Application of ion chromatography to the determination of water-soluble inorganic and organic ions in atmospheric aerosols

A simple, sensitive and convenient ion chromatography(IC) method was established for the simultaneous determination of twelve water-soluble inorganic anions(F -, Cl -, NO - 2, NO - 3, SO 2- 3, SO 2- 4, PO 3- 4), and fifteen water-soluble organic ions(formate, acetate, MSA, oxalate, malonate, succinate, phthalates, etc.) in atmospheric aerosols. The linear concentrations ranged from 0.005 μg/m 3 to 500 μg/m 3(r = 0.999—0.9999). The relative standard deviation(RSD) were 0.43%—2.00% and the detection limits were from 2.7 ng/m 3 to 88 ng/m 3. The proposed method was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of those inorganic ions and organic ions in PM 2.5 of Beijing.

On-line Measurement of Water-Soluble Ions in Ambient Particles

Combining the system of rapid collection of ambient particles and ion chromatography, the system of rapid collection of fine particles and ion chromatography （RCFP-IC） was established to automatically analyze on-line the concentrations of water-soluble ions in ambient particles. Here, the general scheme of RCFP-IC is described and its basic performance is tested. The detection limit of RCFP-IC for SO4^2-, NO3^-, NO2^-, Cl^- and F- is below 0.3μg m^-3. The collection efficiency of RCFP-IC increases rapidly with increasing sized particles. For particles larger than 300 nm, the collection efficiency approaches 100%. The precision of RCFP-IC is more than 90% over 28 repetitions. The response of RCFP-IC is very sensitive and no obvious cross-pollution is found during measurement. A comparison of RCFP-IC with an integrated filter measurement indicates that the measurement of RCFP-IC is comparable in both laboratory experiments and field observations. The results of the field experiment prove that RCFP-IC is an effective on-line monitoring system and is helpful in source apportionment and pollution episode monitoring.

Diurnal variations of water-soluble ions in PM_(2.5)in Shanghai

Thirty-six daily time interval PM2.5 samples were collected in different seasonal dates in urban Shanghai, and the concentrations of four anions （Cl- , NO3-, SO4^2-, C2O4^2-） and five cations （NH＋, Na＋, K＋, Ca2＋, Mg2＋） were analyzed with ion chromatography. Sulfate, nitrate and ammonium were found to be the dominant species, accounting for about 80% of the total ions. The daily nitrate to sulfate mass ratio ranged from 0.31 to 0.82, indicating that coal combustion was still the main pollution source in Shanghai. The equivalent ratio of ammonium to stun of nitrate and sulfate showed fixed diurnal variation pattern in all the sampling days with higher values in the nighttime, suggesting that fine particles in the night were more neutralized. The oxalate to sulfate ratio was lower in the winter sampling days than that in hotter summer and autumn sampling days. Oxalate was significantly correlated with sulfate in winter sampling days, but not in the summer and autumn, suggesting that the formation mechanism of oxalate and sulfate was similar in winter, however different in hot days.

Real-Time Observation on Water-Soluble Ions of PM_(2.5)in Beijing under the Influences of Different Air Masses in Summer

To further understand the variations of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 in Beijing,the authors observed their concentrations continuously and in high temporal resolution by the system for rapid collection of fine particles and ion chromatography(RCFP-IC) during 12–18 July 2010.These results combined with those of earlier backward trajectory research are used analyzed to determine the causes of concentration changes in water-soluble ions under the influences of two kinds of air masses in summer.The results indicate that concentrations of NO3-,SO42-,and NH4+ were influenced strongly by the continental air mass than by the marine air mass.Cl- and Na+ were not changed significantly.Because the sources of K+,Mg2+,and Ca2+ are mainly concentrated on land,their concentration levels were slightly higher under the control of continental air mass than that of the marine air mass.Variations of NO2- during the observation differed from those of other ions;its concentration was significantly higher under the influence of marine air mass.Moreover,the authors obtain the diurnal variations of eight water-soluble inorganic ions including NH4+,K+,Mg2+,Ca2+,Cl-,NO2-,NO3-,and SO42-.Diurnal variations of NH4+,NO3-,and Cl- showed single peak,which appeared before noon,while SO42- showed two peaks that appeared during rush hours.Those of Mg2+,Ca2+,and K+ showed single peak that appeared in the afternoon.That of NO2- showed with a peak appearing at sunrise and a valley appearing at sunset.

