Assessing the Impacts of Climate Change on Water-Borne Diseases: A Comparative Study on Taltali Upazila of Barguna District

Objectives: To determine the economic challenges brought on by water-borne illnesses as a result of climate change. In addition to identifying potential access to safe drinking water during climate change and potential health hurdles brought on by water-related diseases, it is important to learn how to reduce the spread of water-borne diseases. Methods: A mixed method design was adopted to evaluate this research, and probability sampling, more specifically simple random sampling, was used to select to sample from the target population. The study was conducted in Taltali upazila of the Barguna district, and data was collected from 384 respondents;among them, 5 respondents were selected for the key informant interview. The research project began in June 2022 and was completed in December 2022. Results: 41.4% of respondents said they suffer from dysentery, 22.4% said the expense of treating water-borne diseases has increased as a result of climate change, and 37.8% said they must travel great distances to obtain clean drinking water. Currently, 41.7% of individuals utilize tube-well water, compared to 19.3% five to ten years ago, and 27.4% have been taught that water filtration helps reduce the spread of water-borne diseases. Conclusions: People’s vulnerability to climate change in the study area is a result of factors such as rapid population increase, unequal access to resources, food insecurity, a long distance to collect water, inadequate medical facilities, a lack of poverty, and a weak health system.

ELECTROSTATIC INTERACTION HYBRIDS FROM WATER-BORNE CONDUCTIVE POLYANILINE AND INORGANIC PRECURSOR CONTAINING CARBOXYL GROUP

Electrostatic interaction conductive hybrids were prepared in water/ethanol solution by the sol-gel process from inorganic sol containing carboxyl group and water-borne conductive polyaniline （cPANI）. The electrostatic interaction hybrids film displayed 1-2 orders of magnitude higher electrical conductivity in comparison with common hybrids film, showing remarkable conductivity stability against water soaking. Most strikingly, it displayed ideal electrochemical activity even in a solution with pH = 14, which enlarged the conducting polyaniline application window to strong alkaline media.

Water Absorption and Degraded Stress Relaxation Behavior in Water-Borne Anticorrosive Urethane/Epoxy Coatings

The kinetics of water absorption in water-borne anticorrosive urethane/epoxy coatings, which were actually introduced in the industrial field, are studied. It is found that the high water affinity of a water-borne coating supports a higher saturated water content, Mχ, and helps to facilitate absorption D. The three parameters of stretched exponential function called the William-Watt equation, Eo, τ, and β, are determined to fit the degraded stress relaxation behavior in the water absorption process because this function quantitatively describes the relaxing ability and has been successfully used by a number of researchers. An increasing in the water content is shown to correlate strongly with a decrease in Eo and fl early in the absorption process between Mt/M（χ） = 0 and Mt/Mχ≈ 0.5. The adhesive characteristics of the coatings are correlated with water content, and shown to exhibit higher cohesive failure in coating epoxies under saturated conditions. This suggests that water interferes with the intermolecular bonding between polymer chains which degrades the bulk materials ability to diffuse stress concentrations and reduces its overall strength.

Water-Borne Wood Preservation and End-of-Life Removal History and Projection

Use of water-borne wood preservatives began in approximately the 1950s. Residential and commercial uses rapidly developed for products such as decking, fences, and other outdoor structures. Nearly all such products were treated by preservatives using arsenic as a major ingredient. The most common preservative was chromated copper arsenate (CCA). A smaller volume used ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (ACZA). Preservative label changes made in 2003 limited uses of these arsenical treatments to industrial or agricultural type uses, such as poles, piles, ties, bridges, and fencing. Use volumes of preservative-treated wood continued to grow after the label change, but the types of preservatives used changed greatly. The amounts of water-borne treated wood reaching end-of-life and being disposed also continued to grow, reflecting the increasing inventory of volume in service. However, the volume of arsenical-treated wood being disposed peaked in approximately 2008 and is now only approximately one-quarter of that volume. Most of the arsenical-treated wood now being disposed consists of large, easily identified and separated pieces, such as round poles, piles, and fence posts and timbers, which can be easily managed separated from other wood construction and demolition (C & D) waste. Thus, managing C & D waste to limit arsenic contamination of potential products, such as mulch, will be much more practical than some have feared.

