Balance of Water Supply-demand in Paddy Fields in Hilly Regions in Sichuan Province

[Objective] The aim was to study the effects of water supply and consumption on water saving and drought resistance. [Method] Controlling field experiment was conducted to explore water balance between supply and demand in paddy fields in hilly regions in Sichuan Province. [Result] Rainfall in hilly areas was 3 611.10 m3/hm2; water for irrigation was 6 299.25 m3/hm2; evapotranspiration of rice was 6 424.95 m3/hm2; deep leakage was 2 459.55 m3/hm2; overflowing amount was 1 026.00 m3/hm2. In addition, water consumption totaled 8 884.50 m3/hm2 during rice production; water use was 0.99 kg/m3 and use efficiency of irrigated water was 1.40 kg/m3. [Conclusion] Water supply and consumption should be further organized to save water and fight against drought in hilly areas in Sichuan Province.

THE BALANCE BETWEEN SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF WATER RESOURCES AND THE WATER-SAVING POTENTIAL FOR AGRICULTURE IN THE HEXI CORRIDOR

The Hexi Corridor is an important base of agriculture development inNorthwest China. According to recent statistics, there are 65. 94 x 10~8m^3 of water resourcesavailable in the Hexi Corridor. At present, net consumption in development and utilization is 43. 33x 10~8m^3. Water supply and demand reach a balance on the recent level of production, but loss ofevaporation and evapotranspiration is as much as 25. 69 x 1010~8m^3. So net use efficiency of waterresources is 59% Based on analyzing balance between water and land considering ecologicalenvironment at present, there exists the serious water shortage in the Shiyang River system whereirrigation lands have overloaded. There is a comparative balance between supply and demand of waterresource in the Heihe River system; and the Sule River system has some surplus water to extendirrigation land. Use of agriculture water accounts for 83. 3% and ecological forest and grass for 6.9% . The Hexi Corridor still has a great potential for water saving in agriculture production.Water-saving efficiency of irrigation is about 10% by using such traditional technologies as furrowand border-dike irrigation and small check irrigation, and water-saving with plastic film cover andtechniques of advanced sprinkler and drip/micro irrigation etc. can save more than 60% of irrigatedwater. Incremental irrigation area for water-saving potential in the Hexi Corridor has beenestimated as 56% - 197% to original irrigation area. So the second water sources can be developedfrom water saving agriculture in the Hexi Corridor under Development of the Western Part of China inlarge scale. This potential can be realized step by step through developing the water-savingmeasures, improving the ecological condition of oasis agriculture, and optimizing allocation ofwater resources in three river systems.

The Estimation of Water Supply and Demand in Hotan Oasis

[Objective] The purpose of this study is to estimate water supply and demand, which can provide a basis for how to allocate rationally water resources in Hotan Oasis. [Method] The water supply and demand in Hotan Oasis in the next15 years were calculated according to water-soil balance. [Result] When the runoff of Hotan River is at a probability of 50%（P=50 for short）, the total water resource is 50.57×10^8m^3, and there is only 33.13×10^8m^3available for social and economics,but there would be a need of 33.44×10^8and 36.06×10^8m^3, and the water shortage would be 1.31 ×10^8and 2.93 ×10^8m^3in 2020 and 2030 respectively. When P =75,the total water resource is 44.30×10^8m^3, there is only 29.39×10^8m^3water available for social and economics. However, there would be a need of 31.43 ×10^8and33.11×10^8m^3, and the water shortage would be 2.04×10^8and 3.72×10^8m^3in 2020 and 2030, respectively. [Conclusion] The problem of water shortage would be serious over the next 15 years, and the fragile ecosystem would be destroyed dramatically with the large-scale land reclamation against natural laws. Hence, the effective policies and measures should be taken timely to prohibit reclamation and to cope with ongoing water shortage, based on the water supply and demand estimation under the background of climate change.

Analysis of Water Resources Supply and Demand and Security of Water Resources Development in Irrigation Regions of the Middle Reaches of the Heihe River Basin, Northwest China

