Stability analysis of subgrade cave roofs in karst region

According to the engineering features of subgrade cave roof in karst region, the clamped beam model of subgrade cave roof in karst region was set up. Based on the catastrophe theory, the cusp catastrophe model for bearing capacity of subgrade cave roof and safe thickness of subgrade cave roof in karst region was established. The necessary instability conditions of subgrade cave roof were deduced, and then the methods to determine safe thickness of cave roofs under piles and bearing capacity of subgrade cave roof were proposed. At the same time, a practical engineering project was applied to verifying this method, which has been proved successfu1ly. At last, the major factors that affect the stability on cave roof under pile in karst region were deeply discussed and some results in quality were acquired.

A New Species of Odorrana Inhabiting Complete Darkness in a Karst Cave in Guangxi, China

A new species of the genusOdorrana is described from a completely dark karst cave of northeastern Guangxi, southern China. The new species,Odorranalipuensissp. nov., can be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following characters： medium size （SVL： 40.7–47.7 mm in males, 51.1–55.4 mm in females）;tips of all but ifrst ifnger expanded with circummarginal grooves; smooth, grass-green dorsum with irregular brown mottling; pineal body invisible; throat to upper abdomen with gray mottling; dorsal surfaces of limbs with brown bands; dorsolateral fold absent; tiny spinules on lateral body, temporal region, and anterior and posterior edge of tympanum;white nuptial pad present on ifnger I; males lacking vocal sacs; females having creamy yellow eggs, without black poles. Uncorrected sequence divergences betweenO.lipuensissp. nov. and all homologous 16S rRNA sequences ofOdorrana available on GenBank is equal to or greater than 4.9%. Currently, the new species is only known from the type locality.

The Diversity of Soil Fauna Communities in the Karst Cave Wetland of Maolan Nature Reserve

From March 2014 to February 2015, the soil fauna community in the karst cave wetland of Maolan Nature Reserve was investigated. A total of 3,820 soil fauna was obtained, belonging to 31 orders, 11 classes, and 3 phyla. The dominant groups were Araneae, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera, accounting for 48.90% of the total catch. There were 18 common groups and 10 rare groups. The diversity analysis showed that the Banzhai karst cave wetland had the largest soil fauna community diversity index and evenness index and that the Dongsai karst cave wetland had the largest number of groups and individuals. The seasonal variation of the soil fauna in the karst cave wetlands was analyzed: the number of soil fauna individuals showed a downtrend in summer, autumn, spring and winter; there were the highest number of phytophagous soil fauna, followed by predatory soil fauna and saprophagous soil fauna.

Speleogenesis of Selected Caves beneath the Lunan Shilin and Caves of Fenglin Karst in Qiubei, Yunnan

Yunnan is famous for its attractive karst landscapes especially shilins, fengcong and fenglin. The development of caves beneath the shilins in the vicinity of Lunan is closely connected with the formation of shilins. Most of the waters percolating through shilins run through the caves beneath them and are responsible for their formation. The study of cave speleogenesis deepens knowledge about both the development of shilins and karst structure. In the vicinity of the Lunan Shilin, speleological, morphological and structural geological studies of four karst caves have been accomplished. At Puzhehei, Qiubei, which is characterised by numerous fenglin, fengcong and caves, speleological and morphological studies have been performed. Cave sediments for paleomagnetic analyses have been taken from all studied areas (samples CH 1-9). Karst caves in SE Yunnan are probably much older than the age of the cave sediments (<780,000 years B.P.). The studied areas are located in the vicinity of the Xiaojiang fault (N-S direction I and the Red River fault (NW-SE direction). The general directions of both active faults are assumed to influence the direction of the most frequent fissures as well as the cave passages near the Lunan Shilin. The Xiaojiang fault more strongly influences cave passage orientation, while the more distant Red River fault most strongly influences fissure orientation.