Water Soluble Ionic Species in the Atmospheric Fine Particulate Matters (PM2.5) in a Southeast Asian Mega City (Dhaka, Bangladesh)

Atmospheric fine particulate matters (PM2.5) were collected with an Envirotech Instrument (Model APM 550) at the roof of Khundkur Mukarram Hussain Science Building, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh between January and February, 2013. PM2.5 samples were collected on Quartz fiber filters during day and night time. Water soluble ions (sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, chloride, bromide, sodium, potassium and calcium) were analyzed with Ion Chromatography (Model 881, Metrohm Ltd., Switzerland) and Flame photometer (Model PFP7, Jenway, UK). Average PM2.5 mass was 136.1 μg&#183m&#453 during day time and 246.8 μg&#183m&#453 during night time with a total average of 191.4 μg&#183m&#453. Nighttime PM2.5 concentration was about double compared than that of daytime presumable due to the low ambient temperatures with high emissions from heavy duty vehicles. The 24-hour average PM2.5 mass (average of day and night) was about eight times higher than WHO (25.0 μg&#183m&#453) and about three times higher than DoE, Bangladesh (65.0 μg&#183m&#453) limit values. The total average concentrations of sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, bromide, chloride, sodium, potassium and calcium were 5.30, 7.75, 0.62, 0.16, 1.19, 1.30, 8.11, and 3.09 μg&#183m&#453, respectively. The concentrations of the water soluble ions were much higher during nighttime than daytime except nitrate, bromide and potassium. Excellent correlations were observed between sulfate and nitrate, sodium and chloride, bromide and phosphate indicating joint sources of origin. Potassium, sulfate, nitrate and calcium are the most dominant species in PM2.5. Water soluble ionic components in Dhaka contributed about 15% mass of the PM2.5. Ratio analysis showed that sodium and chloride were from mainly sea salt. Potassium has varieties of sources other than biomass burning. Sulfate and nitrate are mainly from fossil fuel origin. This is the first study of the day and night variation of the water soluble ionic species at the fine particulate matters (PM2.5) in Bangladesh.

Water soluble components of PM_(10) in Chongqing, China

The concentrations of water soluble ions (Na++, NH++-4, K++, Mg+{2+}, Ca+{2+}, NO+--3, Cl+-, and SO+{2-}-4) in PM-{10} samples collected on cellulose filters by a medium-volume cascade impactor were determined, which were obtained from three kinds of areas in Chongqing: industrial area (Jiulongpo district), commercial and residential area (Jiangbei district) and background area (Jinyun Mountain in the Beibei district). The results showed that except for the background site, the annual average values of PM-{10} are 23%-61% higher than the national air quality standard (GradeⅡ) ({0.1} mg/m+3), even that the value of the control site is still 20% higher than American standard ({0.05} mg/m+3). This implied that serious pollution of fine particles occurred in Chongqing. Nine kinds of soluble ions in water of PM-{10} were analyzed by ion chromatography (IC) and the annual average concentrations follow the order of >>>, and >>>>. Their values were different in these areas: the industrial area>the commercial and living area>the control area. As for NH++-4, K++, Ca+{2+}, NO+--3 and SO+{2-}-4, their seasonal average concentrations show a similar variation trend: the values in spring and fall were higher than those in summer and winter. The seasonal average concentrations of , , and are much lower than those of other ions. However, the concentrations of changed more greatly in different seasons than those of the other three ions. Correlation coefficients showed that the three areas have been polluted by coal smoke and dust to different extents, while some local resources of pollution should be taken into consideration as well.

Environmental significance and hydrochemical characteristics of rivers in the western region of the Altay Mountains,China

