Preparation and performance evaluation of the slickwater using novel polymeric drag reducing agent with high temperature and shear resistance ability

Slickwater fracturing fluids are widely used in the development of unconventional oil and gas resources due to the advantages of low cost,low formation damage and high drag reduction performance.However,their performance is severely affected at high temperatures.Drag reducing agent is the key to determine the drag reducing performance of slickwater.In this work,in order to further improve the temperature resistance of slickwater,a temperature-resistant polymeric drag reducing agent(PDRA)was synthesized and used as the basis for preparing the temperature-resistant slickwater.The slickwater system was prepared with the compositions of 0.2 wt%PDRA,0.05 wt%drainage aid nonylphenol polyoxyethylene ether phosphate(NPEP)and 0.5 wt%anti-expansion agent polyepichlorohydrindimethylamine(PDM).The drag reduction ability,rheology properties,temperature and shear resistance ability,and core damage property of slickwater were systematically studied and evaluated.In contrast to on-site drag reducing agent(DRA)and HPAM,the temperature-resistant slickwater demonstrates enhanced drag reduction efficacy at 90℃,exhibiting superior temperature and shear resistance ability.Notably,the drag reduction retention rate for the slickwater achieved an impressive 90.52%after a 30-min shearing period.Additionally,the core damage is only 5.53%.We expect that this study can broaden the application of slickwater in high-temperature reservoirs and provide a theoretical basis for field applications.

Magnesium fertilizer application increases peanut growth and pod yield under reduced nitrogen application in southern China

This study investigated the effect of magnesium application on peanut growth and yield under two nitrogen(N)application rates in acidic soil in southern China.The chlorophyll content,net photosynthetic rate and dry matter accumulation of the N-sensitive cultivar decreased under reduced N treatments,whereas no effect was observed on the relevant indicators in the N-insensitive variety GH1026.Mg application increased the net photosynthetic rate by increasing the expression of genes involved in chlorophyll synthesis and Rubisco activity in the leaves during the pegging stage under 50%N treatment,while no effect on the net photosynthetic rate was observed under the 100%N treatment.The rate of dry matter accumulation at the early growth stage,total dry matter accumulation and pod yield at harvest increased after Mg application under 50%N treatment by increasing the transportation of assimilates from stems and leaves to pods in both peanut varieties,whereas no effect was found under 100%N treatment.Moreover,Mg application increased the NUE under 50%N treatment.No improvement of NUE in either peanut variety was found under 100%N treatment,while Mg application under the 50%N treatment can obtain a higher economic benefit than the 100%N treatment.In acidic soil,application of 307.5 kg ha^(-1)of Mg sulfate fertilizer under 50%reduced nitrogen application is a suitable fertilizer management measure for improving carbon assimilation,NUE and achieve high peanut yields in southern China.

Increased plant density and reduced N rate lead to more grain yield and higher resource utilization in summer maize

Planting at an optimum density and supplying adequate nitrogen（N） to achieve higher yields is a common practice in crop production, especially for maize（Zea mays L.）; however, excessive N fertilizer supply in maize production results in reduced N use efficiency（NUE） and severe negative impacts on the environment. This research was conducted to determine the effects of increased plant density and reduced N rate on grain yield, total N uptake, NUE, leaf area index（LAI）, intercepted photosynthetically active radiation（IPAR）, and resource use efficiency in maize. Field experiments were conducted using a popular maize hybrid Zhengdan 958（ZD958） under different combinations of plant densities and N rates to determine an effective approach for maize production with high yield and high resource use efficiency. Increasing plant density was clearly able to promote N absorption and LAI during the entire growth stage, which allowed high total N uptake and interception of radiation to achieve high dry matter accumulation（DMA）, grain yield, NUE, and radiation use efficiency（RUE）. However, with an increase in plant density, the demand of N increased along with grain yield. Increasing N rate can significantly increase the DMA, grain yield, LAI, IPAR, and RUE. However, this increase was non-linear and due to the input of too much N fertilizers, the efficiency of N use at NCK（320 kg ha^（–1）） was low. An appropriate reduction in N rate can therefore lead to higher NUE despite a slight loss in grain production. Taking into account both the need for high grain yield and resource use efficiency, a 30% reduction in N supply, and an increase in plant density of 3 plants m^（–2）, compared to LD（5.25 plants m^（–2））, would lead to an optimal balance between yield and resource use efficiency.