Based on the data for meteorology, hydrology, soil, planting, vegetation, and socio-economic development of the irrigation region in the middle reaches of the Heihe River basin, Northwest China, the model of balance of water supply and demand in the region was established, and the security of water resource was assessed, from which the results that the effects of unified management of water resources in the Heihe River basin between Gansu Province and Inner Mongolia on regional hydrology are significant with a decrease in water supply diverted from Heihe River and an increase in groundwater extracted. In addition, it was found that the groundwater level has been steadily decreasing due to over pumping and decrease in recharges. In present year （2003）, the volume of potential groundwater in the irrigation districts is far small because of the groundwater overdraft; even in the particular regions, there is no availability of groundwater resources for use. By 2003, water supply is not sufficient to meet the water demand in the different irrigation districts, the sustainable development and utilization of water resources are not secured, and the water supply crisis occurs in Pingchuan irrigation district. Achieving water security for the sustainable development of society, agriculture, economy, industry, and livelihoods while maintaining or improving the abilities of the management and planning of water resources, determining of the reasonable percentage between water supply and groundwater utilization and water saving in agricultural irrigation are taken into account. If this does not occur, it is feared that the present performance of water development and planning may further aggravate the problem of scarcities of water resources and further damage the fragile ecological system.

Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Supply and Demand Balance of Water Supply Services in the Dongjiang Lake Basin and Its Beneficiary Areas

Water-related ecosystem services is a hot topic in ecological research. Water supply services are crucial to regional water cycles and water quantity balance. The Dongjiang Lake basin is a national priority river basin in China where ecological compensation pilot programs concerning water resources and water supply services are top priorities for ecosystem service protection. We analyzed spatial and temporal patterns associated with generation and use of water supply services in the Dongjiang Lake basin using the In VEST model, socio-economic data and water resource data. We found that between 1995 and 2010, water yield in the Dongjiang Lake basin and its beneficiary areas increased before declining, varying 9350–12 400 m3 ha-1 y-1; average water yield peaked in 2000. The spatial distribution patterns of water yield during these years are similar, progressively decreasing from upstream to downstream with a remarkable reduction in surrounding areas of city clusters. Average water consumption of the basin and its beneficiary areas ranged from 2900–4450 m3 ha-1 y-1 between 1995 and 2010; the spatial distribution patterns of water consumption during these years are similar, dropping gradually from urban construction land to its surroundings with a stronger gradient between urban and rural areas. More water was consumed on both banks and surroundings of the lake. From 1995 to 2010, water supply fell short of demand for urban construction land and its proximity as well as areas along the lake. Water supply services were able to satisfy needs in other regions. The Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan city cluster suffers from the most strained water supply.

区块链赋能全民健身公共服务供给治理研究

运用文献资料法,探究区块链赋能全民健身公共服务供给治理的理论框架、变革向度及精准路径。研究认为:基于“服务金三角”理论模型构建全民健身公共服务供给治理框架,从服务需求重构、供给战略重构、供给系统重构、供给主体重构等方面诠释变革向度。并提出建构“链式”管理、“公有链”运作平台、需求精准管理和供给科学决策、创新赋能机制的供给实践框架,从供给需求、供给战略、供给系统、供给主体层面阐释区块链嵌入供给治理风险,为规避风险提出政府、企业、社会、个体应对路径。

供需平衡视角下昆仑山北坡县域单元地表水资源开发利用潜力初探

定量分析地表水资源开发利用潜力有助于明晰区域水资源禀赋,对区域未来水资源科学规划和可持续开发利用具有重要的指导意义。通过供需水量平衡,从地表径流量、生态需水量、地表水可利用量角度,初步探讨了昆仑山北坡县域单元的地表水资源开发利用潜力,以期为昆仑山北坡科学规划和兵团南进布局提供水资源保障依据。结果表明:(1)昆仑山北坡河流径流2000年后呈显著增加趋势,主要河流2001—2010年年均径流量较2000年以前平均增加了23.36%,2011—2020年较2000年以前平均增加了42.89%,其中车尔臣河增幅最大,和田河增幅最小。(2)车尔臣河流域、克里雅河流域和和田河流域的生态基流量分别为4.67×10^(8)m^(3)、5.38×10^(8)m^(3)和20.26×10^(8)m^(3),天然植被生态需水量分别为4.34×10^(8)m^(3)、4.00×10^(8)m^(3)和2.62×10^(8)m^(3)。(3)昆仑山北坡各县域单元现状地表水已用水量范围为0.1×10^(8)~8.73×10^(8)m^(3),地表水资源潜力范围为-0.07×10^(8)~3.17×10^(8)m^(3),空间差异非常显著,其中水资源潜力大于2.00×10^(8)m^(3)的有墨玉县、铁门关市38团、策勒县、且末县、和田县、民丰县和洛浦县。现状区域的地表水资源调蓄能力不足,水资源利用上限偏低,虽有潜力但有水难用,未来昆仑山北坡各县域单元需制定修编更为适宜的地表水资源规划并加强基础水利工程建设,提升地表水资源利用效率,为区域高质量发展提供水资源支撑保障。