Analysis of environmental significance and hydrochemical characteristics of river water in mountainous regions is vital for ensuring water security.In this study,we collected a total of 164 water samples in the western region of the Altay Mountains,China,in 2021.We used principal component analysis and enrichment factor analysis to examine the chemical properties and spatiotemporal variations of major ions(including F-,Cl-,NO_(3)-,SO_(4)^(2-),Li+,Na+,NH4+,K+,Mg^(2+),and Ca^(2+))present in river water,as well as to identify the factors influencing these variations.Additionally,we assessed the suitability of river water for drinking and irrigation purposes based on the total dissolved solids,soluble sodium percentage,sodium adsorption ratio,and total hardness.Results revealed that river water had an alkaline aquatic environment with a mean pH value of 8.00.The mean ion concentration was ranked as follows:Ca^(2+)>SO_(4)^(2-)>Na+>NO_(3)->Mg^(2+)>K+>Cl->F->NH_(4)+>Li+.Ca^(2+),SO_(4)^(2-),Na+,and NO_(3)-occupied 83%of the total ion concentration.In addition,compared with other seasons,the spatial variation of the ion concentration in spring was obvious.An analysis of the sources of major ions revealed that these ions originated mainly from carbonate dissolution and silicate weathering.The recharge impact of precipitation and snowmelt merely influenced the concentration of Cl-,NO_(3)-,SO_(4)^(2-),Ca^(2+),and Na+.Overall,river water was in pristine condition in terms of quality and was suitable for both irrigation and drinking.This study provides a scientific basis for sustainable management of water quality in rivers of the Altay Mountains.

离子化合物溶解性的热力学分析

无机盐的溶解性是化合物的重要性质之一,如何判断其溶解性大小是化学化工专业的新生较为关注的问题,本文从热力学角度分析离子晶体溶解包含晶体升华和离子水化两步过程,并分析两步过程中的焓效应和熵效应是如何影响离子化合物的溶解性,解释离子电荷及半径对其溶解性的影响,并借助离子晶体溶解过程的吉布斯自由能数据,总结其溶解性变化的基本规律,让学生理解物质性质变化规律的复杂性。

可溶性钾盐主要成分分析前处理技术与分析方法研究

钾盐是中国最紧缺的矿产资源之一,为农业三大肥料中钾肥的主要原料,当前具有开发利用价值的主要是可溶性钾盐资源。而目前可溶性钾盐尚无国家标准物质和标准分析方法,本文对称样量、固液比、溶解温度、溶解时间、搅拌条件、超声时间和功率等条件进行实验研究,利用电热板和超声振荡两种溶解方式,建立了可溶性钾盐中主要成分钾、钠、钙、镁、氯和硫酸根离子的分析方法。采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪测定样品中的Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)、K^(+)和Na^(+)的含量,离子色谱仪测定样品中Cl^(-)和SO_(4)^(2-)的含量,两种溶解方法分析可溶性钾盐样品中上述离子的实验结果基本吻合。电热板溶解方法精密度为0.52%~3.19%(RSD,n=11),超声振荡溶解方法精密度为0.55%~3.07%(RSD,n=11),两种方法检出限为0.01~0.05μg/g。利用主要成分百分含量加和、加标回收率、阴阳离子平衡验证方法准确性,两种溶解方法的主要成分加和在99.0%~101.0%之间,加标回收率在95.3%~103.8%,阴阳离子平衡在-3%~3%之间,均满足DZ/T 0130.3—2006质量管理规范中的分析要求。两种可溶性钾盐的溶解方法均可在日常检测中应用,对于较大批的钾盐样品分析,电热板溶解法整体工作效率较高,更适用于实验室内批量样品分析;超声振荡器溶解方法与电热板溶解方法相比,更为简单快速,对于少量样品的分析,效率更高,且超声波振荡器方便野外携带,使用在钾盐的野外现场勘探工作中,可较大地提高工作效率,实时指导找矿行动顺利开展。

馆藏汉代瓦当表面可溶盐的化学组成分析

采用离子色谱仪(IC),扫描电子显微镜-能谱仪(SEM-EDS),X射线衍射仪(XRD)和傅里叶变化显微红外光谱仪(FTIR)等现代分析仪器,对陕西历史博物馆馆藏的汉代瓦当表面可溶盐进行了鉴定,并分析了相关的化学组成。结果表明,瓦当表面可溶盐含有石膏(Ca SO_(4)·2H_(2)O)和有机酸钙盐[Ca_(3)(CH_(3)COO)_(3)Cl(NO_(3))_(2)·6H_(2)O]等成分。

