Strength prediction model for water-bearing sandstone based on nearinfrared spectroscopy

The strength of water-bearing rock cannot be obtained in real time and by nondestructive experiments,which is an issue at cultural relics protection sites such as grotto temples.To solve this problem,we conducted a near-infrared spectrum acquisition experiment in the field and laboratory uniaxial compression strength tests on sandstone that had different water saturation levels.The correlations between the peak height and peak area of the nearinfrared absorption bands of the water-bearing sandstone and uniaxial compressive strength were analyzed.On this basis,a strength prediction model for water-bearing sandstone was established using the long short-term memory full convolutional network(LSTM-FCN)method.Subsequently,a field engineering test was carried out.The results showed that:(1)The sandstone samples had four distinct characteristic absorption peaks at 1400,1900,2200,and 2325 nm.The peak height and peak area of the absorption bands near 1400 nm and 1900 nm had a negative correlation with uniaxial compressive strength.The peak height and peak area of the absorption bands near 2200 nm and 2325 nm had nonlinear positive correlations with uniaxial compressive strength.(2)The LSTM-FCN method was used to establish a strength prediction model for water-bearing sandstone based on near-infrared spectroscopy,and the model achieved an accuracy of up to 97.52%.(3)The prediction model was used to realize non-destructive,quantitative,and real-time determination of uniaxial compressive strength;this represents a new method for the non-destructive testing of grotto rock mass at sites of cultural relics protection.

LED-CAVE沉浸式虚拟现实技术在建筑EPC项目中的应用

研究一种基于LED-CAVE的沉浸式虚拟现实技术,结合建筑信息模型(BIM)技术,通过建(构)筑物及其环境的三维BIM模型与五面LED-CAVE显示系统进行整合,实现多人沉浸式的场景漫游功能。通过人机交互逻辑的开发与外部系统集成,应用于建筑EPC项目的设计、采购、施工等各个领域,可以实现方案设计的沉浸式体验与交流,真正实现所见即所得,提升方案设计的效率,加快方案设计的决策,为旧街区的改造提升方案设计提供有效的辅助和指导作用。

沉浸式技术CAVE在宋韵文化及历史复现上的应用

在有关政策引导下,以CAVE(洞穴状自动虚拟环境)为代表的各类沉浸式技术逐渐进入公共文化教育空间,改进原有单一、单向的展陈模式,辅助传统文化和历史复现。以宋韵文化为例,CAVE系统的应用影响了人们对历史及当下的空间感知和文化认同。人们通过集体观看,在熟悉的现代性“酷”的技术视觉与文化中,认识到个体在历史中的血脉延续性,从而获得沉浸式的文化认同,维续了中华民族这一身份的连贯一致。进而,这一共享的文化认同通过创意产业带动经济发展,将文化价值转化为经济价值。

Urban Spatial Form Optimization Strategies Based on the Principle of Climate Adaptability of Regional Architecture: A Case Study of Traditional Cave Dwelling Villages in Northern Shaanxi Province

A multitude of climate-adaptive design approaches are embedded in regional architecture,which have a positive impact on addressing the deformed development of urban spatial patterns and the dual challenges of climate and resources.This paper examines the principles of climate adaptability embedded in the site layout and spatial organization characteristics of traditional cave dwelling villages in northern Shaanxi Province.The extracted climate adaptability principles are summarized,and the resulting design strategies that are well-suited to the contemporary urban space form are presented.Through analysis,it can be observed that traditional cave dwelling villages in northern Shaanxi are predominantly situated on south-facing slopes in proximity to water at low altitudes.These villages are characterized by compact building groups and east-west development,which is constrained by the elements of mountains and rivers.A two-level street system is generated,comprising streets parallel to the contour line and roadways perpendicular to the contour line.This results in the formation of a courtyard form enclosed by mountains.Such site layout and spatial organization exhibit excellent climate adaptability with regard to heat,ventilation,and wind storage.In light of the aforementioned considerations,the following urban spatial form design strategies are put forth:①the topographic height difference can be exploited to obtain sufficient sunshine;②the group shape can be optimized in order to reduce building energy consumption;③the best orientation of the building can be chosen to take account of both winter and summer conditions;④the height and length can be combined in order to form natural masking;⑤the D/H ratio of streets and roadways should be controlled to achieve a balance between heat gain and cooling of groups;⑥vents should be set appropriately to optimize group ventilation;⑦climate buffers should be established to increase the level of climate response.

