFRH planting pattern. Four treatments, including supplemental irrigation amount of 0 （I1）, 60 mm （I2） and 120 mm （I3） with RFRH planting pattern and a control （CK） irrigated with 120 mm with flat planting pattern, were set up to evaluate the effects of supplemental irrigation on aboveground dry matter （ADM）, nitrogen nutrition index （NNI）, radiation use efficiency （RUE）, water use efficiency （WUE）, and seed yield and oil content of the oilseed rape. Results showed that supplemental irrigation improved NNI, RUE, seed yield and oil content, and WUE. However, the NNI, RUE, seed yield and oil content, and WUE did not increase significantly or even showed a downward trend with excessive irrigation. Seed yield was the highest in 13 for both growing seasons. Seed yield and WUE in 13 averaged 3235 kg ha^-1 and 8.85 kg ha^-1 mm-1, respectively. The highest WUE was occurred in 12 for both growing seasons. Seed yield and WUE in 12 averaged 3089 kg ha^-1 and 9.63 kg ha^-1 mm^-1, respectively. Compared to 13, 12 used 60 mm less irrigation amount, had an 8.9% higher WUE, but only 4.5 and 0.4% lower seed yield and oil content, respectively. 12 saved water without substantially sacrificing yield or oil content, so it is recommended as an appropriate cultivation and irrigation schedule for winter oilseed rape at the stem-elongation stage.

基于SWAT模型污染防治措施对茫溪河水质改善影响研究

为了更好地开展茫溪河的污染防治,摸清茫溪河流域污染源贡献比例以及各种污防措施对水质改善效果十分必要。基于SWAT构建了茫溪河流域分布式水文和污染负荷模型,根据监测数据分析了茫溪河近年超标污染物,基于SWAT模型分析了茫溪河水质达标场景假设,包括污染源贡献率及生态补水、点源和面源等污染防治措施对水质改善的效果情况。结果表明,茫溪河流域超标项目集中在总磷和高锰酸盐指数;污染源中,面源相对于点源对高锰酸盐指数和总磷贡献率大些,特别是水土流失的贡献率最大,分别达到了42.8%和76.1%;生态补水对污染物浓度降低有一定影响,直排源和非直排源污染控制一定程度上使污染物浓度降低,达标率有所提升。基于SWAT模型的茫溪河水质达标场景分析对于推动水质改善具有积极的意义。

青洼煤业2207工作面相邻老空区空巷注浆堵水研究与实践

青洼煤业煤层埋藏浅,地势低洼,地表存在裂隙,井田范围内有河滩,雨季期间地表水大量渗入老空区。虽然在工作面回采前将老空区积水疏放完毕,但是由于地表水渗透至采空区进行补给,仍然在回采过程中存在较大隐患。通过对青洼煤业2207工作面相邻空巷进行注浆充填治理,截断相邻空巷水源补充,从根本上消除工作面回采期间水患威胁。由于注浆充填效果良好,避免了煤柱遭受破坏,可以在相邻工作面2206工作面采用小煤柱开采,提高了煤炭资源的回收率。

冬小麦测墒补灌下土壤氮素迁移特征模拟研究

【目的】探究冬小麦测墒补灌条件下土壤氮素迁移特征。【方法】基于田间试验,设置4个灌溉处理,灌水上下限分别为田间持水率的60%~70%(W1)、70%~80%(W2)、80%~90%(W3)和不灌溉处理(CK),施氮量均为240 kg/hm^(2)。利用田间试验数据对RZWQM 2模型进行率定、验证,进而模拟水氮调控对土壤硝态氮累积量和氮素利用的影响。【结果】土壤剖面含水率、土壤硝态氮量和产量的标准均方根误差(NRMSE)分别为9.3%~25.0%、0.3%~29.7%、4.03%~11.19%,平均相对误差(MRE)分别为8.0%~24.2%、1.4%~30.4%、5.29%~11.98%,一致性指标(D)均高于0.65;基于验证后的RZWQM 2模型,在W1、W2、W3测墒补灌条件下,设置5个氮素施用水平(180、200、220、240kg/hm^(2)和260kg/hm^(2)),W2、W3处理的土壤硝态氮累积量较W1处理分别增加了30.9%~59.7%、49.6%~79.6%;W2条件下,将施氮量控制在220~240kg/hm^(2)更有利于土壤硝态氮在0~1m土层内的累积,累积量为108.30~125.10kg/hm^(2)。【结论】RZWQM2模型可用于模拟冬小麦测墒补灌条件下的土壤氮素迁移,测墒补灌W2和施氮量220~240 kg/hm^(2)为合理的水氮管理措施。

高水充填材料在综放工作面沿空留巷中的应用

为提高煤炭资源回收率、降低回采巷道掘进率以及缓解采掘衔接紧张,决定在成庄矿4311综放工作面43113巷进行沿空留巷试验,将该巷道用作下个工作面回风巷。为确保43113巷留巷段的可靠支护,决定应用新型无机高水充填材料作沿空留巷的巷帮支护体。现场留巷采用锚索补强+单体柱滞后加强支护联合手段,充填体采用对拉钢筋+W钢带+钢筋网增强加固技术;实践表明,充填体成型效果良好,经济效益显著。