天津市2018—2020年春节PM_(2.5)中水溶性无机离子特征及重污染过程分析

为阐明大气污染重点整治和新冠疫情影响下我国华北地区城市春节期间重污染过程PM_(2.5)中水溶性无机离子变化特征及其影响因素,本研究结合气态前体物浓度和气象要素,对天津市2018—2020年连续3年春节假期的2次重污染过程PM_(2.5)中主要水溶性无机离子(WSIIs)浓度进行对比分析.结果表明,2018年和2020年春节假期PM_(2.5)平均浓度(98.32μg·m^(-3)和137.7μg·m^(-3))显著高于2019年(49.97μg·m^(-3)).PM_(2.5)平均浓度在污染期Ⅱ(2020年为206.5μg·m^(-3))是污染期Ⅰ(2018年98.32μg·m^(-3))的2.1倍;2次污染事件中NO_(2)浓度变化不大,而SO_(2)浓度在污染期Ⅱ(14.89μg·m^(-3))是污染期Ⅰ(30.04μg·m^(-3))的49.6%.SNA在WSIIs中占比超过77%,主要以NH_(4)NO_(3)、(NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4)形式存在,其中NH_(4)NO_(3)为最主要的无机盐,且污染期Ⅱ的NH_(4)NO_(3)浓度远高于污染期Ⅰ.此外,污染期Ⅱ的PM_(2.5)/CO、SOR、NOR均明显升高,表明更有效的SO_(4)^(2-)和NO_(3)^(-)形成过程是导致污染期Ⅱ中PM_(2.5)浓度偏高的主要原因之一.不利的边界层高度、相对湿度、风速等气象要素形成静稳、强逆温天气,导致大气环境容量减小,并使得污染期Ⅱ的二次无机气溶胶生成效率大幅提高,进而削弱了疫情效应与减排措施的影响.而污染期Ⅰ除了二次转化外,PM_(2.5)浓度可能更多受到区域传输等影响.

第十四届全运会大气污染物减排措施对西安市气溶胶中水溶性离子和含碳组分的影响

人为源密集的城市是空气污染影响的主要区域,厘清城市地区排放源的变化与大气污染物浓度之间的影响作用机制,有助于协调我国大气污染防控与城市社会经济发展之间的关系。为研究第十四届全运会期间大气污染物减排措施对西安市大气污染物(PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_(2)、NO_(2)、O_(3)和CO)的影响,于2021年8月6日至10月1日使用在线监测仪器观测了环境六要素、气象要素和PM_(2.5)中的气溶胶化学组分(有机碳、元素碳和水溶性离子)。结果表明:大气污染物减排措施对主要污染物O_(3)和PM_(2.5)浓度日变化的影响不同,主要由温度对光化学过程的影响和扩散条件差异导致。O_(3)在减排措施实施期间晴天峰值浓度更高、持续时间更长、浓度变化更迅速。PM_(2.5)在减排措施实施前晴天白天的峰值浓度较高,并在减排措施实施期间晴天夜间的峰值浓度较高。大气污染物减排措施对PM_(2.5)中化学组分的影响不同,尤其是对有机碳的组成影响较大。与减排措施实施前晴天相比,减排措施实施期间晴天NO_(3)^(-)、SO_(4)^(2-)、NH_(4)^(+)、Cl^(-)、Ca^(2+)、Na^(+)和NO_(2)^(-)浓度降低了17.9%~71.8%,K^(+)、Mg^(2+)和元素碳浓度增加了1.9%~13.6%,有机碳浓度仅降低了1.0%,但是一次有机碳浓度增加了13.6%,二次有机碳浓度降低了4.7%。NO_(3)^(-)/SO_(4)^(2-)值在减排措施实施期间晴天(0.53)远低于减排措施实施前晴天(1.66),表明减排措施实施期间交通源的贡献显著降低。降雨对NO_(3)^(-)和NH_(4)^(+)的清除较弱,反而会增加其浓度,但对K^(+)、Mg^(2+)、Ca^(2+)和Na+的清除作用较强。NO_(3)^(-)、SO_(4)^(2-)和NH_(4)^(+)在减排措施实施前后均是水溶性离子最重要的组成,在水溶性离子中的占比为90.8%(减排措施实施前的晴天)~95.8%(减排措施实施期间的雨天)。二次有机碳是有机碳的主要组成,占比为75.5%(减排措施实施期间的雨天)~79.9%(减排措施实施前的晴天)。不同阶段的水溶性离子和含碳气溶胶浓度日变化特征不同。NO_(3)^(-)、SO_(4)^(2-)和NH_(4)^(+)浓度晴天的日变化为单峰型分布,雨天为多峰型分布。