A new method determining safe thickness of karst cave roof under pile tip

Cave roofs are used to support pile foundation in many engineering projects. Accurate stability analysis method of cave roof under pile tip is important in order to ensure the safety of the pile foundation structure. Firstly the mechanical model to analysis the stability of cave roof under pile tip is founded aiming to solve the problems that the simplified mechanical model has. Secondly, the boundary of cave roof is simply supposed to be supported according to the integrity of the rock mass in the boundary of cave roof. Thirdly, based on the theory of plates and shells, the simplified model is calculated and the theoretical calculation formula to determine the safe thickness of cave roof under pile tip can be obtained when the edges of the cave roof are simply supported. In the end, the analysis of the practical engineering project proves the feasibility and the rationality of the method which can be a new method to calculate the safe thickness of cave roof under pile tip.

Karst Cave Tourism System in Zhejiang Province Based on Resource Regional Analysis

Karst cave tourism plays an important role in the overall tourism of Zhejiang Province,China.In analyzing the current status of karst cave tourism resources,it is crucial to develop a scientific system for optimizing resource exploitation and tourism development in the future.This study conducted an analysis of resource characteristics and regional structure in Zhejiang Province.Nearest neighbor index(NNI) method and accessibility index method were used for a comprehensive understanding of the effects of scale,strength,combination,and accessibility of karst cave tourism resources.Results indicated that karst cave tourism resources in Zhejiang Province have a significant regional influence,and that resource quality and exploitation are diverse in different regions.Among the regions,Jinhua had the highest exploitation proportion of over 60% and the lowest NNI value of 0.098.Furthermore,regional analysis inferred that different karst caves demonstrate diversity in accessibility to tourism markets,among which the Lingshan Cave,Fengshui Cave,and Xianqiao Cave reveal the highest accessibility index of 2.41.Finally,we put forward a karst cave tourism system in Zhejiang Province based on the Growth Pole Theory and set up an overall scheme for karst cave tourism development.From a regional perspective analysis,the study refined the methods for regional resource research and provided a strategic proposal for karst cave tourism in Zhejiang Province.

Baiyun Cave in Naigu Shilin,Yunnan Karst,China

The Baiyun cave is a 380 m long karst cave in the Naigu Shilin, situated 70 km southeast of Kunming, Yunnan Province, China. The prevailing orientations of the cave passages are N110°–120°E and N0°-10°W and those of the fissures in the cave are N30°–40°W and N20°–30°W. The cave is developed in the thick-bedded Lower Permian Qixia Formation. The cave has an active water flow and is currently at the near water-table stage. There are large amounts of different infills of cave sediments. The cave shows different stages of paragenesis. The palaeomagnetic analysis of cave sediments shows that their ages are younger than 780 ka B.P. (the Brunhes Chron). The upper part of the sampled profile belongs to the reverse Blake event (112.3–117.9 ka B.P.). The formation of the Baiyun cave is directly connected with the development of the Naigu Shilin. The formation of karst underground and surface features depends on the regional tectonic deformation and the Cenozoic extension of the study area.

Formation of Baiyun Karst Cave Landscapes in the Kongshan Mountain of Lincheng County, Hebei Province

Baiyun Cave in the Kongshan Mountain is a cave which developed mostly in thick-layer oolitic limestone of the Middle Cambrain Zhangxia Formation in the Quaternary period.The spatial distribution of the karst cave was cotrolled by the NNW,NE and near-EW faults.The karst cave system consists of three layers,includes mainly hall type and corridor type,within which there are diversified sedimentary landscapes and corrosion landscapes,especially"Reticular helictite","Jade-hairpin pointing at bottle","Yin and yang jade columns"and many other special landscapes can hardly be found in other karst caves.Influenced by the strong tectonic activities since the Quaternary period,the cave collapsed several times,and landscapes within the cave have been seriously damaged.Study on the landscape formation of karst caves and influence of cave environment changes on its landscape development will contribute to the reasonable development and protection of tourist resources in the cave.

