Application of Feature, Event, and Process Methods to Leakage Scenario Development for Offshore CO_(2) Geological Storage

Offshore carbon dioxide(CO_(2)) geological storage(OCGS) represents a significant strategy for addressing climate change by curtailing greenhouse gas emissions. Nonetheless, the risk of CO_(2) leakage poses a substantial concern associated with this technology. This study introduces an innovative approach for establishing OCGS leakage scenarios, involving four pivotal stages, namely, interactive matrix establishment, risk matrix evaluation, cause–effect analysis, and scenario development, which has been implemented in the Pearl River Estuary Basin in China. The initial phase encompassed the establishment of an interaction matrix for OCGS systems based on features, events, and processes. Subsequent risk matrix evaluation and cause–effect analysis identified key system components, specifically CO_(2) injection and faults/features. Building upon this analysis, two leakage risk scenarios were successfully developed, accompanied by the corresponding mitigation measures. In addition, this study introduces the application of scenario development to risk assessment, including scenario numerical simulation and quantitative assessment. Overall, this research positively contributes to the sustainable development and safe operation of OCGS projects and holds potential for further refinement and broader application to diverse geographical environments and project requirements. This comprehensive study provides valuable insights into the establishment of OCGS leakage scenarios and demonstrates their practical application to risk assessment, laying the foundation for promoting the sustainable development and safe operation of ocean CO_(2) geological storage projects while proposing possibilities for future improvements and broader applications to different contexts.

Fuzzy pattern recognition model of geological sweetspot for coalbed methane development

From the perspective of geological zone selection for coalbed methane(CBM) development, the evaluation parameters(covering geological conditions and production conditions) of geological sweetspot for CBM development are determined, and the evaluation index system of geological sweetspot for CBM development is established. On this basis, the fuzzy pattern recognition(FPR) model of geological sweetspot for CBM development is built. The model is applied to evaluate four units of No.3 Coal Seam in the Fanzhuang Block, southern Qinshui Basin, China. The evaluation results are consistent with the actual development effect and the existing research results, which verifies the rationality and reliability of the FPR model. The research shows that the proposed FPR model of geological sweetspot for CBM development does not involve parameter weighting which leads to uncertainties in the results of the conventional models such as analytic hierarchy process and multi-level fuzzy synthesis judgment, and features a simple computation without the construction of multi-level judgment matrix. The FPR model provides reliable results to support the efficient development of CBM.

THE ACHIEVEMENT AND DEVELOPMENTOF CHINESE MINING GEOLOGY

The mining geological work had been conducted in China since the ancient time. From 14 th to 18 th century, the output of iron mine reached to 6450 t annually. During 1763 to 1773, the annual output of copper in Yunnan Province was 9200 t. In modern time, Chinese mining industry grew slowly. However, in 1950′s the mining geological organization were established in each administrative department and its affiliated mining companies. A set of regulations had also been established systematically. The mining geology has made the great contribution to reserve the mineral resources and to raise the economical benefit. Now resources have been found in many mine sites. The tasks facing us in future are to look for new deposits for old mine companies which are in shortage of resources and extend their service period; to involve in research for improv ing mining operational parameters and raise the economic benefit; to develop the technical market, and to provide service for development of mining industry reling on science and technology progress.

Development and Utilization of Geological Tourism Resources in Xiling Gorge of the Three Gorges

To comprehensively and reasonably develop and utilize geological tourism resources in Xiling Gorge(one of the Three Gorges),this study through classifying geological tourism resources in this section combined its geological formation,strata relationship,distribution of natural and cultural tourist resources,comprehensively analyzed problems in the present development,and potentials of local geo-tourist resources.Besides,a feasible work plan on the development of geological tourism resources along the Yangtze River,south of the River and north of the River was designed to present an optimal way for the development of local geo-tourism resources,in order to promote the sound development of geological tourism and other tourism industries in this region.

