The Repairing of Concrete Walls in Structure for Water Treatment in Thermo Power Plant

As a result of longer term exploitation, exposure to severe weather conditions or influence of chemical conditions, concrete walls of concrete structures get damaged internally as well as externally. This study includes a preliminary analysis of chemically treated water in existing concrete structures, and another after the application of the method and using materials for the structures in future. One of the priorities was to examine the existing concrete structures by using nondestructive and destructive methods. After that, based on the results of the analysis, adequate new materials are proposed for the repairs, most commonly new technology polymer carbonated materials, in order to achieve durability of structure elements in using technological processes. Behavior of the repairing structures was tested using the in situ methods, and especially pull-of test, to verify the adhesion force between the old concrete structures and new applied layer. After the repairing, the concrete structures will be monitored to record the behavior under the chemical treated water.

Water quality of reclaimed water from treated urban wastewater in Chaobai River Basin,North China

The utilization of reclaimed water could be an efficient tool to alleviate water scarcity,especially for dry river augmentation.However,it is crucial to monitor water quality to ensure safety to human health and to avoid negative effects on the environment.Reclaimed water samples were collected bimonthly from May to November in 2010 in Chaobai River,and the physiochemical parameters were determined.The main results are as follows:The parameters exceeding the threshold value of the water guidelines are mainly nutrition related to nitrogen and phosphorus,which are known to increase the risk of eutrophication in surface waters.Additionally,nitrite and nitrate can be detrimental to human health.The majority of the parameters have a peaking concentration in May,whereas others either show significant temporal variation over the entire period or remain relatively constant in all four months.Correlation analysis shows that some parameters(pH,T and B) have no significant correlation with others,whereas significant positive correlation was found for Sr with EC and TDS,for CI with TDS,for Si02 with TP and for NO3-N with TN and a significant negative correlation between SO4 and Ba.According to principal component analysis,60.108%of the total data is represented by dominant solutes,and the second principal component with a percentage of 31.876 comprises parameters related to nitrogen.Subsequent cluster analysis of parameters identified four groups,which represent different compositions,and samples in May differ from others.

Tests to evaluate the ecological impact of treated ballast water on three Chinese marine species

Ballast water has been a topic of concern for some time because of its potential to introduce invasive species to new habitats. To comply with the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments, members of the International Maritime Organization(IMO) must equip their ships with on-board treatment systems to eliminate organism release with ballast water. There are many challenges associated with the implementation of this IMO guideline, one of which is the selection of species for testing the ecological impacts of the treated ballast water. In the United States, ballast water toxicity test methods have been defined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. However, the test methods had not been finalized in China until the toxicity test methods for ballast water were established in 2008. The Chinese methods have been based on species from three trophic levels: Skeletonema costatum, Neomysis awatschensis, and Ctenogobius gymnauchen. All three species live in broad estuarine and open sea areas of China; they are sensitive to reference toxicants and acclimatize easily to different conditions. In this paper, the biological characteristics, test processes and statistical analysis methods are presented for the three species. Results indicate that the methods for evaluating these three organisms can be included in the ecological toxicity tests for treated ballast water in China.

A simple derivative spectrophotometric method for simultaneously detecting nitrate and nitrite in plasma treated water

A spectrophotometric technique is developed to simultaneously quantify nitrate and nitrite in plasma treated water.The measurement is based on examining the inflection points(wavelengths)in the derivative absorbance of the nitrate or nitrite solution.At the inflection points of the pure nitrate solution,the derivative absorbance is zero and independent of the nitrate’s concentration,and thus the nitrite’s concentration in a mixed nitrate and nitrite solution can be obtained by using the Beer’s law at these points.The nitrate’s concentration can also be achieved from the inflection points of nitrite in the same manner.The relation between the tested substance’s(nitrate or nitrite)concentration and the second-or the third-order absorbances is obtained at these inflection points.Test measurements for mixed aqueous solutions of nitrate and nitrite with or without hydrogen peroxide confirm the reliability of this technique.We applied this technique to quantify the nitrate and nitrite generated in air plasma treated aqueous solutions.The results indicate that both nitrate and nitrite concentrations increase with the plasma treatment time,and the nitrite species is found to be generated prior to the nitrate species in the air plasma treated aqueous solution.Moreover,the production rate of total nitrogen species is independent of the solutions’p H value.These results are relevant to diverse applications of plasma activated solutions in materials processing,biotechnology,medicine and other fields.