Relay-intercropping soybean with maize maintains soil fertility and increases nitrogen recovery efficiency by reducing nitrogen input

Optimized nitrogen(N)management can increase N-use efficiency in intercropping systems.Legume-nonlegume intercropping systems can reduce N input by exploiting biological N fixation by legumes.Measurement of N utilization can help in dissecting the mechanisms underlying N uptake and utilization in legume-nonlegume intercropping systems.An experiment was performed with three planting patterns:monoculture maize(MM),monoculture soybean(SS),and maize-soybean relay intercropping(IMS),and three N application levels:zero N(NN),reduced N(RN),and conventional N(CN)to investigate crop N uptake and utilization characteristics.N recovery efficiency and 15N recovery rate of crops were higher under RN than under CN,and those under RN were higher under intercropping than under the corresponding monocultures.Compared with MM,IMS showed a lower soil N-dependent rate(SNDR)in 2012.However,the SNDR of MM rapidly declined from 86.8%in 2012 to 49.4%in 2014,whereas that of IMS declined slowly from 75.4%in 2012 to 69.4%in 2014.The interspecific N competition rate(NCRms)was higher under RN than under CN,and increased yearly.Soybean nodule dry weight and nitrogenase activities were respectively 34.2%and 12.5%higher under intercropping than in monoculture at the beginning seed stage.The amount(Ndfa)and ratio(%Ndfa)of soybean N2 fixation were significantly greater under IS than under SS.In conclusion,N fertilizer was more efficiently used under RN than under CN;in particular,the relay intercropping system promoted N fertilizer utilization in comparison with the corresponding monocultures.An intercropping system helps to maintain soil fertility because interspecific N competition promotes biological N fixation by soybean by reducing N input.Thus,a maize-soybean relay intercropping system with reduced N application is sustainable and environmentally friendly.

Decrease of back recombination rate in CdS quantum dots sensitized solar cells using reduced graphene oxide

The photovoltaic performance of CdS quantum dots sensitized solar cells （QDSSCs） using the 0.2 wt% of reduced graphene oxide and TiO2 nanoparticles （RGO＋TiO2 nanocomposite） photoanode is investigated. CdS QDs are adsorbed onto RGO＋TiO2 nanocomposite films by the successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction （SILAR） technique for several cycles. The current density-voltage （J-V） characteristic curves of the assembled QDSSCs are measured at AM1.5 simulated sunlight. The optimal photovoltaic performance for CdS QDSSC was achieved for six SILAR cycles. Solar cells based on the RGO＋TiO2 nanocomposite photoanode achieve a 33% increase in conversion efficiency （η） compared with those based on plain TiO2 nanoparticle （NP） photoanodes. The electron back recombination rates decrease significantly for CdS QDSSCs based on RGO＋TiO2 nanocomposite photoanodes. The lifetime constant （τ） for CdS QDSSC based on the RGO＋TiO2 nanocomposite photoanode is at least one order of magnitude larger than that based on the bare TiO2NPs photoanode.

