Water is an indispensable resource for life. In the district of Ahomadégbé in Benin, although most of the population has access to improved water sources, in their homes, residents consume poor water quality...Water is an indispensable resource for life. In the district of Ahomadégbé in Benin, although most of the population has access to improved water sources, in their homes, residents consume poor water quality due to microbiological contamination during transport and storage. To identify necessary actions needed to improve household drinking water quality, the present study aims to analyze the knowledge, attitudes, and practices the district of Ahomadégbé’s population regarding household drinking water treatments methods. A study was conducted, where 377 residents were interviewed using an individual questionnaire and 82 participants were selected for eight focus groups to determine the population’s knowledge, attitudes, and practices. More than 65% of the district’s population knew some methods of water treatment at home. In practice, however, they lacked the knowledge to apply the different water treatment methods and only 6.1% of the population used at least one method of water treatment at home, even if it was not always adapted. The water treatment methods residents used were Alum (KAl(SO4)2·12 H2O, chemical decantation method), filtration on tissues, and disinfection by boiling. Ineffective home water treatment methods, such as oil and cresol were also used. The population is aware of water contamination during transport and storage. Unfortunately, most residents surveyed do not treat water before consumption, and those who treat it, use inappropriate methods. Thus, people must be made aware of the health benefits of using effective home water treatment methods and their correct use.展开更多
<i>Entamoeba histolytica</i> is an anaerobic parasitic protozoan and well known as a human pathogen, while its close relative, <i>Entamoeba dispar</i>, also possesses similar characteristics as...<i>Entamoeba histolytica</i> is an anaerobic parasitic protozoan and well known as a human pathogen, while its close relative, <i>Entamoeba dispar</i>, also possesses similar characteristics as an infectious agent. These microorganisms are generally transmitted in fecal-contaminated water. However, <i>E. dispar</i> present in industrial wastewater is also capable of creating biofilms that can cause adverse impacts in piping networks. Therefore, it is important to detect both of these protozoan species in water and to find a cost-effective technique for inactivation or management control. This review article summarizes the available detection methods in water and wastewater matrices along with feasible disinfection techniques.展开更多
Since conventional water treatment is not affordable in developing countries,looking for locally available and alternative treatment options is mandatory.Removal of fluoride and phosphate can be achieved by designing ...Since conventional water treatment is not affordable in developing countries,looking for locally available and alternative treatment options is mandatory.Removal of fluoride and phosphate can be achieved by designing appropriate filtration media from different materials such as sand,calcined clay,pumice,scoria and bone char.This study was designed to determine the removal efficiency of these locally available filter media with respect to detention time and pH.The filtration apparatuses(tank) were filled separately with stone,gravel with grain size 0.6-4.75 mm and 40 cm deep,sand(ES = 0.15—0.35 mm and UC = 1.5-3),calcined clay,pumice,scoria and bone char with grain size 0.25-0.5 inch.Water samples were prepared using glass bottles with fluoride concentrations of 6 and 8 mg/1 and phosphate concentration of 4 mg/1.Laboratory analysis was carried out before and after filtration to determine the removal efficiency of each medium.It was found that the highest removal of fluoride was achieved by bone char(89.65%),followed by pumice(82.4%).However,bone char has rather increased the concentration of phosphate by 63.8%.Sand was the most efficient media to remove phosphate,managing to remove by 70%.Therefore,it is an attractive option to use these locally available,environmental friendly and appropriate technologies for efficient removal of both fluorine and phosphate at the household or community water treatment level.展开更多
This present study develops a 2-D numerical scheme to simulate the velocity and depth on the actual terrain by using shallow water equations. The computational approach uses the HLL scheme as a basic building block, t...This present study develops a 2-D numerical scheme to simulate the velocity and depth on the actual terrain by using shallow water equations. The computational approach uses the HLL scheme as a basic building block, treats the bottom slope by lateralizing the momentum flux, then refines the scheme using the Strang splitting to deal with the frictional source term. Besides, a decoupled algorithm is also adopted to compute the aggradation and degradation of bed-level elevation by using the Manning-Strickler formula and Exner’s relationship. The main purpose is to set up the window interface of 2-D numerical model and increase the realization of engineers on these characteristics of hydraulic treatment and maintenance.展开更多