Characteristics and Driven Factors of Nitrous Oxide and Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Soil Irrigated with Treated Wastewater

The reuse of treated wastewater in agricultural systems could partially help alleviate water resource shortages in developing countries. Treated wastewater differs from fresh water in that it has higher concentrations of salts, Escherichia coli and presence of dissolved organic matter, and inorganic N after secondary treatment, among others. Its application could thus cause environmental consequences such as soil salinization, ammonia volatilization, and greenhouse gas emissions. In an incubation experiment, we evaluated the characteristics and effects of water-filled pore space （WFPS） and N input on the emissions of nitrous oxide （N2O） and carbon dioxide （CO2） from silt loam soil receiving treated wastewater. Irrigation with treated wastewater （vs. distilled water） significantly increased cumulative N2O emission in soil （117.97 μg N kg-1）. Cumulative N2O emissions showed an exponentially increase with the increasing WFPS in unamended soil, but the maximum occurred in the added urea soil incubated at 60% WFPS. N2O emissions caused by irrigation with treated wastewater combined with urea-N fertilization did not simply add linearly, but significant interaction （P〈0.05） caused lower emissions than the production of N2O from the cumulative effects of treated wastewater and fertilizer N. Moreover, a significant impact on cumulative CO2 emission was measured in soil irrigated with treated wastewater. When treated wastewater was applied, there was significant interaction between WFPS and N input on N2O emission. Hence, our results indicated that irrigation with treated wastewater should cause great concern for increasing global warming potential due to enhanced emission of N2O and CO2.

热水浴法解除蚕卵滞育的条件优化及应用效果分析

【目的】通过Box-Behnken响应面优化热水浴法解除蚕卵滞育的处理条件,并测试以不同来源水处理蚕种的孵化效果,为热水浴法在蚕业生产中的推广应用提供科学依据,探索出可替代传统盐酸孵化法且更安全环保、成本低廉的蚕种人工孵化方法。【方法】选用两广二号为供试蚕种,以卵龄(A)、处理时间(B)和处理温度(C)为变量,以蚕卵实用孵化率(Y)为响应值,通过Box-Behnken响应面优化热水浴法解除蚕卵滞育的处理条件;选择自来水、纯净水及矿泉水等不同来源的水,并选取萨尼斯、932、湘晖和春5等4个蚕种品种,分别采用优化后的条件对蚕卵进行热水浴处理,检验热水浴法解除蚕卵滞育的效果。【结果】蚕卵实用孵化率对3个变量因素的二项式拟合方程为:Y=91.03-2.01A-4.60B+22.89C+0.040AB+4.03AC+0.89BC-10.46A~2+3.25B~2-19.60C~2,响应面设计模型拟合程度较好。各因素对蚕卵实用孵化率的影响排序为处理温度(C)>处理时间(B)>卵龄(A),其中,处理温度影响极显著(P<0.01),处理时间影响显著(P<0.05,下同),卵龄影响不显著(P>0.05,下同);两因素间交互作用对蚕卵实用孵化率的影响排序为AC>BC>AB。修正后的热水浴法最佳处理条件:卵龄17.5 h,处理时间13 s,处理温度50℃,此条件下的实际蚕卵实用孵化率为97.94%,与理论预测值(98.81%)接近。不同来源水对两广二号正、反交种进行热水浴处理后的实用孵化率均在95.00%以上,仅阳山自来水和纯净水1在热水浴处理两广二号正交种时的实用孵化率显著低于盐酸即时浸酸法,但其实用孵化率仍高于93.00%;萨尼斯、932、湘晖、春5等4个家蚕品种的热水浴实用孵化率与盐酸即时浸酸法相比均无显著差异,表明热水浴法具有较强的普适性。【结论】热水浴法能有效解除蚕卵滞育,具有较强的普适性,且成本低廉、操作简单,可作为蚕业生产上替代传统盐酸孵化法的新方法。

基于高水压射流的盾构泥饼切割试验研究

为解决高水压射流清理泥饼布置方式无依据等问题,研制泥饼压制设备和高水压射流装置,并以强风化泥质粉砂岩作为试验材料,开展高水压射流切割泥饼试验,研究射流压力、流量、传输介质等参数对泥饼切割宽度和深度的影响。主要结论有:1)随着冲刷距离的增大,泥饼切割宽度先增大然后逐渐减小至0,而切割深度则逐渐减小;2)射流压力相同的情况下,当流量从49.1 L/min增大至110.0 L/min时,高水压射流对泥饼的切割宽度增大,当流量从110.0 L/min增加至202.8 L/min时,切割宽度反而减小,切割深度则随着流量的增加而增大;3)射流流量相同的情况下,水压力越大,则切割宽度和深度也越大;4)在水中进行泥饼切割时,高水压射流对泥饼的作用以冲刷为主,难以产生有效的切割。