Analysis of the Application of Span-Bridge Technology for Building Highway Tunnels that Go Over Solutional Caves

This article presents a real engineering project showcasing the application of span-bridge construction technology for building a highway that goes over a solutional cave.An overview of the project and the details of applying this technology in highway construction are provided.Besides,strategies for enhancing its construction quality are also proposed.The objective of this analysis is to improve the safety and quality of similar projects.

The Water-Bearing Numerical Model and Its Operational Forecasting Experiments PartII: The Operational Forecasting Experiments

おhe water-bearing numerical model is undergone all round examinations during the operational forecasting experiments from 1994 to 1996. A lot of difficult problems arising from the model′s water-bearing are successfully resolved in these experiments through developing and using a series of technical measures. The operational forecasting running of the water-bearing numerical model is realized stably and reliably, and satisfactory forecasts are obtained.

Prediction Technology of Buried Water-Bearing Structures in Coal Mines Using Transient Electromagnetic Method

Buried water-conducting and water-bearing structures in front of the driving head may easily lead to water bursts in coal mines. Therefore,it is very important for the safety of production to make an accurate and timely forecast about water bursts. Based on the smoke ring effect of transient electromagnetic fields,the principle of transient electro-magnetic method used in detecting buried water-bearing structures in coal mines in advance,is discussed. Small multi-turn loop configurations used in coal mines are proposed and a field procedure of semicircular sector scanning is presented. The application of this method in one coal mine indicates that the technology has many advantages compared with others. The method is inexpensive,highly accurate and efficient. Suggestions are presented for future solutions to some remaining problems.

The Water-Bearing Numerical Model and Its Operational Forecasting Experiments Part I: The Water-Bearing Numerical Model

In first paper of articles, the physical and calculating schemes of the water-bearing numerical model are described. The model is developed by bearing all species of hydrometeors in a conventional numerical model in which the dynamic framework of hydrostatic equilibrium is taken. The main contributions are: the mixing ratios of all species of hydrometeors are added as the prognostic variables of model, the prognostic equations of these hydrometeors are introduced, the cloud physical framework is specially designed, some technical measures are used to resolve a series of physical, mathematical and computational problems arising from water-bearing; and so on. The various problems (in such aspects as the designs of physical and calculating schemes and the composition of computational programme) which are exposed in feasibility test, in sensibility test, and especially in operational forecasting experiments are successfully resolved using a lot of technical measures having been developed from researches and tests. Finally, the operational forecasting running of the water-bearing numerical model and its forecasting system is realized stably and reliably, and the fine forecasts are obtained. All of these mentioned above will be described in second paper.

Vertical variation of trace elements and its relation to the water-bearing capacity of Ordovician strata,in Datun coal field

We tested for fourteen trace elements in samples collected from the Ordovician strata in Datun coal field. The vertical concentration variation of these trace dements is reported. The relationship of the variation to the water-bearing capacity of the Ordovician strata is discussed. The minimum concentration of eleven （of 14 total） trace elements appears in the lower Majiagou formation. The maximum concentrations mainly appear in the Badou and Jiawang formations： eight maxima are located in Badou and four more are in Jiawang. The study of karst development and the water-bearing capacity of Ordovician strata shows that karst is well developed in the Majiagou formation and there is a consequent high water-bearing capacity in this formation： Badou and Jiawang formations are contrary to this situation. The results illustrate that the minimum concentrations of most trace elements within certain Ordovician formations can be taken as strong evidence for the existence of a well developed karst and a high water-bearing capacity.

Resistivity tomography study on samples with water-bearing structure

The apparent resistivity of the samples with water-bearing configuration was measured by an electrode-array and 2-D resistivity images of these samples were reconstructed then. The obtained series of tomograms reveal the dis tribution and its variation of true resistivity within the samples caused by the changes of crack and liquid distribu tion. Applying this method to the simulation experiment on the electrical properties of rocks, the fracturing and water filling process, which produces the electrical changes, can be brought to light clearly.