Surface Modification of SrAl_2O_4:Eu^(2+),Dy^(3+) and Sr_4Al_(14)O_(25):Eu^(2+),Dy^(3+) Long Lasting Phosphors and Their Application in Water-borne Paint

In this paper, strontium aluminate phosphors of Sr Al2O4: Eu2+, Dy3+ and Sr4Al14O25: Eu2+, Dy3+ were prepared via solid state reactions and subsequent surface modification with Si O2 by a chemical precipitation method. The strontium aluminate phosphors were characterized by measurement-ray diffraction. According to the analysis by transmission electron microscopy, a continuous Si O2 coating layer with a thickness of 50 nm can be formed on the surface of Si O2-coated phosphor. The covalent bond that attached the phosphor and the Si O2 coating was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The water resistance and optical measurements indicate that the optimum ratio of Si O2 coating to phosphors is 30% by mass. Also, the Si O2-coated phosphors could be used in a water-borne paint with the superior luminous performance.

Einstein Hybrid Structure of q-Rung Orthopair Fuzzy Soft Set and Its Application for Diagnosis of Waterborne Infectious Disease

This research is devoted to diagnosing water-borne infectious diseases caused by floods employing a novel diagnosis approach,the Einstein hybrid structure of q-rung orthopair fuzzy soft set.This approach integrates parts of fuzzy logic and soft set theory to develop a robust alternative for disease detection in stressful situations,especially in areas affected by floods.Compared to the traditional intuitionistic fuzzy soft set and Pythagorean fuzzy soft set,the q-rung orthopair fuzzy soft set(q-ROFSS)adequately incorporates unclear and indeterminate facts.The major objective of this investigation is to formulate the q-rung orthopair fuzzy soft Einstein hybrid weighted average(q-ROFSEHWA)operator and its specific characteristics.Moreover,our stated operator is implementing intelligentmulti-criteria group decision-making(MCGDM)methodology.Floods are severe natural catastrophes that raise the risk of diseases and epidemics,particularly those caused by contaminants in the water,such as gastrointestinal diseases,respiratory infections,vector-borne diseases,skin infections,and water-borne parasites.The designed MCGDM strategy tackles the prevalence of certain conditions in flood-affected patients.A comparative investigation determined that the suggested method for detecting water-borne infectious disease due to floods is more effective and productive than conventional methods because of its logical structure.

Microencapsulation of UV-Curable Self-healing Agent for Smart Anticorrosive Coating

UV-curable polyurethane prepolymer and photoinitiator 1173 were facilely encapsulated in a poly（urea-formaldehyde） shell, which was in situ formed by the polymerization of formalde-hyde and urea in an oil-in-water emulsion. The diameters of the microcapsules ranged from 118 μm to 663 μm depending on agitation speed, and were obtained via optical mi-croscopy and scanning electron microscopy analyses. The encapsulation percent and the yield of microcapsules prepared at the agitation speed of 600 r/min can reach 97.52wt% and 65.23wt%, respectively. When the water-borne polyurethane （WPU） coating embedded with the prepared microcapsules were scratched, the healing agent could be released from rup-tured microcapsules and lled the scribed region. The excellent anticorrosion properties of the WPU coating embedded with the prepared microcapsules were con rmed by the results obtained from both electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and Tafel curves.

Water-soluble UV curable urethane methyl acrylate coating：preparation and properties

Two kinds of water-soluble and ultraviolet (UV) curable oligomers were synthesized and characterized. The oligomers were evaluated as resins for water-based UV curable coating. The rheology of the two oligomers' aqueous so-lutions was investigated in terms of solid fraction, pH dependence, and temperature dependence. The solutions were found to be Newtonian fluid showing rather low viscosity even at high solid fraction of 0.55. The drying process of the coatings and the properties of the cured coatings were studied by comparing them with water-dispersed UV-curable polyurethane methyl acrylate. It was evident that the water-soluble coating dried more slowly; and that the overall properties were inferior to those of the water-dispersed coating.