Challenges of Groundwater Development and Supply in the Niger Delta, Nigeria

Some problems of groundwater development in the Niger Delta ranging from negligence to geological peculiarities are examined to highlight the importance and application of geologic knowledge and research for decision making and averting failure in groundwater development for provisional use. Although the geology and hydrogeologic properties of the aquifer system in the Niger Delta immensely favors groundwater development, there are several recorded cases of failed groundwater development projects poor water quality, dry boreholes and boreholes with surprisingly low yield which could have been avoided. This is due to the perception that since groundwater is prolific, geologic and locational peculiarities can be ignored. This research has highlighted the importance of the knowledge of the hydrogeology of the different geologic units as significant factor in the success of groundwater projects through the correlation of past research of geologic units and groundwater potentials, quality and challenges with the present projects implemented in some of the locations. Cases where groundwater projects are executed with wrong exploration options and without consideration of the peculiarity of the geologic units of the project area, including engagement of incompetent contractors, and negligence to the existing regulatory framework for groundwater development in Nigeria are presented. In order to promote sustainable groundwater development and management in the Niger Delta, this research highlights and recommends the pragmatic use of geologic information including various technical, institutional, regulatory and management measures which have the capacity to avert challenges in groundwater development for provisional use.

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS AND GEOTECTONIC DEVELOPMENT OF SARAWAK AND SABAH, EAST MALAYSIA

Sarawak and Sabah forms part of the continental margin extending belt of Southeast Asia.Based on the discussion of sedimentary, magmatic and metamorphic formations resulting from geotectonic development from the Paleozoic to the Cenozoic. this area may be subdivided into two different tectonic regions. Geotectonic development and evolution of the regional crust are subsequently discussed in the paper.

Development of Geological Science in China in the Twentieth Century

In the present stage of accelerated development of science and technology at the turn of the century it may be deemed that the geological science in China is destined to prosper, as viewed from the increasing society needs, the scientific problems and the basic technological background provided by the society, the three basic elements for the development of science. Owing to the sagacity and foresight of the founders of geology in China, Chinese geological research had already won a world fame in 1920s to 1930s. From the 1950s to 1970s the geological science in China had undergone a rapid development. From the end of 1970s onwards the geological science in China had undergone an overall development. With the acceptance of the new concept of Earth System Science by the majority of geologists, all branches of geological studies will merge into a comprehensive and coordinate research and the geological science in China will be facing an entirely new stage of development in the 21st century.

Development and Research Center of China Geological Survey

IntroductionAs a public institution directly affiliated to China Geological Survey, the DevelopmentResearch Center of China Geological Survey mainly undertakes the work for geologicalsurvey, development research, IT-applied development and management support. It is alsoresponsible for accepting and safekeeping the geological archives and relevant service aswell as providing business support, technical guidance and related research on the strategicactions of ore-prospecting breakthrough.

Geological environment conflicts of Kunming Basin and its urban sustainable development

Kunming Basin locates middle of Yunnan altiplano and has a particularity in geography,topographic and geological environment.With the urban dilation quickly,add the reason of the unreasonable city layout,conflicts between environment and urban resources consumption become shrill increasingly.It is human being activities that lead to vulnerability and depravation of geological environment in local.Take a few examples on geological environment to expatiate relationship between urban construction and geological environment carrying capacity,and find a way how to make a better plan for urban sustainable development to achieve new balance between man and nature in local.

Earth Resources Exploitation and Sustainable Development: Geological and Engineering Perspectives

Earth resources are the essential basis for an economy of a country and well-being of her citizens. Their exploitation is a key factor in economic growth and development of the nation, but one that can have serious negative environmental and socio-economic impacts. Therefore it is important to understand their origin/occurrence and exploitation in terms of environmental sustainability. The human society has profited from exploitation of earth resources, precisely when energy use became much more efficient during the industrial era. Some of these earth resources (renewable and non-renewable) are oil and gas, coal, water, metal ore, wind, air etc. and their methods of exploitation are surface and subsurface mining methods [1]. Thus the geological perspectives of earth resources refer to origin and occurrence of these earth resources while the engineering perspectives refer to the processes involved in the extraction (mining), processing and utilization of the resources. To fulfill the requirement of sustainable development, the efficiency with which resources are utilized has to be improved. The main concerns associated with earth resources, therefore, are generally the costs and environmental impacts of extracting, transporting, and refining them. The economics of earth resources deals with the supply, demand and allocation of the resources.