A Darcy-Law Based Model for Heat and Moisture Transfer in a Hill Cave

A hill can be regarded as an environmental carrier of heat.Water,rocks and the internal moisture naturally pre-sent in such environment constitute a natural heat accumulator.In the present study,the heat and moisture trans-fer characteristics in a representative hill cave have been simulated via a method relying on the Darcy’s law.The simulations have been conducted for both steady and unsteady conditions to discern the influence of permeability and geometric parameters on the thermal and moisture transfer processes.The reliability of the simulation has been verified through comparison of the numerical results with the annual observation data.As revealed by the numericalfindings,the internal temperature of the hill accumulator is proportional to the permeability,outside surface temperature,overground height,underground constant temperature layer depth,and underground tem-perature of the hill,and it is inversely proportional to the horizontal size of the hill.Moreover,in the considered case,the order of magnitude of the permeability of the hill is contained in the range 10-15–10-13,and displays a certain sensitivity to the rainwater seepage.

The first cavefish in the Dinaric Karst?Cave colonization made possible by phenotypic plasticity in Telestes karsticus

Cave animals are an excellent model system for studying adaptive evolution.At present,however,little is known about the mechanisms that enable surface colonizers to survive in the challenging environment of caves.One possibility is that these species have the necessary genetic background to respond with plastic changes to the pressures of underground habitats.To gain insight into this process,we conducted a comparative study with the fish species Telestes karsticus,which occurs in a hydrological system consisting of an interconnected stream and a cave.Results showed that T.karsticus resided year-round and spawned in Sušik cave,making it the first known cavefish in the Dinaric Karst.Cave and surface populations differed in morphological and physiological characteristics,as well as in patterns of gene expression without any evidence of genetic divergence.To test whether observed trait differences were plastic or genetic,we placed adult fish from both populations under light/dark or constant dark conditions.Common laboratory conditions erased all morphometric differences between the two morphs,suggesting phenotypic plasticity is driving the divergence of shape and size in wild fish.Lighter pigmentation and increased fat deposition exhibited by cave individuals were also observed in surface fish kept in the dark in the laboratory.Our study also revealed that specialized cave traits were not solely attributed to developmental plasticity,but also arose from adult responses,including acclimatization.Thus,we conclude that T.karsticus can adapt to cave conditions,with phenotypic plasticity playing an important role in the process of cave colonization.

Reproductive seasonality of Astyanax mexicanus cavefish

DEAR EDITOR,The characiform fish Astyanax is a well-studied model system for understanding evolutionary development and genomics in cave biology.Nonetheless,considerable gaps remain in our understanding of its field ecology.Here,we conducted a fouryear field study and found that while cavefish spawned yearround,reproductive peaks occurred in January to February.

基于CAVE系统设计的绍兴历史文化街区活化研究

在数字化发展大背景下,传统历史文化街区的保护有了新思路,以绍兴鲁迅故里历史街区的活化项目为依托,对CAVE系统体感游戏设计进行研究探索。分析其整体系统组成和特点优势并且探讨该系统对传统历史文化街区保护改造的影响。通过个案研究,利用虚拟现实技术实现对历史遗存建筑和内部空间的创新发展,最终提出解决文化遗产保护和公众参观服务之间矛盾的有效方案,从而实现提升绍兴世界级古城IP、增加文化和旅游业态体验深度的目的。

智能放煤理论与技术研究进展

综放开采技术是厚及特厚煤层开采的有效方法,已成为我国在世界煤炭开采行业的标志性技术。综述了“四要素”放煤理论、顶煤采出率与含矸率关系、基于块度分布的采出率预测模型、煤流瞬时含矸率-累计含矸率关系等智能放煤理论研究进展。分析了智能放煤技术难点,指出含矸率是影响顶煤采出率和煤质的关键因素,放煤过程中含矸率的快速、准确计算是智能放煤技术突破的重点和关键。将智能放煤技术分为非图像识别智能放煤技术和图像识别智能放煤技术2类,对不同技术的研究进展、优缺点及使用条件进行了详细分析。非图像识别智能放煤技术包括记忆放煤技术、声音振动信号识别技术、γ射线探测技术、探地雷达技术、微波照射+红外探测技术、激光扫描放煤量监测技术等,图像识别智能放煤技术包括井下照度环境精准控制、放煤图像去尘算法、含矸率计算精度保障策略、煤岩红外图像识别等。