Reduced nitrogen application rate with dense planting improves rice grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency: A case study in east China

Dense planting could be a feasible method for reducing nitrogen(N) application rates without compromising rice grain yield in northeast and central China. It is still unclear whether reduced N application with dense planting(RNDP) can achieve higher rice yield and N use efficiency(NUE) in Jiangsu, east China. Three japonica inbred rice(JI) and three indica hybrid rice(IH) cultivars were grown in a field experiment. Their grain yield, NUE, and related traits were compared under two cultivation treatments:conventional high-yielding practice(CHYP) and RNDP. JI showed similar yields under the two treatments,while IH showed lower yield under RNDP than under CHYP, and the partial factor productivity of N and N use efficiency for grain yield increased(P < 0.05) in both JI and IH under RNDP. Compared with CHYP,RNDP reduced spikelets per panicle but increased panicles per m2 and filled-kernel percentage of JI and IH, and JI's kernel weight was increased(P < 0.05) under RNDP. Shoot biomass weight and nonstructural carbohydrate(NSC) content in the stem at heading and maturity of JI and IH were reduced under RNDP, while harvest index and NSC remobilization reserve were increased(P < 0.05) under RNDP, especially for JI. Our results suggest that RNDP could achieve a higher rice grain yield and NUE, particularly for JI, a dominant rice cultivar type in Jiangsu. For JI, the increased panicles per m2, sink-filling efficiency, harvest index, and NSC remobilization after heading under RNDP contributed to a grain yield similar to that under CHYP.

Determining Optimal Strategies to Reduce Maternal and Child Mortality in Rural Areas in Western China: an Assessment Using the Lives Saved Tool

China, as a whole, is about to meet the Millennium Development Goals for reducing the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) and infant mortality rate (IMR), but the disparities between rural area and urban area still exists. This study estimated the potential effectiveness of expanding coverage with high impact interventions using the Lives Saved Tool (LiST). It was found that gestational hypertension, antepartum and postpartum hemorrhage, preterm birth, neonatal asphyxia, and neonatal childhood pneumonia and diarrhea are still the major killers of mothers and children in rural area in China. It was estimated that 30% of deaths among 0-59 month old children and 25% of maternal deaths in 2008 could be prevented in 2015 if primary health care intervention coverage expanded to a feasible level. The LiST death cause framework, compared to data from the Maternal and Child Mortality Surveillance System, represents 60%-80% of neonatal deaths, 40%-50% of deaths in 1-59 month old children and 40%-60% of maternal deaths in rural areas of western China.

Synthesis and Performance of an Associative Anti-shear Drag Reducer Based on Hydrogen Bond Association of Dodecyl Methacrylate

Using K2S2O8-Na2SO3 as the redox initiation system,a hydrogen-bond-association-based dodecyl methacrylate system associative anti-shear drag reducer was synthesised by standard emulsion polymerisation.The reaction process was simple and gentle as well as safe and stable.Molecular design was carried out using molecular dynamics simulation methods.The results of infrared spectroscopy,thermogravimetric analysis,differential scanning calorimetry,gel chromatography,and laser light scattering showed that the reaction polymerisation was relatively complete,the product was uniform,the molecular weight distribution was controllable,and the synthesised polymer had good flexibility.The donor lauryl methacrylate-styrene-methacrylic acid(LMA-St-MAA)and acceptor lauryl methacrylate-styrene-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate(LMA-St-DMA)polymers had an associative intermolecular interaction force,which increased the molecular cluster size of the associative system complex.The complex had good shear resistance,and the test results of the tube pump shear test showed that the synthesised associative oil-soluble polymer drag reduction system exhibited better drag reduction rate performance than poly-α-olefins over repeated cycles.The research results provide a reference plan for minimising the number of station-to-station inputs,thereby ensuring the stability of oil pipelines and reducing transportation costs.