基于定向声波扫描的钻孔围岩隐伏溶洞表征与分析方法

复杂地质环境下采用简化的几何体代替真实形态的隐伏溶洞进行数值分析,往往难以反映真实的工程特性,自然形成的溶洞形态在几何方面无明显规律性,导致溶洞形态特征的定量化表征问题一直未被很好的解决,为此,针对复杂地质环境下钻孔围岩隐伏溶洞轮廓的几何形态特征定量化研究中缺少系统性研究问题,提出了基于定向声波扫描的钻孔围岩隐伏溶洞表征与分析方法。首先,在利用钻孔定向声波扫描技术获取基础数据的基础上,构建同一钻孔中不同隐伏溶洞的轮廓坐标化准则。随后,在钻孔围岩隐伏溶洞定量表征方面,分别提出了隐伏溶洞水平方向结构表征方法与垂直方向结构表征方法,实现了隐伏溶洞的全方位定量化表征;在钻孔围岩隐伏溶洞统计分析方面,提出了水平全方位占比指数、远离占比指数和深度占比指数,能够从钻孔角度来统计分析钻孔不同深度、周围不同位置的隐伏溶洞情况。最后,结合实际工程案例进行了综合分析,并与其他方法进行了对比验证,证明了提出的方法能够为岩溶地区地质工程中工程勘察和数值模拟提供更多的定量化数据,是溶洞地区的开发与资源利用技术中的一种全新定量化分析方法,具有广阔的应用前景。

隧道岩溶施工处置技术研究

岩溶隧道处置技术一直是工程界的重点及难点问题,结合某高速铁路贵州区段施工状况,将隧道岩溶分为串珠型或管道型的线状溶洞、洞穴型溶洞及洞厅型溶洞,根据其不同的填充性质提出了不同的施工处置措施。并具体结合丫口寨隧道、斗磨隧道、大独山隧道,对典型岩溶,包括无充填型溶洞群、暗河、富水填充型岩溶、过水通道型岩溶及黏土填充型岩溶的处置措施进行分析,主要结论为,针对岩溶隧道,应综合考虑岩溶类型和特征,因地制宜进行设计、施工。

断溶体油藏井洞垂向窜流试井解释模型

断溶体油气藏储层类型多样,非均质性极强,常规多重孔隙介质模型以及简单溶洞等势体模型难以广泛应用。文中针对断溶体油藏复杂的地质特征,考虑大溶洞向井筒的垂向窜流以及小尺度缝洞储集体分别向井筒和大溶洞的径向供给作用,建立了双层双重孔隙介质井洞垂向窜流试井解释模型;利用Laplace变换方法获得井底压力解,绘制井底压力典型曲线并划分流动段,对窜流通道传导率、大溶洞半径、裂缝传导系数比等参数进行了敏感性分析。结果表明:窜流通道传导率主要影响早期窜流“下凹”特征,数值过大或过小均会导致早期窜流“下凹”特征减弱甚至消失;大溶洞半径与大溶洞储容比也主要影响早期窜流“下凹”特征,数值越大,“下凹”特征越明显;裂缝系统传导系数比和裂缝储容比主要影响中、晚期的窜流“下凹”特征。该研究结果对复杂断溶体油藏储集体参数评价具有重要意义。

滇西南沧源岩溶洞穴硝洞堆积物来源分析

岩溶洞穴是第四纪时期古人类活动的重要场所。开展岩溶洞穴碎屑沉积物的沉积特征及物质来源分析,对其沉积环境演变历史及古人类活动研究都具有重要意义。本文在了解硝洞洞穴及其周围不同沉积物黏土矿物特征的基础上,结合硝洞洞穴沉积物的粒度和矿物学等特征对其物质来源进行了分析。结果表明:硝洞洞穴沉积物的主要来源为洞穴外地表较高处的沉积物,其通过片流作用被带入洞穴内进行堆积。其次,还同时堆积有少量灰岩不溶性物质及其经历进一步风化成壤作用后形成的物质,总体可能存在4次进一步的风化成壤作用。此外,也有洞壁崩塌的石灰岩角砾和岩块参与堆积,总体存在4次大量灰岩角砾或岩块参与堆积过程,而最近一次的堆积作用,显然受到了人类活动的影响。