离子色谱法测定电解电容器纸中水溶性氯化物的含量

采用抽提法对电解电容器纸进行前处理,再用离子色谱法对其中的水溶性氯化物进行测定。结果表明,氯离子的质量浓度在0.02~1.00μg/mL范围内与峰面积呈线性关系,相关系数大于0.999;对样品前处理方法进行了优化,并对优化后的方法进行了方法学验证,方法检出限为0.06 mg/kg,测定结果的相对标准偏差为7.04%(n=6),加标回收率为97.62%~101.95%,相对标准偏差为2.33%。该方法检出限较低,前处理过程简便、环保,用于实际样品分析,测定结果满意,适用于电解电容器纸中水溶性氯化物含量的测定。

北京地区重霾污染过程颗粒物酸度演变特征及其驱动机制

基于北京秋冬季重霾污染时期细颗粒物化学组分和气态前体物的小时观测数据,通过ISORROPIA II模型模拟颗粒物酸度,并利用敏感性分析方法研究颗粒物酸度的驱动因子。结果表明:2017~2019年秋冬季,北京3次重霾污染事件颗粒物pH的平均值分别为4.52±0.52、5.19±0.28和5.03±0.79;从清洁阶段到中度污染阶段和从中度污染阶段到重度污染阶段,颗粒物pH平均值分别下降0.72~1.07和0.3~1.03,即随着污染的加重,颗粒物pH呈现下降趋势;颗粒物pH对化学组分变化的响应不同,主要受TNHx[总铵(气态氨+颗粒态铵盐)]和SO_(4)^(2−)影响,受环境温度和湿度变化的影响有限;颗粒物pH对TNHx的敏感性依次高于SO_(4)^(2−)高于NO_(3)^(−),且高的TNHx水平会降低颗粒物pH对SO_(4)^(2−)(TNHx>47μg/m^(3))和NO_(3)^(−)(TNHx>30~40μg/m^(3))的敏感性;北京重霾污染时期,大气处于富氨状态,抬升颗粒物pH至4以上;在重霾污染事件中,颗粒物pH及变化的幅度与总铵水平和颗粒物pH对SO_(4)^(2−)、NO_(3)^(−)的敏感性有关,这为厘清二次气溶胶生成机制提供有效参考。

军运会期间武汉东南传输通道PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子区域传输解析

2019年10月武汉市举办第七届世界军人运动会。为探究军运会期间武汉市和黄石市两地的大气细颗粒物浓度特征、污染源差异及区域传送情况,于2019年10月10日至2019年11月5日对武汉和黄石两站点的大气细颗粒物进行了连续观测,并分析了PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子的浓度特征,通过后向气团运动轨迹结合潜在源贡献因子(PSCF)和浓度权重轨迹(CWT)分析方法探究了两站点的污染物区域传送。结果表明:本次观测期间武汉站点和黄石站点的PM_(2.5)浓度超过《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)日均二级限值(75μg/m^(3))的超标率分别为26.1%和17.4%,时间主要处于军运会结束后;武汉和黄石两站点PM_(2.5)中的水溶性离子主要以NO-_(3)、SO_(4)^(2-)和NH~+_(4)为主;黄石站点CE/AE值的拟合曲线斜率小于1,表明颗粒物表面呈弱酸性,而武汉站点CE/AE值的拟合曲线斜率大于1,表明颗粒物表面呈中性或弱碱性;两地PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子的存在形式主要以NH_(4)HSO_(4)或(NH_(4))_2SO_(4)为主,武汉站点的缺氨样品的占比为30.4%,而黄石站点的缺氨样品的占比为43.5%;主成分分析结果表明,两站点污染源相同,以二次污染源、扬尘源和生物质燃烧源为主;PSCF和CWT分析结果表明,黄石是武汉站点PM_(2.5)的主要潜在源区,WPSCF因子大于0.7,且浓度贡献权重超过45μg/m^(3),而黄石站点的主要潜在源区位于湖北省与安徽省交界处和安徽省安庆市内。