无缝钢管张力减径工艺减径率分配修正模型理论研究

无缝钢管张力减径工艺减径率分配是孔型分配合理与否的关键步骤,但其分配仍依赖于经验公式。从金属流动的角度分析了减径率的分配规律,在经验的基础上提出了“三点两段统合式”减径率分配修正模型。将修正模型得到的结果与传统模型计算结果以及企业生产数据相比,发现变化趋势相近,减径率和减径量变化曲线更加光滑,应用于生产有利于金属流动。

不同施氮量下玉米生长及产量对间作豆科绿肥的响应

【目的】明确不同施氮量下玉米生长及产量对间作豆科绿肥的响应,为构建干旱灌区基于绿肥的玉米氮肥节约型生产模式提供依据。【方法】采用裂区试验设计,主区设玉米间作箭筈豌豆(M||V)和单作玉米(SM)2种种植模式,副区设5个施氮水平:地方推荐施氮量N360(360 kg·hm^(-2))、减量25%施氮N270(270 kg·hm^(-2))、减量50%施氮N180(180 kg·hm^(-2))、减量75%施氮N90(90 kg·hm^(-2))、不施氮N0。对玉米叶面积指数(LAI)、叶日积(LAD)、光能利用率、干物质积累量及产量进行了相关研究。【结果】间作绿肥能够提高减量施氮(N270、N180、N90、N0)条件下玉米出苗后75—150 d的LAI,并增加其全生育期LAD和光能利用率。在N270、N180、N90、N0下,M||V较SM玉米75—150 d LAI、全生育期总LAD、光能利用率平均显著提高了9.8%、8.2%、4.6%。在M||V中,N270与N360的玉米出苗后75—150 d LAI、全生育期总LAD、光能利用率之间没有显著差异,而显著高于其他施氮水平;在SM中,玉米出苗后75—150 d的LAI、全生育期总LAD、光能利用率随施氮量的减少而降低。间作绿肥显著提高了N270、N180、N90、N0条件下玉米出苗后90—150 d的干物质积累量,在同一氮肥减量条件(N270、N180、N90、N0)下,M||V较SM的玉米干物质积累量平均显著提高了4.6%。在玉米出苗后75—130 d,M||V较SM的玉米群体生长率显著提高了5.9%。M||V较同一减量施氮(N270、N180、N90、N0)条件下的SM玉米籽粒产量平均显著提高了8.5%。在M||V中,N270的籽粒产量显著高于N360。M||V较SM玉米穗粒数和千粒重分别平均显著提高6.0%和6.3%。拟合曲线结果表明,间作绿肥可以使玉米在施氮量261.4 kg·hm^(-2)时获得最高产量14876.4 kg·hm^(-2),而单作玉米获得最高产量14012.5 kg·hm^(-2)时的最佳施氮量为348.6 kg·hm^(-2)。减量施氮对绿肥鲜草产量和绿肥氮素积累量的影响显著,M||V N270较M||V N360、M||V N90、M||V N0的绿肥鲜草产量分别显著高了3.8%、4.6%、9.7%,较M||VN90和M||VN0之间的绿肥氮素积累量显著高了5.3%和11.9%。间作绿肥主要通过提高玉米的干物质积累总量,进而增加减量施氮条件下玉米的穗粒数和千粒重,从而使间作玉米在氮肥减量下能够获得较高水平的籽粒产量。【结论】间作豆科绿肥可使氮肥减量25%的玉米获得高于地方推荐施氮量单作玉米的产量水平,可作为试区以及相似生态区域玉米化学氮肥减量的推荐生产模式。