Progress in China's Unconventional Oil & Gas Exploration and Development and Theoretical Technologies

The new century has witnessed a strategic breakthrough in unconventional oil ＆ gas.Hydrocarbon accumulated in micro-/nano-scale pore throat shale systems has become an important domain that could replace current oil ＆ gas resources.Unconventional oil ＆ gas plays an increasingly important role in our energy demand.Tight gas,CBM,heavy oil and asphaltic sand have served as a key domain of exploration ＆ development,with tight oil becoming a ＇bright spot＇ domain and shale gas becoming a ＇hotspot＇ domain.China has made great breakthroughs in unconventional oil ＆ gas resources,such as tight gas,shale gas,tight oil and CBM,and great progress in oil shale,gas hydrate,heavy oil and oil sand.China has an estimated（223-263）×10~8t of unconventional oil resources and（890-1260）×l0^（12）m^3 of gas resources.China has made a breakthrough for progress in unconventional oil ＆ gas study.New progress achieved in fine-grained sedimentary studies related to continental open lacustrine basin large-scale shallow-water delta sand bodies,lacustrine basin central sandy clastic flow sediments and marine-continental fine-grained sediments provide a theoretical basis for the formation and distribution of basin central reservoir bodies.Great breakthroughs have been made in unconventional reservoir geology in respect of research methodology ＆ technology,multi-scale data merging and physical simulation of formation conditions.Overall characterization of unconventional reservoirs via multi-method and multi-scale becomes increasingly popular and facilitates the rapid development of unconventional oil ＆ gas geological theory,method and technology.The formation of innovative,continuous hydrocarbon accumulation theory,the establishment of the framework of the unconventional oil ＆ gas geological theory system,and the determination of the implications,geological feature,formation mechanism,distribution rule and core technology of unconventional oil＆ gas geological study lays a theoretical foundation for extensive unconventional oil ＆ gas exploration and development.Theories and technologies of unconventional oil ＆ gas exploration and development developed rapidly,including some key evaluation techniques such as ＇sweet spot zone＇ integrated evaluation and a six-property evaluation technique that uses hydrocarbon source,lithology,physical property,brittleness,hydrocarbon potential and stress anisotropy,and some key development ＆engineering technologies including micro-seismic monitoring,horizontal drilling ＆ completion and ＂factory-like＂ operation pattern, ＂man-made reservoir＂ development,which have facilitated the innovative development of unconventional oil ＆ gas.These breakthroughs define a new understanding in four aspects：①theoretical innovation;② key technologies;③ complete market mechanism and national policy support;and ④ well-developed ground infrastructure,which are significant for prolonging the life cycle of petroleum industry,accelerating the upgrade and development of theories and technologies and altering the global traditional energy structure.

Evaluation technology and practice of continental shale oil development in China

This paper analyzes the differences in geological and development characteristics between continental shale oil in China and marine shale oil in North America, reviews the evaluation methods and technological progress of the continental shale oil development in China, and points out the existing problems and development directions of the continental shale oil development. The research progress of development evaluation technologies such as favorable lithofacies identification, reservoir characterization, mobility evaluation, fracability evaluation, productivity evaluation and geological-mathematical modeling integration are introduced. The efficient exploration and development of continental shale oil in China are faced with many problems, such as weak basic theoretical research, imperfect exploration and development technology system, big gap in engineering technology between China and other countries, and high development cost. Three key research issues must be studied in the future:(1) forming differentiated development technologies of continental shale oil through geological and engineering integrated research;(2) strengthening the application of big data and artificial intelligence to improve the accuracy of development evaluation;(3) tackling enhanced shale oil recovery technology and research effective development method, so as to improve the development effect and benefit.

