During the 1980s, as part of a policy of liberalization, following budgetary cuts linked to the implementation of structural adjustment programs, management responsibilities for AHAs were transferred from ONAHA to coo...During the 1980s, as part of a policy of liberalization, following budgetary cuts linked to the implementation of structural adjustment programs, management responsibilities for AHAs were transferred from ONAHA to cooperatives concerned. Due to lack of financial resources, but also because of poor management, everywhere in Niger we are witnessing an accelerated deterioration of the irrigation infrastructure of hydro-agricultural developments. Institutional studies carried out on this situation led the State of Niger to initiate a reform of the governance of hydro-agricultural developments, by streng-thening the status of ONAHA, by creating an Association of Irrigation Water Users (AUEI) and by restructuring the old cooperatives. Indeed, this research aims to analyze the creation of functional and sustainable Irrigation Water User Associations (AUEI) in Niger in a context of reform of the irrigation sector, and based on the experience of the Konni AHA. It is based on a methodological approach which takes into account documentary research and the collection of data from 115 farmers, selected by reasoned choice and directly concerned by the management of the irrigated area. The data collected was analyzed and the results were analyzed using the systemic approach and the diagnostic process. The results show that the main mission of the AUEI is to ensure better management of water, hydraulic equipment and infrastructure on the hydro-agricultural developments of Konni. The creation of the Konni AUEI was possible thanks to massive support from the populations and authorities in the implementation process. After its establishment, the AUEI experienced a certain lethargy for some time due to the rehabilitation work of the AHA but currently it is functional and operational in terms of associative life and governance. Thus, the constraints linked to the legal system, the delay in the completion of the work, the uncertainties of access to irrigation water but also the problems linked to the change in mentality of certain ONAHA agents constitute the challenges that must be resolved in the short term for the operationalization of the Konni AUEI.展开更多
Isfahan industrial province with its numerous industrial estates in its area and consequently the amount of wastewater produced by these settlements is very difficult to deal with.Therefore,the need for proper wastewa...Isfahan industrial province with its numerous industrial estates in its area and consequently the amount of wastewater produced by these settlements is very difficult to deal with.Therefore,the need for proper wastewater treatment and efficient management of industrial waste water from the industrial estates of this province should be seriously addressed and followed up by the authorities.The purpose of this study is the feasibility of reuse of wastewater from industrial settlements for agricultural and irrigation purposes.The present study is a descriptive cross-sectional study.In this study,the average values obtained from the sampling and the results of the experiments on waste water from the industrial waste water treatment plant in Isfahan,2017,have been used.Average values of BOD5,COD,TSS and so on were compared with the standards set by the Environmental Protection Agency and analyzed in Excel software.According to the results,the average values of COD,BOD5,TSS,SO4,pH and catalyst quality parameters were determined from wastewater effluents of 315,162,93,164(mg/L),8.3 and 32.5(NTU)respectively.The results of the study show that the average values of the quality parameters examined from the effluent of the treatment plant other than BOD5 and COD are within the standard range and the limit for agricultural and irrigation purposes,which may lead to undesirable environmental performance of these two parameters.展开更多
This paper examines how farmers in central Lombok have organized themselves to manage agricultural water colle- ctively and to adapt to seasonally dry conditions. We interviewed eighteen village heads from October to ...This paper examines how farmers in central Lombok have organized themselves to manage agricultural water colle- ctively and to adapt to seasonally dry conditions. We interviewed eighteen village heads from October to December 2006. One of our questions we posed prior to field interviews was what might be the social and technical coping strategies that have allowed farmers to survive the lengthy dry seasons under the high population density of Lombok island. Some examples of organizational structure and practices in Central Lombok are presented. There were several common water management strategies that were revealed from these interviews including: methods of organization, flexible cropping systems, water allocation mechanisms, methods of compromise, alternative payments, and traditional water management practices. The statistical analysis comparing village characteristics and coping strategies suggests a relation between mosque number per village and farmers ability to cope. Farmers have shown their own unique coping strategies in times of water shortages and under decentralization occurring over the past decade. This decentralization involved turning over small scale irrigation systems (under 500 hectares), to the water user associations themselves in order to facilitate more efficient management and maintenance.展开更多
This paper deals with the study of a water quality forecast model through application of BP neural network technique and GUI (Graphical User Interfaces) function of MATLAB at Yuqiao reservoir in Tianjin. To overcome t...This paper deals with the study of a water quality forecast model through application of BP neural network technique and GUI (Graphical User Interfaces) function of MATLAB at Yuqiao reservoir in Tianjin. To overcome the shortcomings of traditional BP algorithm as being slow to converge and easy to reach extreme minimum value,the model adopts LM (Leven-berg-Marquardt) algorithm to achieve a higher speed and a lower error rate. When factors affecting the study object are identified,the reservoir's 2005 measured values are used as sample data to test the model. The number of neurons and the type of transfer functions in the hidden layer of the neural network are changed from time to time to achieve the best forecast results. Through simulation testing the model shows high efficiency in forecasting the water quality of the reservoir.展开更多