Effects of Tillage Practices on Water Consumption, Water Use Efficiency and Grain Yield in Wheat Field

Water shortage is a serious issue threatening the sustainable development of agriculture in the North China Plain, with the winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） as its largest water-consuming crop. The effects of tillage practices on the water consumption and water use efifciency （WUE） of wheat under high-yield conditions using supplemental irrigation based on testing soil moisture dynamic change were examined in this study. This experiment was conducted from 2007 to 2010, with ifve tillage practice treatments, namely, strip rotary tillage （SR）, strip rotary tillage after subsoiling （SRS）, rotary tillage （R）, rotary tillage after subsoiling （RS）, and plowing tillage （P）. The results showed that in the SRS and RS treatments the total water and soil water consumptions were 11.81, 25.18%and 12.16, 14.75%higher than those in SR and R treatments, respectively. The lowest ratio of irrigation consumption to total water consumption in the SRS treatment was 18.53 and 21.88%for the 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 growing seasons, respectively. However, the highest percentage of water consumption was found in the SRS treatment from anthesis to maturity. No signiifcant difference was found between the WUE of the lfag leaf at the later iflling stage in the SRS and RS treatments, but the lfag leaf WUE at these stages were higher than those of other treatments. The SRS and RS treatments exhibited the highest grain yield （9 573.76 and 9 507.49 kg ha-1 for 3-yr average） with no signiifcant difference between the two treatments, followed by P, R and SR treatments. But the SRS treatment had the highest WUE. Thus, the 1-yr subsoiling tillage, plus 2 yr of strip rotary planting operation may be an efifcient measure to increase wheat yield and WUE.

胜利油田压驱开发技术实践与认识

低渗透油藏普遍存在注水井注入能力低或注不进,油井见效困难或不见效且产液量、产油量低,导致油藏开发效果差。为解决低渗透油藏能量补充问题,中国各大油田均开展了攻关研究,形成了包括增压注水、活性剂注水等技术系列,较好地解决了部分渗透率较高、非均质性较弱油藏的能量补充问题,但面对渗透率极低的致密砂岩油藏,仍不能满足开发需求。为攻克低渗透油藏注水难题,大幅度提高水井注入能力,近年来在胜利油田开展了压驱开发技术攻关与实践,从压驱机理、数值模拟、优化设计3方面开展研究,明晰了超压破裂微缝增渗作用机理,建立渗流场-应力场耦合数值模拟方法,形成了不同油藏类型开发技术模式和技术政策。

感潮河网区白云湖水系生态环境补水研究

感潮网河区水系交错、城市发达,高强度土地利用开发导致城市景观湖泊水环境污染严重,生态环境功能退化。以典型网河区城市景观湖体—广州市白云湖为例,构建二维水动力水质耦合模型,研究其生态环境需水及其补水方案。结果表明,基于MIKE21的二维网河区水动力水质耦合模型,能较好模拟城市景观湖泊水体水质输移规律,模拟值与实测值相对误差值均小于0.20,纳什效率系数均大于0.75;运用白云湖闸、泵水利工程联合调度补水,白云湖及其连通水系生态环境需水量保证率基本达到100%,TN及TP浓度均达到Ⅳ类水标准。研究成果可为感污河网区城市景观湖泊生态环境治理提供参考。

永定河北京段秋季生态补水对玉泉山泉的补给效果探究

生态补水是恢复北方缺水河道地表水、地下水水力联系的重要方式。针对永定河(北京段)生态补水对玉泉山泉补给过程,采用六氟化硫(SF_(6))作为示踪剂和氘(D)、氧(^(18)O)环境同位素分析方法,研究了生态补水条件下区域地表水、地下水转化规律。结果表明:(1)研究区存在沿断裂形成的强渗透带,生态补水沿渗透带对玉泉山泉地下水有显著补给作用,永定河河水补给玉泉山泉地下水有两条补给路径:一是沿永定河断裂后经强渗透带补给玉泉山,二是沿着永定河断裂带径流,顺八宝山断裂向北东方向过田村,最终补给玉泉山泉地下水;(2)区域地下水流速差异不大,两条路径的平均流速分别为3.38 km/d和2.96 km/d;(3)河水补给占玉泉山泉地下水总补给量的比例为18%。研究成果对于加强在人工补水河道地表水对地下水的补给过程中的水资源合理利用、高效补水以及水资源变化预测具有重要意义。