基于生态需水的黄河中游水平衡分析--以沁河流域为例

为推动黄河流域生态保护及高质量发展,解决地表水资源供需矛盾,亟需开展水平衡分析,建立水平衡模型,为水资源合理分配提供参考依据。作为黄河的重要支流,沁河流域位于黄河中游末端,由于近年来上游调水政策的施行以及流域内生活、生产用水的增加,用水矛盾突出,出现了河道断流、入黄水量偏枯等问题。为保障河流生态环境健康,优化引沁入汾跨流域提水工程实施后的流域水资源供需平衡,以2021年为现状年,在“自然-人工”二元水循环研究理论的指导下,运用水平衡分析理论与方法,以河道内生态需水为保障基础,对沁河流域水资源需求、供水能力与供需平衡进行了分析与讨论。结果表明:(1)沁河流域水资源供给和需求在空间分布上具有分异性,上游山西省境内各河段河道内均能够保障适宜的生态需水量,下游河南省境内,仅可满足最小生态需水量;(2)沁河流域可供给水资源总量为10.04×10^(8)m^(3),河道外生产、生活及生态用水总量为8.89×10^(8)m^(3),剩余河道内水量仅为1.15×10^(8)m^(3),仅可满足河流最小生态需水;(3)推算至2030年,流域内工业生产及生活取用地表水量将达到6.98×10^(8)m^(3),河道外用水总量将达到9.81×10^(8)m^(3),剩余水量无法满足最小生态需水。建议采用降低工业用水量、提高农田灌溉用水利用率、推广使用高效节水技术,进一步增强水资源的有效利用,改善流域生态环境。研究结果可为合理规划沁河流域水资源调度提供参考,也可为黄河中游水平衡分析提供范例。

北京市滨水空间环境品质提升的潜力分析探索

城市滨水空间的综合治理工作越来越表现出持续性、系统性、复杂性的特点,行业对滨水空间治理提升的重点以及建设时序的把握仍存在偏差。本文以北京市中心城重要河道为例,首先甄别滨水空间环境品质核心评价指标,运用时空大数据并结合GIS空间分析方法,对滨水空间现状情况进行定量化的全要素评价。短板指标统计发现,新时期河道及滨水空间品质提升的主要关注焦点为交通可达性的提升、人文及配套服务设施的完善、绿地开放空间的营造等。其次调研剖析滨水空间环境品质优劣的内驱动力,提出了多维度、多层次、全要素的城市滨水空间潜力分析指标体系,构建了“供给-需求”耦合互动模型,建立了城市滨水空间潜力分析研究方法。通过供需匹配分析发现并非高需求河道都得到了相应的治理,另外也存在治理超前或者过度治理的情况。最后,基于滨水空间潜力分析评价结果和两岸土地资源,制定了“三级-两类”治理行动方案,突出规划引领作用,注重滨水空间提升改造与城市片区整体的发展建设和需求的匹配,形成良性互动的机制。

基于一元线性回归模型的供水网络中水表读数虚高问题研究

为了定量研究供水网络中总表漏水程度和分表读数虚高程度,根据水量平衡分析法的原理,结合大数据分析技术,建立了一元线性回归方程,回归常数代表总表漏水量程度,回归系数代表分表读数虚高程度。通过针对2021年某高校供水管网的实证研究表明,总表日均漏水量为15.5958吨,分表读数虚高率为1.07%。该方法对供水管网漏损率的精准评估等问题的解决提供了新的思路和方法。

考虑水质因素的供水管网抗震韧性评估

城市基础设施系统抗震韧性分析模型是评估城市防震减灾能力并指导震后恢复工作的重要依据。提出了耦合水力与水质模拟的供水管网抗震韧性评估模型。根据管道地震易损性模型和Monte Carlo模拟生成管网地震破坏场景,并采用动态重要度方法模拟管网震后修复过程。通过管网中余氯浓度的降低表示地震破坏对管网水质的负面影响,震后管网余氯浓度的变化取决于管道破坏引起的供水路径和水量的变化。采用震后余氯浓度未下降的用户节点供水量,作为管网系统水质性能评估指标。所提出的模型应用于2个不同布局的Benchmark案例管网。研究结果表明:管道破损处的水量漏失导致其上游管道的水流量增加、余氯浓度增大,下游管道的供水路径延长、余氯浓度减小。管网的水质韧性值往往低于水力韧性值,水力和水质韧性相对差异程度受到管网布局和运行规则的影响,文中案例管网水质和水力指标计算的抗震韧性损失指标的相对差异在17%~286%之间;运行规则复杂且含有调节水箱的管网,其水力和水质韧性的差异较大。