深埋岩溶隧道爆破开挖对围岩损伤及渗流特性的影响

深埋岩溶隧道开挖会造成围岩特殊的损伤破坏形式,并且损伤区也会影响围岩渗流场及隧道边界的涌水状况,对深埋岩溶隧道爆破开挖作用下围岩的损伤及渗流特性有重要的研究意义。为了研究爆破开挖对深埋岩溶隧道围岩损伤及渗流的影响规律,基于COMSOL Multiphysics软件建立数值模型并嵌入应力-渗流-损伤耦合方程式进行计算,采用解析法计算了简化条件下岩溶隧道开挖时围岩的应力分布,并与数值计算结果进行比较。结果表明:解析法与数值法计算的围岩应力分布有一致性,爆炸荷载使靠近溶洞侧隧道肩部及脚部区域会产生较大的拉应力;爆破后会在隔水岩柱形成“齿”状损伤区,同时引起肩部及脚部区域流速的增加,其可作为判断溶洞方位的参考依据;溶洞净距减小、洞径及水压增加会引起“齿”延伸倾角及最大涌水位置变化、隧道边界涌水量的增加,可根据“齿”延伸方向判断损伤区检测的合理方位,根据最大涌水位置变化、隧道边界涌水量的变化,合理调整涌水防治措施强度及重点防治部位。研究成果可为溶洞位置判定、隧道损伤区检测以及边界涌水防治措施提供参考。

敦煌莫高窟隋至初唐洞窟西壁所绘图像的功能

敦煌莫高窟第57窟是唐前期第一期的代表洞窟。外层龛正面左右下部绘有树下两脚合并坐式菩萨像和树下坐于藤座上呈半跏思惟姿势的菩萨像。这种菩萨坐像的组合以及与其类似的组合,在隋代第二期洞窟中就已出现,它们与弥勒像密切相关。但在第57窟中,与隋代第二期洞窟有所不同的是人们憧憬的往生净土画在窟顶。阿弥陀如来作为过去佛,由阿弥陀、释迦、弥勒构成的新三世佛在唐前期第一期完成了转变。重要的是南北壁所表现的树下说法图不仅仅表现了三世佛,还表现了当时人们所憧憬的往生世界的情景。另外,唐前期第一期出现了将弥勒以如来表现且坐于宝池中。但是,初唐第一期末期的第322窟仅北壁阿弥陀如来坐在宝池中,南壁的弥勒如来未见宝池,这是因为弥勒净土本来就没有宝池。这种阿弥陀如来和弥勒如来都拥有配备宝池的净土的模糊印象,也显示了净土之间的不同。第57窟与第322窟一样,北壁如来坐像坐于宝池中伸出的莲花座上、南壁如来坐像周围未见表现其坐于宝池中的莲花和荷叶,那么第57窟南壁主尊虽然不是如来倚坐像,但下意识地作为弥勒如来而绘制的可能性很高。

绿色设计理念下皮革材料在现代窑洞民居室内设计中的创新应用

窑洞是我国西北部地区极具地域性特征的建筑。以绿色设计理念为核心,对皮革材料在现代窑洞民居设计中的创新性应用进行分析,着重强调了皮革材料在建筑装饰领域的应用优势,对窑洞这种中国传统民居与皮革材料的融合思路进行总结,认为皮革材料与现代窑洞民居室内设计需要着重强调发挥皮革材料的视觉与材质特征,将皮革材料与窑洞造型、民居需求等进行充分结合。

莫高窟壁画文创产品转喻设计方法研究

立足当下国内各区域文旅发展需求,构建文创产品转喻设计创新方法,促进多样化设计方案生成,并满足消费者对文创产品的深度文化体验和情感共鸣需求。通过内涵外延传承说的类层级结构的建立,挖掘、构建文化目的域内涵项与外延项两者间的传承关系;通过转喻映射三层级的建立,得出产品源域的多个映射结果,最终产生多样化的设计方案,并应用于莫高窟文创产品设计实践中。在转喻认知相邻逻辑视角下建立的“用户”“文化”“文创产品”多路径认知关联,为用户深度认知莫高窟文化提供了新的思路与方法。

从工匠题记考察敦煌石窟西夏至民国时期的重修活动——敦煌石窟题记系列研究之四

本文系统辑录了敦煌石窟中有关画匠、塑匠、木匠等工匠题记,首次全面考察了西夏、元代、清代和民国时期敦煌石窟中重绘壁画、重修塑像和维修石窟寺建筑等重修活动,重点研究了清代乾隆末、嘉庆初和民国四年的莫高窟塑像重修活动,提出民国重修塑像明显比清代重修塑像制作更精致、艺术水平更高,敦煌艺术中应补充民国塑像的概念。