济南泉域地下水资源开发保泉技术研究

济南市的水资源紧缺,主要地下水资源量受大气降水控制,随着工业经济的发展及人们生活水平的提高,地下水的开发利用量增大,同时由于不合理的水资源开发及城市工业生活污水的排放,导致了济南泉域地下水水位下降,泉水断流的现象频发,产生了一系列的水环境地质问题。通过对济南泉域地下水的现有的开发利用方案进行分析计算,发现现状条件下仅靠每年的降水量优化计算后的开采方案达不到保泉供水的目标,因此结合目前济南市海绵城市建设,提出了新的优化补源开采方案。结果显示:相较于仅靠大气降水补给的现状方案,通过回灌补源,在满足红色预警水位的条件下,泉域地下水在丰、平、枯、特枯四个典型水文年中均具有了一定的开采潜力。这表明人工调蓄补源是维持泉水常年喷涌的有利手段,为济南泉域地下水开发利用提供了新的思路及科学依据。

福州鼓台区陆庄河河道补水设计中一体化泵闸的应用

我国南方某城市内河河网相互连通,部分河道纵坡极缓,水动力严重不足,需要修建补水调水的水利设施,以提升河道流量,实现活水亲水的景观环境。一体化泵闸作为一种新型河道水利设施,主要应用于中低扬程的防洪排涝和河道补水等水利工程。文章以福州市鼓台区陆庄河一体化泵闸工程为案例,阐述了一体化泵闸应用于河道补水的设计思路,对设计中关键问题和相应解决思路进行了剖析;并结合InfoWorks ICM软件构建河网水动力模型,模拟得出了枯水期和汛期一体化泵闸运行调度方案,以期为项目建成后的运行提供参考。

人工湖进口流量对水体更新能力影响的研究

建立巫家坝中央公园景观湖MIKE 21数值模型,以水体更新时间为指标,分析了生态补水工程的流量分配对湖泊水体更新能力的影响。分析结果表明,进口流量分配对研究区域水体更新时间的影响较大。整体来看,增加对湖泊流场影响更大的北边界入流量,能够增强研究区域的水体更新能力。该方法能够较好地反映水体对流扩散作用对其更新能力的影响,可作为生态补水工程设计优化的实用工具。

以企业尾水为来水的城镇污水处理厂的技术调控

某城镇污水处理厂来水主要是工业企业处理后尾水,废水B/C在0.1左右,可生化性差,易造成氧化沟内污泥生长不佳、污泥浓度低,导致出水不能达标排放。针对该污水处理厂现存问题通过中试研究提出了添加碳源与运行调控相结合的技术方案。结果显示,以乙酸钠为补充碳源对氧化沟内的污泥增长、污水处理厂的出水水质以及运行成本等最为有利。经现场调控,确定污水处理厂最终技改方案:1)乙酸钠投加量为135 mg/L,投加位置为污水处理厂缺氧池进水口处;2)在缺氧池前1/3段底部敷设穿孔管,通过曝气使缺氧池内污泥的氧化还原电位(ORP)维持在-50 mV左右。此方案可使污水处理厂氧化沟内的污泥质量浓度维持在2 700~3 000 mg/L,出水COD、NH3-N与TP满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级A标准。

优化吸收解吸换热流程提高液态烃收率及降低干气收率

以140万t/a重油催化裂化装置为例,在吸收稳定单元操作中介绍了针对春秋季不同的气温,合理优化换热流程,调节换热比例,由此降低吸收塔补充吸收剂温度,从而加强吸收效果,提高液态烃收率,降低干气收率,减少装置加工损失,达到了提高装置经济效益的效果。

大采长倾斜煤层工作面矿压分析及煤壁片帮控制技术研究

针对平煤股份十矿深部大采长倾斜煤层开采过程中出现的矿压显现剧烈、煤壁片帮严重等制约工作面安全高效生产的难题,以该矿己15-16-24070工作面为工程背景,从倾斜煤层开采过程中基本顶岩层来压步距和工作面采场应力集中分布进行分析,得到矿压呈现出自上而下逐渐变小的趋势,中部来压较为剧烈,确定煤壁易片帮区域。提出采用智能供液系统提高液压支架初撑力管理水平、对煤壁注水提高煤体塑性的采煤工作面煤壁防片帮方案,并在现场工业性试验中取得了较好的效果,回采速度由原来的圆班推进2~3刀提高到6刀以上,对于类似条件下采煤工作面煤壁片帮治理具有较好的指导和借鉴意义。

辽宁省小型农村水利项目“先建后补”实践探索

“先建后补”模式是立足新发展阶段、贯彻新发展理念、构建新发展格局的有力举措,是辽宁省灌区渠系工程建设的重大创新。近年来,为适应农田水利建设的新形势和新要求,辽宁省不断探索和完善“先建后补”等建设模式,创新资金投入方式、优化资金和项目管理程序,发挥政府投资的引导和撬动作用,有效保障工程良性运行,大力支持农田水利基础设施建设。2017年7月,经省政府常务会议审议通过,辽宁省正式启动小型农村水利项目“先建后补”试点改革工作,全省累计投入资金45084.48万元,实施项目986个,覆盖全省12个市40个县(市、区)。重点在建管体制、投资机制、质量控制和运行维护等方面探索实践,取得明显成效,形成了可借鉴可复制可推广的经验做法。

海上稠油油田注采轮换能量补充联作技术运用与分析

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