一种预镀镍钢壳表面处理剂及其在水性石墨乳喷涂中的应用

预镀镍钢壳内表面的石墨涂层对碱性锌锰电池的电化学性能有着重要影响。本文提出了一种由硅酸锂、硅酸钠、聚醚改性聚二甲基硅氧烷和聚乙二醇组成的表面处理剂用于预镀镍钢壳的封闭保护和提高钢壳表面达因值,以利于表面防锈以及水性石墨乳的喷涂。处理后的钢壳在35℃下用质量分数为5%的NaCl溶液进行盐雾实验,4 h不生锈,其达因值高达40 dyn/cm。相较传统的油性石墨乳喷涂技术,本文采用更为经济环保的水性石墨乳喷涂在处理后的钢壳内表面,形成黏附牢固且均匀致密的石墨涂层,使得钢壳的电导率提高了2.38 S/cm。在大规模的生产应用中,组装的LR6型电池在3.9Ω下的放电时间约为409 min;在25℃下放置30天和60℃下放置8周后,放电时间衰减率分别为0.58%和8.65%。

复杂地形污水管网工程设计案例

针对位于川中丘陵地带的某产业园区,面对地形复杂、场地未平整以及规划道路未建成等多重挑战,进行了污水管网工程设计的深入研究。该园区内山丘连绵起伏,现状地面包括农田、菜地、鱼塘、河沟、树林等多种类型,地面高差显著,障碍物众多,使得污水管网设计难度加大。针对园区的特殊地形地貌和土地利用规划,充分考虑了各管段的实际情况,因地制宜地进行了逐一分析,并通过深入的技术经济比较,为各管段选择了最为适宜的工程方案。最终采取了开槽埋地、架空、顶管,乃至隧道铺管等多种管道铺设方式,以及钢筋混凝土管、焊接钢管、钢筋混凝土箱涵等多种管渠类型。

砂处理线工艺参数的确定

介绍了砂处理线的型砂水分、混砂时间、型砂成分的试验研究,得出结论:(1)加水系统参数的确定:皮带注水时,砂流量参数设定为7 kg/s,喷头水流量为0.04 kg/s,加水量设定0~0.9%;混砂机注水时,水重为1.8 t,A_(0)和A_(1)分别为-3.4和2.15,最大加水量为58 L,水管流量为3 L/s,最大加水时间20 s;沸腾床注水时,砂流量260 kg/min,加水需求设定为1.2%~1.5%,A_(0)=-0.3,A_(1)=0.9,周期时间为10 s,水管流量为2 L/s。(2)混砂时间:大秤卸料时间为10 s,小秤的卸料时间为12 s,湿混时间1为10 s,卸砂时间为25 s,混砂时间为100 s。(3)型砂成分:水为3.0%,膨润土为12 kg,α淀粉为5 kg。

自来水中微塑料的研究进展

自来水作为日常饮用水和食品饮料等生产加工的主要原料,诸多研究证实自来水中存在不同程度的微塑料污染水平。本文通过收集汇总近7年自来水中微塑料污染情况的相关研究文献,从自来水中微塑料污染来源、检测技术、赋存情况和自来水安全等方面综述了自来水中微塑料的研究现状,并提出有待深化的研究方向供参考。

基于“从水论治”理念分析穴位埋线治疗单纯性肥胖的临床效果

目的:基于“从水论治”理念分析穴位埋线治疗单纯性肥胖的临床疗效。方法:选取2022年8月—2023年8月义乌市第二人民医院收治的单纯性肥胖患者90例作为研究对象,随机分为对照组和观察组,各45例。对照组实施饮食控制、运动疗法等常规治疗,观察组在对照组基础上实施穴位埋线治疗。比较两组体质量、体质量指数(BMI)、腰围和臀围。结果:治疗前,两组体质量、BMI比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,两组体质量、BMI降低,观察组低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗前,两组腰围和臀围比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,两组腰围和臀围减小,观察组小于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:基于“从水论治”理念的穴位埋线治疗单纯性肥胖可降低体质量、BMI、腰围、臀围。