小麦胚芽肽和大豆酶解蛋白的体外抗氧化活性研究

试验旨在研究小麦胚芽肽和大豆酶解蛋白的分子质量分布和体外抗氧化活性。试验采用单因素完全随机设计,以维生素C为对照,分别测定小麦胚芽肽和大豆酶解蛋白在0.625、1.25、2.5、5、10 mg/mL浓度下对DPPH自由基、羟自由基和2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)自由基的清除率,并通过测定T-AOC吸光度值计算总还原力。结果表明:使用高效液相色谱测定小麦胚芽肽和大豆酶解蛋白重均分子质量分别为513 u和551 u,二者分子质量小于1000 u的比例分别为90.22%和86.93%。在一定浓度范围内,随小麦胚芽肽和大豆酶解蛋白浓度的升高,其体外抗氧化性能线性增加(P<0.05),且呈正相关关系。在10 mg/mL浓度时,小麦胚芽肽对DPPH自由基、羟自由基和ABTS自由基清除率和总还原力分别为90.39%、70.66%、96.24%和2.23,大豆酶解蛋白对DPPH自由基、羟自由基和ABTS自由基清除率和总还原力分别达到65.55%、68.21%、75.14%和0.51。综上,在本试验条件下,不同浓度小麦胚芽肽和大豆酶解蛋白均具有一定的抗氧化能力,且小麦胚芽肽相较于大豆酶解蛋白的抗氧化能力更强。

膨润土种类及黄原胶含量对减阻泥浆性能的影响

减阻触变泥浆在地下综合管廊顶管施工中具有支撑、填充、润滑等重要作用。本文对减阻触变泥浆中主要原材料—膨润土的种类及含量对泥浆性能的影响进行了实验研究。结果表明:减阻泥浆的漏斗粘度、失水量和析水率等性能指标随钠基、有机和钙基3种膨润土含量的变化规律基本相同。由钠基或有机膨润土配制的泥浆失水量性能优于钙基膨润土,但钙基膨润土在泥浆漏斗粘度性能上表现更好;由上述3种类型膨润土分别配制的泥浆析水率性能相当。另外,本文还研究了黄原胶含量对减阻泥浆性能的影响,实验结果表明添加黄原胶能显著降低减阻触变泥浆的失水量,并在一定程度上提高泥浆的漏斗粘度。

改性TiO_(2)-太阳光协同强化秸秆产糖的研究

为了强化生物质能源的清洁利用,提高生物质糖转化率,合成了L-缬氨酸改性二氧化钛复合催化剂;随后以稻草秸秆为原料,木质素去除率与还原糖产量为目标,通过改性二氧化钛-太阳光协同预处理强化秸秆酶解糖化效率。过程中考察了催化剂种类、浓度、pH、太阳光光照时间以及光照方式对秸秆还原糖转化率的影响。在单因素试验基础上,对工艺参数进行了正交试验优化。SEM与FT-IR分析结果显示,L-缬氨酸成功负载于二氧化钛颗粒上;形成的复合催化剂联合太阳光辐照可有效强化秸秆还原糖转化率。综合考虑经济性因素,最终方案选择催化剂浓度为35 mg/L、pH为6.0、预处理时间70 min。验证试验显示,木质素去除率可达93.1%。预处理后,酶解糖化过程采用光暗交替循环方案,酶载量20 FPU/g,其还原糖转化率可达117.3 mg/g,还原糖转化率非常显著。

14-1-14双子表面活性剂的合成及性能评价

为进一步提高鄂尔多斯盆地DS特低渗油田水驱开发后的采收率,研制了一种适合特低渗油田的新型磺酸盐双子表面活性剂14-1-14,并评价其界面活性、润湿性能、防膨性能和降压增注效果。结果表明,这种双子表面活性剂具有出色的界面活性,能够将油水界面张力降低到10^(-3) mN·m^(-1)的量级;此外,该双子表面活性剂还具有良好的润湿改变能力和防膨性能;当浓度为0.05wt%~0.5wt%时,注入14-1-14双子表面活性剂溶液,降压率最高可达28.92%,水相渗透率最高提升23.09%。上述实验结果表明,14-1-14双子表面活性剂对提高特低渗油田的采收率具有较好的推广应用前景。

Preparation of CeO_(2) abrasives by reducing atmosphere-assisted molten salt method for enhancing their chemical mechanical polishing performance on SiO_(2)substrates