A Novel Method for Preparing Polyurethane Based Conductive Composites with Low Percolation Threshold

A novel method for preparing conductive carbon black fllled polymer composites with low percolation threshold from polyurethane emulsion are reported in this paper. The experimental results indicate that with a rise in carbon black concentration the insulator-conductor transition in the emulsion blended composites occurs at 0.8-1.4vol%. In contrast, the solution blended composites exhibit drastic increase in conductivity at conducting filler fraction as high as 12.3-13.3vol%. It is demonstrated that the composites microstructure rather than chemical structure of the matrix polymer predominantly determines the electrical conduction performance of the composites.

SYNTHESIS OF SOAP-FREE ACRYLIC HYDROSOLS

Poly(methyl methacrylate/ethyl acrylate/acrylic acid) hydrosols were prepared by employing soap-free polymerization, and (acrylic acid/butyl acrylate) oligomer was used as the polymeric surfactant. The effect of reaction condition on the morphology and particle size of the hydrosols was investigated. The minimum amount of acrylic acid in the hydrosols is 2%. The maximum weight average molecular weight (M-w) of polymer that assures soap-free emulsion conversion into hydrosol is about 1.2 x 10(5)-1.3 x 10(5). The particle transforming process was investigated, and an obvious change of particle diameter and morphology was observed.

Evaluation of Drinking Water Pollution and Health Effects in Baghdad, Iraq

Contamination of water reserves by biological, chemical, and radiologic agents may affect the health of millions of residents in the Iraq as well as many others throughout the world. Fatal outbreaks of cholera struck several provinces of the country, including Baghdad. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) also says air pollution, resulting from burning oil and aggravated by war, is cause for concern. The study area Baghdad has been divided into two parts: Central Baghdad and Outskirts of Baghdad (included in Baghdad but near the boundaries of Baghdad). The outskirts of Baghdad comprises of 4 cities: Al-Hussaniya located in northern part of Baghdad, Abu-Gurabe located in the western side of Baghdad, Jissr Diyala located in the eastern side of Baghdad and finally Al-Mahmodiya located in the southern side of Baghdad. These cities are in very poor situation in terms of water supply. The quality of water supplied is bad as no attention is given to WTP's in these places, which is also because of the fact that given the insecure war conditions, these areas are inaccessible. The sewage is thrown directly into the river because these areas do not have sewage treatment plants. In case of central Baghdad the water supply and sewerage network are broken in some places. Due to this there is mixing of water between the two networks. For this study we taking water supply samples and collect all the samples from WTPs and water supply network (houses, shops and different places). We made the analysis to parts first bacteriologies, second chlorine and after analysis these samples in lab we will give in our study numbers of fail samples, type of diseases and how many case during year 2007 in Baghdad City. Also in this study we will give Estimated Deaths from Water-Related Diseases 2010 to 2035.

Assessment of the Impacts of Tropical Cyclones Idai to the Western Coastal Area and Hinterlands of the South Western Indian Ocean

Tropical Cyclones (TCs) are among the atmospheric events which may trigger/enhance the occurrence of disasters to the society in most world basins including the Southwestern Indian Ocean (SWIO). This study analyzed the dynamics and the impacts of the Tropical Cyclone (TC) Idai (4th-21st March, 2019) which devastated most of the SWIO countries. The study used the Reanalysis 1 products of daily zonal (u) and meridional (v) winds, Sea Surface Temperatures (SSTs), amount of Precipitable Water (PRW), and relative humidity (Rh). The dynamics and movements of Idai were analyzed using the wind circulation at 850, 700, 500 and 200 mb, where the TC dynamic variables like vertical wind shear, vorticity, and the mean zonal wind were calculated using u and v components. Using the open Grid Analysis and Display System (GrADS) software the data was processed into three-time epochs of pre, during and post;and then analyzed to feature the state of the atmosphere before (pre), during and post TC Idai using all datasets. The amount of precipitable water was used to map the rainfall on pre, during, and post Idai as well as during its landfall. The results revealed that dynamics of TC Idai was intensifying the weather (over Mozambique) and clearing the weather equatorward or southward of 12°S, with low vertical wind shear over the landfall areas (-3 to 3 m/s) and higher shear values (10 - 40 m/s) northward and southward of the Mozambican channel. Higher moisture content (80 - 90%) and higher PRW (40 - 60 mm/day) mapped during Idai over the lowland areas of Mozambique propagating westward. Higher low-level vorticity values were also mapped over the landfall areas. More results revealed that countries laying equatorward of 12°S, e.g., the northern coastal areas of Kenya (Turkana and Baringo) and Tanzania, Idai disrupted the 2019 March to May (MAM) seasonal rainfall by inducing long dry spell which accelerated the famine over the northeastern Kenya (Turkana). Moreover, results revealed that the land falling of Idai triggered intensive flooding which affected a wide spectrum of socio-economic livelihoods including significant loss of lives, injuries, loss of material wealth, infrastructure;indeed, people were forced to leave their houses for quite a longtime;water-borne diseases like malaria, cholera among others were experienced. Furthermore, results and reports revealed that a large amount of funds were raised to combat the impacts of Idai. For instance, USAID/OFDA used about $14,146,651 for human aid and treatment of flood-prone diseases like Cholera in Mozambique ($13,296,651), Zimbabwe ($100,000), and Malawi ($280,000), respectively. Also a death toll of about 602 in Mozambique and 344 in Zimbabwe, and more than 2500 cases of injured people were reported. Conclusively the study has shown that TCs including Idai and other are among the deadliest natural phenomenon which great affects the human and his environments, thus extensive studies on TCs frequency, strength, tracks as well as their coast benefit analysis should be conducted to reduce the societal impacts of these TCs.