基于血水同治理论探讨渗出性老年性黄斑变性的治疗

渗出性老年性黄斑变性(wet age-related macular degeneration, w AMD)常见于老年人,病情呈进行性发展,对视力造成严重影响,降低患者生活质量。血水同治理论是基于血水同源互化、同病互害的生理病理特点,以活血利水法为基础,辨证施治,广泛应用于临床。根据w AMD的中医病机,可辨证分为肝肾阴虚、肝脾失衡及脏腑失调。本文基于血水同治理论,对w AMD进行分期论治,并对视网膜脱离、玻璃体积血等并发症辨证论治,在临床上疗效确切。

0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb钢的热处理及显微组织和性能

0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb钢是沉淀硬化不锈钢,通常要进行固溶处理和时效。对0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb钢试样和零件分别在真空炉中加热至1040℃保温90~120 min随后在压力为0.1~0.4 MPa的氩气中冷却,和在普通电阻炉中加热至同样温度保温后水冷的固溶处理,以及480℃时效处理。随后检测了试样的硬度、零件的变形量和抗拉强度。结果表明:经真空高压气冷和水冷固溶处理的0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb钢的显微组织基本相同,由马氏体、α铁素体和残留奥氏体组成;在压力为0.1~0.4 MPa的氩气中冷却固溶处理的0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb钢零件的硬度、变形量和抗拉强度差异很小;0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb钢固溶处理可采用真空高压气冷代替水冷。

Impact of Short Term Irrigation with Different Water Types on Some Chemical and Physical Soil Properties

The concern of this study is determine the quality of soil when irrigation used treated water and wastewater in comparison with soil irrigated with tap water on some chemical and physical soil properties. The experiment components were three trials carried out under greenhouse conditions, 10 pots for each trial. The first trial irrigated with tap water, the second trial irrigated by treated water and the third trial irrigated with wastewater. The experiment conducted to study the impact of water types on some soil physical and chemical properties. The experiment included important analysis for water and soil before and after irrigation. The results showed that the values for electrical conductivity (EC) were 0.850, 308 and 324 μs/cm for the treated soil with tap water, treated water and wastewater, respectively. The variation of pH values seems to be approximately constant between the different of water used. The percent of organic matter (OM) in soils receiving treated water and wastewater 4.7% and 5.2% respectively were higher than values in soil treated with tap water 3%. The same trend was in organic carbon (OC) in soils receiving treated water and wastewater 58.5% and 89% respectively, while soil treated with tap water showed the lowest value 27.7%. Soil particle density (SPD) increased significantly in both water treatments were the values was 2 g/cm3 in tap water but increased value 2.8 g/cm3 and 3.3 g/cm3 in treated water and wastewater used respectively. The Bulk Density (BD) values range 1.1 g/cm3 in soil irrigated with tap water 1.5 g/cm3 in soil irrigated with treated water and 1.85 g/cm3 in soil irrigated with treated water. The results of soil analysis before and after planting showed that most of the values increased for the physical and chemical soil properties.

Geostatistical Studies of Space-Temporal Variation in Selected Quality Parameters in Klodzko Water Supply System （SW Part of Poland）

Selected results of research connected with the development of a （3D） geostatistical hydrogeocbemical model of the Klodzko city area, dedicated to the spatial and time variation in the quality parameters in the Klodzko water supply system （SW part of Poland） have been presented. The research covers the period 2007-2011. Spatial analyses of the variation in three quality parameters, i.e. Fe iron （g/m3） content, Mn manganese （g/m3） content and NI-I4＋ ammonium ion （g/m3） content, were carried out. Spatial and time variation in the parameters was analyzed on the basis of the data （2007-2011）. The input for the studies was the chemical determinations of the quality parameters of water samples taken in the Klodzko water supply system area （also treated water） in different periods of time. These data were subjected to spatial analyses using geostatistical methods. The parameters of the assumed theoretical models of directional semivariograms functions of the studied regionalized variables, were used in the ordinary （block） kriging estimation. Generally, the behaviour of the quality parameters in the Klodzko water supply system has been found to vary in space and time. Thanks to the multivariate spatial analyses some regularities in the variation in the water supply system in the Klodzko city area have been identified. In the considered time interval, the shapes of the directional Fe iron content semivariogram show a tendency to vary periodically. The courses of the directional semivariograms of Mn manganese content and NI-I4＋ ammonium ion content show some tendencies towards directional variation over the passing years. There are visible distinct increasing trends of variability for Mn content and stronger variation are observed for NH4＋ ion content. The kriging estimation results were used to determine the levels of elevated values 2＊ of the water quality parameters in the years 2007-2011 and to forecast these values for the years 2012-2014. The maximum values Z＊ of the quality parameters were stated for the years： 2007, 2008-2009 and 2012 （the decreasing trend in Fe iron content averages Z＊ variation towards the year 2012, the increasing trend in Mn content averages Z＊ variation towards the year 2012 and the increasing trend in NH4＋ ion content averages Z＊ variation towards the years 2008-2009 and then the decreasing trend towards the year 2012）.