水生态系统韧性视角下热带雨林地区的蓝绿空间评价——以五指山市南圣河为例

热带雨林地区因特殊的气候特点及空间特征,河流蓝绿空间面临的雨洪压力与人类社会活动压力较大,其韧性建设对于整个生境具有关键性影响。国内外研究聚焦于韧性承洪实践与韧性评估量化,鲜有基于不同生态压力冲击对河流蓝绿空间开展多维韧性评价。文章以南圣河为对象,基于雨洪等自然灾害的脉冲式压力与人类社会对生态系统施加的慢性压力两类情境,构建水生态系统的“压力-脉冲-韧性”模型,通过“构建理论模型―叠合双维承压评价―解析吻合/冲突点―探析韧性策略”的逻辑方法实现特定地域蓝绿空间的评价与优化。研究发现:1)生态系统服务价值越高,调节功能越高,蓝绿空间韧性越强。2)突发性脉冲方面,在极端日降雨量增加情景下,河流水系的缓冲半径与水源类型密切相关,水库受到水安全威胁的风险大于河流,地表的径流曲线数值(简称CN)一般与历史经验相关。3)慢发性压力方面,韧性压力与城市人口密切相关,人口越密集,韧性压力越大;且不同季候的游憩密度与丰枯期存在分异,丰水期雨洪威胁大,游憩密度低,枯水期雨洪威胁小,游憩密度高。

河北省邢台市百泉泉域水资源供需平衡分析

为保证邢台市百泉泉域持续复涌,通过分析研究区域现状供、需水量情况,并预测该区域总需水量、地表水供水量、地下水供水量、非常规水和外调水量相关指标,定量分析水资源供需平衡。结果得出,上游水库的供水量可进一步置换泉域内生活、工业、农业用水及补充下游河道生态用水,各县(市、区)地下水开采量仍较高,而地表水实际利用量相对与地表水可供水量仍较低。建议该区域减少地下水开采量,科学合理分配利用地表水。

沈阳现代化都市圈水供给服务供需平衡研究

以沈阳现代化都市圈为研究区,从地级市尺度上综合自然水文过程和居民生产、生活消费需求,揭示区域水供给服务供需平衡关系,为区域水资源优化管理提供依据。基于GIS平台,采用2000、2010和2020年土地利用数据,耦合InVest模型产水量模块、水需求服务模型、水资源安全指数等多种方法,以空间可视化的方式模拟研究水供给服务格局。研究结果表明:2000-2020年沈阳现代化都市圈水供给量和水需求量均呈现先增多后减少的趋势,供需平衡状况差距较大;2000年沈阳市、鞍山市、辽阳市、铁岭市、阜新市的水资源安全指数以及2010年、2020年沈阳市、辽阳市水资源安全指数均低于0.5;研究区水供给服务的供给与需求在空间分布上呈现显著的不匹配特征,区域东部铁岭市、抚顺市、本溪市为主要供给区,中部沈阳市、辽阳市需大于供,水资源供需矛盾突出。研究框架思路与研究结果能够为都市圈尺度水资源供需矛盾的协调提供一定的决策依据。

饶河流域水源涵养服务供需演变及驱动因素

[目的]探究流域水源涵养服务供需的时空分异特征及主要驱动因素,为流域水资源管理和优化配置及生态安全与保护提供科学依据和参考。[方法]以饶河流域为研究区,基于InVEST模型和多源数据定量评估研究区水源涵养服务供给、需求,根据供需指数得到水源涵养服务供需匹配空间关系,利用地理探测器进一步探究水源涵养服务供需关系空间异质性的主要驱动因素。[结果]①2005—2020年水源涵养服务供给和需求量均呈现先增后减的趋势,不同土地利用类型的水源涵养能力具有显著差异,其中林地和草地水源涵养能力明显高于耕地和城乡工矿用地;②水源涵养服务供给和需求空间分布具有明显的空间异质性和不匹配特征,水源涵养供需匹配赤字区主要分布在西部鄱阳县、万年县、乐平市、昌江区和珠山区,盈余区分布在北部浮梁县、东部婺源县、德兴市和弋阳县;③自然因素中年潜在蒸散发、高程和林地覆盖率是影响水源涵养服务供需关系的主要因素,同时,城乡工矿用地和耕地覆盖率等人为因素起主导作用,自然因素和人为因素交互作用,加剧水源涵养服务供需失衡。[结论]饶河流域水源涵养服务供需关系优化存在挑战,未来应在该地区加快建立生态补偿机制,优化林地水源涵养功能,提高水源涵养服务供给,提升水资源利用效率,进一步实现区域水源涵养服务供需平衡,促进生态系统与社会经济系统协调发展。