文摘Water is an indispensable resource for life. In the district of Ahomadégbé in Benin, although most of the population has access to improved water sources, in their homes, residents consume poor water quality due to microbiological contamination during transport and storage. To identify necessary actions needed to improve household drinking water quality, the present study aims to analyze the knowledge, attitudes, and practices the district of Ahomadégbé’s population regarding household drinking water treatments methods. A study was conducted, where 377 residents were interviewed using an individual questionnaire and 82 participants were selected for eight focus groups to determine the population’s knowledge, attitudes, and practices. More than 65% of the district’s population knew some methods of water treatment at home. In practice, however, they lacked the knowledge to apply the different water treatment methods and only 6.1% of the population used at least one method of water treatment at home, even if it was not always adapted. The water treatment methods residents used were Alum (KAl(SO4)2·12 H2O, chemical decantation method), filtration on tissues, and disinfection by boiling. Ineffective home water treatment methods, such as oil and cresol were also used. The population is aware of water contamination during transport and storage. Unfortunately, most residents surveyed do not treat water before consumption, and those who treat it, use inappropriate methods. Thus, people must be made aware of the health benefits of using effective home water treatment methods and their correct use.
文摘<i>Entamoeba histolytica</i> is an anaerobic parasitic protozoan and well known as a human pathogen, while its close relative, <i>Entamoeba dispar</i>, also possesses similar characteristics as an infectious agent. These microorganisms are generally transmitted in fecal-contaminated water. However, <i>E. dispar</i> present in industrial wastewater is also capable of creating biofilms that can cause adverse impacts in piping networks. Therefore, it is important to detect both of these protozoan species in water and to find a cost-effective technique for inactivation or management control. This review article summarizes the available detection methods in water and wastewater matrices along with feasible disinfection techniques.
文摘Since conventional water treatment is not affordable in developing countries,looking for locally available and alternative treatment options is mandatory.Removal of fluoride and phosphate can be achieved by designing appropriate filtration media from different materials such as sand,calcined clay,pumice,scoria and bone char.This study was designed to determine the removal efficiency of these locally available filter media with respect to detention time and pH.The filtration apparatuses(tank) were filled separately with stone,gravel with grain size 0.6-4.75 mm and 40 cm deep,sand(ES = 0.15—0.35 mm and UC = 1.5-3),calcined clay,pumice,scoria and bone char with grain size 0.25-0.5 inch.Water samples were prepared using glass bottles with fluoride concentrations of 6 and 8 mg/1 and phosphate concentration of 4 mg/1.Laboratory analysis was carried out before and after filtration to determine the removal efficiency of each medium.It was found that the highest removal of fluoride was achieved by bone char(89.65%),followed by pumice(82.4%).However,bone char has rather increased the concentration of phosphate by 63.8%.Sand was the most efficient media to remove phosphate,managing to remove by 70%.Therefore,it is an attractive option to use these locally available,environmental friendly and appropriate technologies for efficient removal of both fluorine and phosphate at the household or community water treatment level.
文摘This present study develops a 2-D numerical scheme to simulate the velocity and depth on the actual terrain by using shallow water equations. The computational approach uses the HLL scheme as a basic building block, treats the bottom slope by lateralizing the momentum flux, then refines the scheme using the Strang splitting to deal with the frictional source term. Besides, a decoupled algorithm is also adopted to compute the aggradation and degradation of bed-level elevation by using the Manning-Strickler formula and Exner’s relationship. The main purpose is to set up the window interface of 2-D numerical model and increase the realization of engineers on these characteristics of hydraulic treatment and maintenance.