日本核污水排海行为国际诉讼下的法律适用与解释

本文以对日本核污水排海行为提出国际诉讼作为基本假设,思考承审法院在程序审阶段选择《国家对国际不法行为的责任条款草案》(以下简称“《责任草案》”)作为适用法的可行性,以及实体审阶段中有关的法律规则引用与法逻辑论证问题。研究发现《责任草案》不但对日本有拘束力效果,且有利于法院管辖权受理的正当性及控告方诉讼策略。在日本违法性的法律解释及推论上,本文尝试回答三个问题:日本东京电力公司执行核污水排海行为是否属于国家行为?第该国家行为是否违背某一对日本有效且应遵循的国际义务?日本违背国际义务是否带来相应的国家责任而须承担赔偿义务?三个问题皆获得肯定推论。因此,中国、俄罗斯、韩国等周边国家作为潜在受害国,当然有权利以日本明显违背《联合国海洋法公约》第235条第1款有关履行保护和保全海洋环境的“国际义务”并承担相应“国际法责任”为诉求,援引《责任草案》规定来追究日本政府国家责任及承担赔偿义务。

磷石膏/固硫灰渣复合材料对铀(Ⅵ)的吸附行为及机理研究

为了减少磷石膏(PG)和固硫灰渣(SFA)这两种工业固体废弃物在环境中的堆积以及避免其给自然环境带来的风险,最大化降低对环境的污染,以PG和SFA为原料,采用一步高温煅烧法制备了磷石膏/固硫灰渣(PG/SFA)新型复合吸附材料,同时采用批次静态吸附法研究了PG/SFA对的铀(Ⅵ)吸附性能。并利用PG/SFA较强的亲铀特性,对铀矿开采过程中产生的铀矿坑水开展了深度净化处理应用研究。最后,结合SEM、FTIR和XRD表征手段,探讨了PG/SFA对铀的吸附机理。结果表明:在p H=6.0、吸附剂PG/SFA投加量0.02g、吸附时间60min、铀初始浓度125mg/L、吸附温度40℃的条件下,PG/SFA对铀的吸附量可达84.6mg/g;PG/SFA对铀的吸附符合准二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附模型;水中共存阴、阳离子(Ba^(2+)、Sr^(2+)、Ni^(2+)、Ca^(2+)、Cl~-、NO_(3)^(-)、CO_(3)^(2-)、F~-)对PG/SFA吸附铀的性能基本无影响。在真实铀矿坑水中,PG/SFA对铀的去除率可达99.8%,分配系数(K_d)高达1.46×10~6m L/g,出水铀浓度低至0.003mg/L。PG/SFA对铀的吸附机理主要为PG/SFA中的Ca^(2+)和PO_4^(3-)与UO_(2)^(2+)发生沉淀反应,并进一步在PG/SFA表面生成钙铀云母Ca(UO_(2))_2(PO_4)_2·3H_2O矿相结构。研究表明,利用工业固废磷石膏和固硫灰渣可作为铀矿坑水的高效吸附材料,从而实现“以废治废”的目标。

章勤教授基于“气血水”学说论治妇科病经验浅谈

[目的]总结章勤教授应用“气血水同治”原则治疗妇科病的经验。[方法]通过整理章师的临床医案,总结妇科疾病中所蕴含的气血水关系,印证“血不利则为水”当“气血水同治”这一论断;梳理跟师临诊经验,细察章师用药,总结气血水共举治法,并举医案一则佐证。[结果]气血水三者同源共生,根于阴阳,互为因果,章师认为“血不利则为水”,因为“血不利”,果为“水”,本为“气”失调,当温以利水、通以活血、疏以调气、补以治本,同治气血水。文末所举医案为胞宫及冲任瘀血留滞,水见机而病,章师治以活血消癥、利水通经,终得良效。[结论]章师明确“血不利则为水”这一病机理论中气、血、水三者的关系,以“温通疏补”辨治妇科疾病,使血利、水化、气行,其经验为临床治疗妇科疾病提供了新思路。