岩溶洞穴救援体系构建研究——以贵州省为例

完善的岩溶洞穴救援体系、促进岩溶地区体育产业和旅游行业发展,对岩溶洞穴旅游具有重要现实意义。文章通过对国外洞穴救援成果及洞穴救援手册分析洞穴救援要素,结合我国救援主体和洞穴救援技能特性以及贵州实际,构建贵州洞穴救援组织架构及救援响应机制。依据贵州洞穴发育特征和洞穴事故发生概率及性质,部署贵州洞穴救援力量。根据我国救援体制和洞穴救援人员技能需求及其分布特性,建立统一指挥平台和洞穴救援专家库(消防队洞穴救援专家,洞穴协会会员洞穴救援专家),实现指挥中心统一调度,政府与社会力量共同作战。完善的洞穴救援体系有利于合理利用资源,实现洞穴救援有序高效实施。

塔北地区多期走滑断裂地球物理响应特征及精细识别

通过对野外地质露头考察、无人机扫描、探地雷达探测、岩心观察、成像测井资料综合分析,建立塔北地区走滑断裂地质模式。根据塔北地区不同地层特点,分析多期走滑断裂与不同时期地层组合关系。针对不同的地层岩相背景下的走滑断裂特征,分析对应的地球物理响应特征,为小断距、小位移的走滑断裂识别提供依据。结果表明:加里东中晚期,在挤压应力作用下区域走滑断裂形成,发育X型共轭断裂和单剪切断裂,其中NNE向走滑断裂为左旋,NNW向走滑断裂为右旋;由于挤压应力差异分布,沿主干断裂方向寒武系膏盐岩滑脱面形成线性压扭隆起和平移错断的特点,结合膏盐岩层强地震反射特征,主干断裂可识别性强;中上奥陶统走滑断裂走向与古地貌趋势具有一致性;由于北部表层岩溶暴露期长,研究区形成大量的残丘、暗河、古水系,破坏了浅层断裂特征,而南部斜坡区暴露时间短,岩溶缝洞体主要沿断裂发育,断控岩溶缝洞体与基岩波阻抗存在较大差异,增强了断裂的可识别特征;海西期NNW方向、喜山期NNE方向发育单剪切走滑断裂,主要沿加里东中期断裂继承性发育,碎屑岩地层不整合面断距特征明显,平面上表现为雁列特征,剖面可见负花状构造。

喀斯特洞穴沉积物中可培养固碳和固氮细菌多样性分析

微生物固碳和固氮作用在生物地球化学循环和能量流动中具有重要作用.洞穴黑暗和寡营养极端环境中蕴藏丰富独特的微生物资源.为了解喀斯特洞穴固碳细菌和固氮细菌群落结构组成和多样性,利用9种分离培养基,分离筛选喀斯特洞穴沉积物固碳细菌和固氮细菌,并基于16S rDNA序列测定,分析分离菌株的系统发育和多样性.共分离获得230株固碳细菌,隶属于3门、16属和64种,优势属为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter).固碳细菌Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为3.65,Margalef丰富度指数为11.58,Pielou均匀度指数为0.88.共分离获得425株固氮细菌,分别属于3门、14属和68种,优势属为假单胞菌属、不动杆菌属和贪铜菌属(Cupriavidus).固氮细菌Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为3.43,Margalef丰富度指数为11.07,Pielou均匀度指数为0.81.此外,无碳培养基CFMD和无氮培养基NFb分离获得的菌株多样性最高.以上结果表明,荔波喀斯特洞穴沉积物中存在丰富的固碳和固氮细菌类群,这些结果为进一步研究固碳和固氮微生物在喀斯特洞穴生态系统中的功能以及农业应用提供了菌种资源.