Climate change and epidemiology of human parasitoses in Saudi Arabia:A review

Climate change is an emerging global problem.It has hazardous effects that vary across different geographic regions and populations.It is anticipated to have significant effects in Saudi Arabia.The present work reviews the future of human parasitoses in Saudi Arabia in response to the expected climate change.The key projections are increased precipitations,flash floods,unstable temperatures,sea-level rise and shoreline retreat.Such environmental changes could strongly influence the epidemiology of fly-borne,mosquito-borne,snail-borne and water-borne human parasitoses in the country.

Combination of iron flocculation and qPCR for quantitative evaluation of virus-shedding intensity of goldfish Carassius auratus infected with cyprinid herpesvirus 2 in the water and the effect of sodium chlorite powder in blocking waterborne horizontal viral transmission

Cyprinid herpesvirus 2(CyHV-2),a member of the Alloherpesviridae family belonging to the genus Cyprinivirus,was initially isolated from goldfish(Carassius auratus)and has been recently emerging as a virulent pathogen for cultured prussian carp(Carassius auratus gibelio)world-wide.In this study,a novel and effective method for concentration and quantification of live CyHV-2 virions from water was successfully established through coupling the iron flocculation with real time qPCR assay.Then,the shedding intensity of CyHV-2 in fish-tank water from artificially-challenged goldfish(25 fish/20 L)was monitored continuously for 7 days on a daily basis through quantitating viral genomic copy numbers by qPCR,and the maximum shedding level was determined to be 105 copies/L.Horizontal transmission research system was established by inoculating healthy goldfish in water spiked with serial dilution of CyHV-2 virions ranging from 107 to 103 copies/L.Our results indicated that water-borne CyHV-2 efficiently caused the infection of tested goldfish even in a concentration of 103 copies/L,and the overall transmission efficacy was not linearly correlated with the level of input virus in the fish tank.Commercial disinfectant Composite Sodium Chlorite Powder(CSCP)has been widely applied in aquaculture to control microbial infection through direct spill in the water,and its effect in inactivating the CyHV-2 infectivity remains unknown.We further determined that the EC50 of CSCP against 3.89 TCID50/mL CyHV-2 was close to 15.625μg/mL in vitro,and application of CSCP in a level as high as 60μg/mL(the safety concentration of CSCP for goldfish)couldn’t protect goldfish from CyHV-2 challenge through immersion.Thus,the disinfectant CSCP was regarded as none-effective for blocking CyHV-2 transmission in water during epidemic.Overall,our data provided quantitative data to demonstrate the shedding intensity of CyHV-2 in water,and CSCP was shown to be not effective in blocking water-borne horizontal transmission of CyHV-2 in goldfish.The virus-concentration protocol and virus-inhibition assay established here also paved the way for evaluating more commercial disinfectants in their effects in blocking water-borne horizontal transmission of CyHV-2.