Ce^(3+)as the active site on the CeO_(2)abrasive surface is the key to enhancing the material removal rate(MRR).The CeO_(2)abrasives with high chemical activity were prepared by the molten salt method under a reducing atmosphere.The crystal structure and morphology of CeO_(2)abrasive s were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),ultraviolet—visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy(UV-Vis DRS),and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).The CeO_(2)abrasives were obtained under different atmospheres(Air,Ar,and Ar/H_(2)).With the enhancement of the reducing atmosphere,the morphology of the abrasives transforms from spherical to octahedral,while more oxygen vacancies and Ce^(3+)are generated on the surface of CeO_(2)abrasives.The CMP experiments show that the MRRs of the CeO_(2)-Air,CeO_(2)-Ar,and CeO_(2)-Ar/H_(2)abrasives on SiO_(2)substrates are 337.60,578.74,and 691.28 nm/min,respectively.Moreover,as confirmed by atomic force microscopy(AFM),the substrate surfaces exhibit low roughness(20.5 nm)after being polished using all of the prepared samples.Especially,the MRR of CeO_(2)-Ar/H_(2)abrasives is increased by 104.76%compared with CeO_(2)-air abrasives.The improved CMP performance is attributed to the increased Ce^(3+)concentration and the octahedral morphology of the abrasives enhancing the chemical reaction and mechanical removal at the abrasive-substrate interface.

消泡剂与减缩剂对聚合物改性水泥砂浆干燥收缩和质量损失的影响

研究了单掺消泡剂、单掺减缩剂及二者复掺对聚合物改性水泥砂浆的干燥收缩率和质量损失率的影响。结果表明,单掺消泡剂时,砂浆的干燥收缩率与质量损失率均会降低,且降低幅度与掺量成正比;单掺减缩剂时,砂浆的干燥收缩率降低且降幅与掺量成正比,质量损失率整体降低,但随着掺量的增加,减缩剂对质量损失的抑制作用逐渐降低;二者复掺对砂浆的干燥收缩与质量损失的抑制作用大于各自单掺时,具有明显的协同效应。砂浆的质量损失率与干燥收缩率之间存在幂函数关系,曲线参数受外加剂种类及掺量影响。

氨替代率对柴油发动机的燃烧及排放性能的仿真

内燃机引入氨燃料,有利于减少汽车污染物排放。该文研究了掺氨后的柴油发动机的燃烧品质以及污染物排放性能。针对某商用车柴油发动机,采用发动机缸内Converge仿真分析软件,建立三维仿真模型,分析掺氨能量比为0%~40%的5组燃料的燃烧及排放性能。结果表明:随着氨替代率的提高,发动机滞燃期有延长趋势,燃烧持续期先缩短后延长,缸内平均温度、缸压下降;CO、NO和碳烟排放显著降低,氨替代率为40%时,CO排放量降低了41.6%,NO排放量降低了68.7%,碳烟排放量降低了17.2%。因而,柴油发动机掺氨燃烧可有效降低排放水平,但需要控制氨能量比例在合理范围以防止燃烧恶化。

减缩剂对水泥砂浆及超高性能混凝土收缩性能的影响

研究了不同掺量的减缩剂(SRA)对水泥砂浆塑性收缩开裂、水泥水化热、水泥砂浆毛细管负压的影响,以及SRA掺量(1%、3%、4%)对超高性能混凝土(UHPC)抗压强度和收缩性能的影响。结果表明:SRA可显著降低水泥砂浆的开裂面积、平均和最大裂缝宽度,当SRA掺量为4%时,缓解塑性收缩开裂的效果最佳,开裂面积、平均和最大裂缝宽度与基准组相比分别降低了52.1%、35.0%和48.4%;SRA通过延缓毛细管负压的发展,降低了水泥砂浆的塑性收缩开裂;随着SRA掺量的增加,UHPC的抗压强度提高越明显,UHPC的收缩显著降低;当减缩剂掺量为4%时,UHPC的28 d抗压强度达140.0 MPa,收缩率最低。

“双碳”目标下石油炼制技术研发策略与工业实践

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