侧部承压溶洞与深埋隧道间隔水岩体安全厚度研究

为保证深埋隧道安全通过侧部高压富水溶洞区段,在隧道突水发生机制分析与隔水岩体最小安全厚度划分的基础上,结合突变理论、鲁宾涅特方程及相关工程经验对隧道边墙岩体安全厚度进行研究,导出最小安全厚度计算公式,建立突水判据,分析相关影响因素对隧道边墙隔水岩体最小安全厚度的影响规律。结果表明:隔水岩体最小安全厚度H_(min)与围岩力学参数弹性模量E、内摩擦角φ呈正相关,与溶洞水压力q_(w)、岩梁跨度L及隧道埋深h呈负相关;各因素对H_(min)影响程度由大到小依次为h、φ、E、L与q_(w),其中h与φ影响程度相近,E在超过3 GPa的情况下H_(min)变化趋于平缓,E的影响程度与L相近;结合有限元模拟结果和工程实例分析,验证了H_(min)理论计算公式及突水判据的准确性与可行性,对相关工程建设具有指导意义。

基于三维数值模拟对岩溶区桩基注浆效果的研究

为了研究改良膨胀性注浆材料的注浆效果,通过室内试验采集浆液结石体物理力学参数,应用有限元软件Midas GTS NX在CATIA所构筑的三维溶洞模型的基础上,结合修正莫尔-库仑模型及弹性本构关系,分析了桩基础下土层的应力与变形在空洞及改良前后不同浆液填充状态下的变化规律,以此为标准对注浆效果进行对比分析。研究表明:对桩基础下溶洞进行注浆充填加固可有效保障桩基础及桩基础下溶洞的稳定性,避免工程事故的发生,相比于普通水泥浆液,改良膨胀性注浆材料的整体强度明显改善,变形与应力均有所减小,结构更均匀,更密实。同时也表明,通过数值模拟分析确定溶洞的注浆效果具有一定的可行性和指导意义,可为工程的设计与施工提供参考。

穿越溶洞桥梁桩基嵌岩深度计算方法研究

为准确计算岩溶区桥梁桩基嵌岩深度,依托莆炎高速公路岩溶区桥梁桩基工程,分别考虑桩基竖向极限承载力、桩身稳定性和桥梁全寿命周期内溶洞溶蚀量,提出3种穿越溶洞桥梁桩基嵌岩深度计算方法,并验证3种方法的可靠性。选取34根代表性桩基对比嵌岩深度设计值与所提方法计算值,并选取1根试桩对比规范值与所提方法计算值。结果表明:34根代表性桩基中,1根桩基的嵌岩深度设计值小于考虑全寿命周期内溶洞溶蚀量的嵌岩深度计算值,占比2.9%;10根桩基的嵌岩深度设计值同时满足竖向极限承载力、桩身稳定性和桥梁全寿命周期内溶洞溶蚀量要求,且安全储备合理,占比29.5%;23根桩基存在安全储备较高问题,占比67.6%,其中14.7%的桩基嵌岩深度设计安全储备高达5倍。各规范关于桩基嵌岩深度的取值差异较大,为确保桥梁桩基承载安全,同时降低施工难度和成本,建议设计穿越溶洞桥梁桩基的合理嵌岩深度时,充分考虑桥梁全寿命周期内溶洞溶蚀量。

岩溶地区溶洞处理技术探讨

岩溶地区普遍存在溶洞、溶隙、溶沟等地质现象,岩溶地质的复杂性导致溶岩地区基础更加复杂且多变,处理不当会引发安全隐患,增加工程投资和延长工期。溶洞是建筑工程的处理难点,对其进行深入研究是确保建筑工程质量的有效途径之一。文中将溶洞作为研究对象,阐述了其基本特征、分析溶洞探测方法、施工和设计技术难点、选择最佳的处理方案,保证工程质量和安全,为建筑工程人员处理溶洞提供参考。

多源断控岩溶型溶洞训练数据集构建和生成对抗网络三维建模应用

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