胶州湾大气降水水溶性离子组成特征及来源解析

基于2019年6月至2020年8月胶州湾沿岸的大气降水样品,分析降水主要水溶性离子(Na^(+)、K^(+)、Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)、NH^(4+)、F-、Cl^(-)、SO_(4)^(2-)、NO_(3)^(-)、MAS-(甲基磺酸根))的组成特征和湿沉降通量,评估其对近海营养成分输入的贡献和潜在生态效应,并利用气团后向轨迹和正定矩阵因子分解法(PMF)解析其主要来源.结果表明,观测期间,胶州湾大气降水雨量加权平均(Volume-weighted Mean,VWM)pH为6.41,电导率的VWM值为19.3μS/cm,降水中水溶性离子以Na^(+)、NH^(4+)、NO_(3)^(-)、Cl^(-)和SO_(4)^(2-)为主,在季节上呈现出冬春季浓度明显高于夏秋季的特征,而湿沉降通量则因受降水量的控制而主要集中在夏季(约占55%).胶州湾区域大气降水共清除7274.6t水溶性离子,营养盐(主要为NH^(4+)和NO_(3)^(-),以氮计)沉降入海量达951.9t/a,表明降水在清洁大气的同时也加剧了海洋环境的污染和海洋生态系统的失衡.气团后向轨迹分析得到了观测期间控制胶州湾降水的4类主要气团,在不同季节,降水过程受到不同气团的影响,其中以来自华东地区和东北方向的气团的影响较大.基于PMF的源解析结果显示,胶州湾大气降水水溶性离子受到农业源、海洋源、扬尘源、生物质和垃圾燃烧源、工业和交通源5种来源的共同控制,其中以农业源排放的贡献最为突出(26.7%),而其他4种源的贡献大致相当.研究证实胶州湾大气环境受到复杂人为源排放、矿物沙尘以及海洋源排放的综合制约,而人为排放的贡献占主导地位.

青岛地区降水中营养盐及水溶性离子的季节变化特征

本文于2020年6月至2021年5月在青岛地区采集到了33场降水,分析了降水中营养盐的浓度和季节变化,同时考察了连续降水过程中营养盐和水溶性无机离子浓度的变化及其影响因素。DTN(溶解态总氮)、DIN(溶解态无机氮)、DTP(溶解态总磷)、DIP(溶解态无机磷)、SiO_(3)-Si的降水量加权平均浓度分别为(2.32±2.23) mg·L^(-1)、(1.40±1.42) mg·L^(-1)、(10.49±5.25)μg·L^(-1)、(5.92±3.52)μg·L^(-1)和(5.46±21.98)μg·L^(-1),不同种类营养盐的浓度均呈现出春冬季较高,秋季次之,夏季最低的分布特征。连续降水过程中清除作用主要发生在降水前期,DTN、DIN、DTP、DIP、SiO_(3)-Si的浓度在前期分别降低了48%、66%、46%、24%、42%,降水中期清除效应明显减弱,而在后期清除效应可忽略。除Br^(-)、PO_(4)^(3-)、F^(-)外,水溶性离子在连续降水中的变化特征与营养盐相似。SNA(二次无机离子:硫酸盐,硝酸盐和铵盐)在常规水溶性离子浓度中的占比在降水前期为50%(NO_(3)^(-):21%、SO_(4)^(2-):18%、NH_(4)^(+):12%)、中期为39%(NO_(3)^(-):16%、SO_(4)^(2-):7%、NH_(4)^(+):16%)、后期为14%(NO_(3)^(-):11%、SO_(4)^(2-):1%、NH_(4)^(+):2%)。受气溶胶来源、气团传输、气候条件(降水量、降水频率)等的影响,旱季降水中营养盐及水溶性离子的浓度均高于雨季,但主要碱性离子种类在干湿季节均为NH_(4)^(+)、Na^(+)、Ca^(2+)。结果显示,青岛地区的降水可能会对海洋水体磷和硅的限制产生贡献,这种作用在雨季更强。本研究分析了不同季节降水中营养盐的浓度特征,为研究大气降水对近岸海域营养盐组成及其生态系统功能影响的季节性变化提供参考,明确了连续降水样品中营养盐及水溶性离子的浓度变化特征。