基于云模型的新型配电系统灵活性评估方法

针对新型配电系统内灵活性资源接入规模逐渐扩大,过往配电网灵活性评估方法难以适应配电系统发展状况的问题,提出了基于云模型的新型配电系统灵活性评估方法。首先通过影响系统灵活性的数个指标构建了配电网灵活性评价体系;其次采用了主客观结合的层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process,AHP)-熵权法对构建的灵活性评价体系进行赋权;最后针对系统灵活性状态难以直观描述、现有灵活性评估方法难以完整表征系统灵活性状态的问题,提出了基于云模型的配电系统灵活性评估方法,并通过我国某地区配电系统运行实测数据进行了仿真验证。

基于分层需水的水资源均衡配置研究

水资源配置是缓解区域水资源供需矛盾、均衡水与发展的关键措施。根据新时期水资源精细化管理的有关要求,以农业、工业、生活、生态用水户为对象,基于分层需水相关理论和已有成果,提出了刚性需水、弹性需水的计算方法;综合考虑社会、经济、环境效益,构建了面向分层需水的水资源优化配置模型,采用NSGA-Ⅲ算法与EMW-TOPSIS法求解得到4种效益配置方案;以用水基尼系数表征配置单元间、用水户间的用水公平性,对非劣解集内配置方案的用水公平性进行评价,筛选出兼顾用水公平和效益的均衡配置方案;最后以宁夏回族自治区为典型研究区,进行案例应用。结果表明:均衡配置方案下,2025年宁夏全区总缺水量为10.74×10^(8)m^(3),经济效益为2182.6×10^(8)元,污染物排放量为162.78 t,该方案对应的全区用水基尼系数为0.98,配置单元间、不同用水户间用水公平性较高;与现状年相比,均衡配置方案对应的全区地下水开采量减少了0.91×10^(8)m^(3),降幅超过16.1%,地下水供水量占总供水量比例下降1.3%,进一步优化了自治区供水结构。本研究提出的水资源均衡配置思路与方法可为水资源短缺地区均衡配置提供借鉴,也可为新时期落实水资源刚性约束制度提供技术支撑。

基于水资源刚性约束的城市节水潜力分析

为满足水资源刚性约束制度的要求,有效保障城市农业、生活及生产用水安全,以江苏省宿迁市为例开展不同规划年各来水条件情景下的节水潜力分析。用水总量控制管理是落实水资源刚性约束的重要标准,在节水潜力计算过程中,基于节水目标与强度设定了“基本方案”与“节水方案”,以区域用水总量控制指标为约束,构建了基于目标控制的节水潜力模型,从农业、第二第三产业、生活3个模块分析规划年宿迁市可节水量。结果表明:采用“节水方案”后,宿迁市基本能够满足水资源供需平衡,在P=95%的来水频率下,仅沭阳县处于轻度缺水状态;在P=50%来水频率下,发展至2025年及2030年,宿迁市全市节水潜力分别可达7.5069亿m^(3)和6.9293亿m^(3);在宿迁市两区三县中,沭阳县可节水量最大,未来应合理规划,充分挖掘地区节水潜力。研究成果可为区域节水潜力发展提供参考。

西凉灌区高效节水灌溉工程供需水平衡分析

黄土高原区水资源紧缺,为了确保农业节水项目科学布设,文章对项目区水资源状况及开发利用、可供水量和节水灌溉模式、农业灌溉制度、农作物需水量等进行了探讨和计算,采用供需平衡法对项目区需水平衡进行了论证,得出项目区水资源富余,可以实施西凉灌区节水灌溉工程,为天水地区农业节水灌溉工作开展提供了保障。

宿迁市黄河故道水资源跨区统一配置研究

黄河故道是宿迁市境内主要河道,既是行洪通道,也是沿线灌溉供水的主要河道,对宿迁市民生保障、产业发展及生态建设发挥重要作用。但是,黄河故道目前依然存在部分突出问题,如水资源供给不足、水系连通不畅及输配水分布不均等。本文对黄河故道进行水资源供需平衡分析,根据供需平衡缺口,通过现有补水工程合理调配,实现水资源供需基本平衡的配置目标,为推动宿迁市黄河故道生态富民廊道建设、经济社会高质量发展提供水资源保障。