文摘During the 1980s, as part of a policy of liberalization, following budgetary cuts linked to the implementation of structural adjustment programs, management responsibilities for AHAs were transferred from ONAHA to cooperatives concerned. Due to lack of financial resources, but also because of poor management, everywhere in Niger we are witnessing an accelerated deterioration of the irrigation infrastructure of hydro-agricultural developments. Institutional studies carried out on this situation led the State of Niger to initiate a reform of the governance of hydro-agricultural developments, by streng-thening the status of ONAHA, by creating an Association of Irrigation Water Users (AUEI) and by restructuring the old cooperatives. Indeed, this research aims to analyze the creation of functional and sustainable Irrigation Water User Associations (AUEI) in Niger in a context of reform of the irrigation sector, and based on the experience of the Konni AHA. It is based on a methodological approach which takes into account documentary research and the collection of data from 115 farmers, selected by reasoned choice and directly concerned by the management of the irrigated area. The data collected was analyzed and the results were analyzed using the systemic approach and the diagnostic process. The results show that the main mission of the AUEI is to ensure better management of water, hydraulic equipment and infrastructure on the hydro-agricultural developments of Konni. The creation of the Konni AUEI was possible thanks to massive support from the populations and authorities in the implementation process. After its establishment, the AUEI experienced a certain lethargy for some time due to the rehabilitation work of the AHA but currently it is functional and operational in terms of associative life and governance. Thus, the constraints linked to the legal system, the delay in the completion of the work, the uncertainties of access to irrigation water but also the problems linked to the change in mentality of certain ONAHA agents constitute the challenges that must be resolved in the short term for the operationalization of the Konni AUEI.
文摘Isfahan industrial province with its numerous industrial estates in its area and consequently the amount of wastewater produced by these settlements is very difficult to deal with.Therefore,the need for proper wastewater treatment and efficient management of industrial waste water from the industrial estates of this province should be seriously addressed and followed up by the authorities.The purpose of this study is the feasibility of reuse of wastewater from industrial settlements for agricultural and irrigation purposes.The present study is a descriptive cross-sectional study.In this study,the average values obtained from the sampling and the results of the experiments on waste water from the industrial waste water treatment plant in Isfahan,2017,have been used.Average values of BOD5,COD,TSS and so on were compared with the standards set by the Environmental Protection Agency and analyzed in Excel software.According to the results,the average values of COD,BOD5,TSS,SO4,pH and catalyst quality parameters were determined from wastewater effluents of 315,162,93,164(mg/L),8.3 and 32.5(NTU)respectively.The results of the study show that the average values of the quality parameters examined from the effluent of the treatment plant other than BOD5 and COD are within the standard range and the limit for agricultural and irrigation purposes,which may lead to undesirable environmental performance of these two parameters.
文摘This paper examines how farmers in central Lombok have organized themselves to manage agricultural water colle- ctively and to adapt to seasonally dry conditions. We interviewed eighteen village heads from October to December 2006. One of our questions we posed prior to field interviews was what might be the social and technical coping strategies that have allowed farmers to survive the lengthy dry seasons under the high population density of Lombok island. Some examples of organizational structure and practices in Central Lombok are presented. There were several common water management strategies that were revealed from these interviews including: methods of organization, flexible cropping systems, water allocation mechanisms, methods of compromise, alternative payments, and traditional water management practices. The statistical analysis comparing village characteristics and coping strategies suggests a relation between mosque number per village and farmers ability to cope. Farmers have shown their own unique coping strategies in times of water shortages and under decentralization occurring over the past decade. This decentralization involved turning over small scale irrigation systems (under 500 hectares), to the water user associations themselves in order to facilitate more efficient management and maintenance.
基金Project (No.2006AA06Z305) supported by the Hi-Tech Research and Development Program (863) of China
文摘This paper deals with the study of a water quality forecast model through application of BP neural network technique and GUI (Graphical User Interfaces) function of MATLAB at Yuqiao reservoir in Tianjin. To overcome the shortcomings of traditional BP algorithm as being slow to converge and easy to reach extreme minimum value,the model adopts LM (Leven-berg-Marquardt) algorithm to achieve a higher speed and a lower error rate. When factors affecting the study object are identified,the reservoir's 2005 measured values are used as sample data to test the model. The number of neurons and the type of transfer functions in the hidden layer of the neural network are changed from time to time to achieve the best forecast results. Through simulation testing the model shows high efficiency in forecasting the water quality of the reservoir.