不同改良剂对滨海盐碱地的改良效果

为了探讨不同改良剂对滨海盐碱地的改良效果,采用盆栽试验研究了硫酸钙、硫酸铝、硫酸铁、硫酸亚铁、硫磺对土壤全盐、pH及离子组成的影响。结果表明,改良剂的种类不同,下渗水离子含量差异较大;第一次淋洗,硫酸钙、硫酸铝、硫酸铁处理下渗水中Na^(+)和Cl-含量分别比CK高54.78%和58.25%、35.44%和39.22%、32.65%和34.82%,表明添加这3种改良剂对土壤的降盐效果较好,其中硫酸钙处理效果最好;第二次淋洗,硫酸铁、硫酸钙和硫酸铝处理的Na^(+)含量比CK高75.14%~347.76%。综合2次淋洗效果,表明硫酸钙处理对土壤中的Na^(+)淋洗效果更明显。与CK相比,各改良剂土壤pH均有不同程度的降低,pH降低2.23%~3.84%;不同改良剂对土壤离子的影响各不相同,添加改良剂各处理土壤中的Ca^(2+)和Mg^(2+)含量均高于CK。综合考虑到不同改良剂对土壤pH、Na^(+)和Cl-含量的影响,建议用硫酸铁和硫酸钙组合对滨海盐碱地进行改良。

南京大气颗粒物化学组分的粒径分布和来源解析

大气颗粒物中化学组分的粒径分布与其来源、形成过程、环境及健康效应密切相关。而过去对不同季节颗粒物的粒径分布特征,以及不同来源对粗、细颗粒物的贡献的研究相对较少。于2022年12月(冬季)和2023年8月(夏季)在南京采集了大气分粒径颗粒物样品,分析了粗颗粒物(PM_(2.1-10))和细颗粒物(PM_(2.1))中碳质组分和主要水溶性无机离子的粒径分布和季节变化,运用正定矩阵因子分解模型(Positive Matrix Factorization,PMF)进行PM_(2.1-10)和PM_(2.1)的源解析。结果表明,在粒径分布特征上,冬夏两季有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)、水溶性有机碳(WSOC)的平均浓度呈双峰型分布。SO_(4)^(2-)和NO_(3)^(-)的季节平均浓度均为双峰型分布。NH_(4)^(+)主要分布在细颗粒物中,季节平均浓度呈单峰型分布,冬夏季均在0.43-0.65μm出现峰值。在季节变化上,颗粒物中除Na^(+)和SO_(4)^(2-)外的主要化学组分浓度均在冬季高于夏季。冬夏两季Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)主要集中在粗颗粒物中。根据PMF模型解析结果,南京大气颗粒物主要有4类来源贡献,即交通源、二次生成、生物质燃烧和扬尘源。PM_(2.1)主要来自二次生成和生物质燃烧源,冬夏季分别贡献了65.7%和61.0%,其中冬季生物质燃烧和二次硝酸盐的贡献占主导地位,而夏季主要来自二次硫酸盐的贡献。冬季PM_(2.1-10)主要来自交通源(41.8%),夏季则主要来自生物质燃烧和硝酸盐的二次生成贡献(43.9%)。研究探讨了大气颗粒物的化学组分的粒径分布特征、季节差异及来源,可为制定有针对性的大气污染防控措施提供科学依据。

华中背景地区大气颗粒物中水溶性离子特征与来源解析

为探究华中背景地区大气PM_(2.5)中水溶性无机离子(WSIIs)的特征、形成机制及来源,本研究在金沙国家大气本底站进行了为期一年的采样观测.结果表明:PM_(2.5)年均质量浓度为(31.40±2.05)µg/m^(3),季节变化明显,冬季最高,夏季最低.二次无机气溶胶(SNA,即SO_(4)^(2-)、NO_(3)^(-)和NH_(4)^(+))是WSIIs的重要组成部分,春季、夏季、秋季和冬季SNA在WSIIs所占比例分别为84.0%、77.6%、79.8%和84.5%.研究期间阴阳离子物质的量当量比值(AE/CE)的平均值为0.91,PM_(2.5)呈现弱碱性.(NH_(4))2SO_(4)、NH_(4)NO_(3)和NH_(4)Cl是夏季离子形态的主要形式,而(NH_(4))2SO_(4)是春、秋、冬季的主要离子形态.硫氧化率(SOR)和氮氧化率(NOR)分别为0.48和0.14,与PM_(2.5)呈显著正相关,表明SO_(4)2-和NO_(3)-主要来自二次生成,二次转化是PM_(2.5)浓度上升重要原因.WSIIs的潜在来源和传输路径具有明显的季节特征,近距离输送气流的SOR和NOR均较大,污染物从源区向背景地区迁移过程中二次转化明显,来自西北或者正北方的远距离气团携带的污染物浓度较大,受到明显的区域传输影响.