China's shale gas exploration and development: Understanding and practice

Through detailed analyses of the distribution characteristics of organic-rich shale, appearance features of high-quality shale, microscopic characteristics of shale reservoir rocks, fracability, and the relationship between preservation conditions and shale gas enrichment in Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in Sichuan Basin, theoretical understandings and specific suggestions with respect to the exploration and development of shale gas in China are summarized and proposed respectively. Important geological understandings in the exploration and development of shale gas of the Wufeng Formation–Longmaxi Formation in the Sichuan Basin can be summarized into the following aspects: depositional environment and depositional process control the distribution of organic-rich shale; high quality shale in "sweet spot segments" are commonly characterized by high content of organic carbon, high brittleness, high porosity and gas content; organic pores are important storage space for the enrichment of shale gas; preservation conditions are the key factor for the geological evaluation of shale gas in structurally complex regions; shale gas can be considered as "artificial gas reservoirs" and the fracability assessment is essential for high-production; nanoscale storage space and the mode of occurrence control the special seepage characteristics of shale gas. The following suggestions are proposed for the development of China's shale gas industry:(1) focus more on fundamental research to achieve new breakthrough in the geological theory of shale gas;(2) emphasize exploration practices to have all-round discoveries in multiple strata;(3) study the regularities of development and production to establish new models of shale gas development;(4) think creatively to invent new technologies to tackle key problems;(5) explore the management innovation to create new mechanisms in shale gas development.

Development of unconventional gas and technologies adopted in China

This study analyses the geological characteristics and development progress of unconventional gas in China,summarizes the development theories and technologies,discusses the prospects and challenges of unconventional gas development,and puts forward the future trends of development technologies.Various technologies of unconventional gas development are available in China.Shale gas development technologies include comprehensive geological evaluation,volume fracturing of cluster horizontal wells under complex stress conditions,and factory-like operation of horizontal wells in complex mountainous area et al.Tight gas development technologies include fluid identification and quantitative prediction,optimization of well patterns,multi-layer fracturing in vertical well,staged fracturing in horizontal well,and drainage gas recovery.Coalbed methane(CBM)development technologies include the prediction of medium-high-and medium-low-rank CBM enrichment areas,rate-variable hydraulic fracturing,and quantitative drainage recovery with five stages,three pressures,and four controls.For economic and effective development of unconventional gas,further efforts should be made.First,intensified studies should be conducted on high-precision prediction and fine characterization technologies of high-quality shale reservoirs in deep marine,continental,and transitional facies.Second,key theories and technologies such as fast drilling and completion of wells with long laterals as well as large-scale volume fracturing should be developed to improve well productivity.Third,new technologies such as multiple well-type development,fluid injection,and nano-flooding should be developed to enhance the recovery.Fourth,effort should be made to identify the accumulation mechanism and large-scale effective development technologies for CBM.Fifth,the application of large amounts of data and artificial intelligence in the entire process of unconventional gas development should be considered to reduce the development cost.

Geomorphosite Valorization a View to Sustainable Development: Case of Ait Hajji, Oued Boulahmayel Valley, Central Morocco

The Pleistocene Fluvial-lacustrine of Ait Hajji Formation is located in South East of Tiddas, and in the Qua-ternary deposits of the Moroccan Central Plateau. These outcrops represent on a geomorphosite of great im-portance for the study of geological heritage, and for a natural eco-tourism valorization in Morocco. For to aim a natural tourism promotion, for indigenous peoples, this geomorphosite in question has an fluorescent and dense flora with a diversified fauna in the heart of one Ordovician quartzite bar and Devonian limestone ridges. In Oued Boulahmayel geomorphosite contains a memory geological Formation of a Pleistocene epi-sode, beginning firstly by a dynamic fluviatil land synchronous with a local volcanic activity (Phonolite ne-phelinc) replaced by a lake sedimentation related to the formation of a dam natural, created a few hundred meters downstream from Boulahmayel. For valorizing of the hinterland of the plains towns, it is necessary to develop a geo-eco-tourism integrated who provide its harvest and will argue the benefits resources of rural people of high-mountains in their own environment. It is proposed in the perspective to initiate a sustainable development approach, while ensuring the conservation and ensure the continued natural existence of the surroundings environments and to appreciate the potential of the region. Thus that beauty hidden in the hin-terland upstream to a tourist eager for discoveries, to encourage them to practice their stay as short as it is, in a safe space and very quiet. In order to materialize the concept of geo-eco-tourism, we must deploy the ef-forts of local people, policy makers and scientists in order to produce tourist maps with different interesting routes, to implant signal panels, to develop tracks campsites and trails within the forests, creating shelters and rest houses in private homes, as well as provide training for specialized guide’s rescuers.

Integrating Geology and Engineering for Viscous Oil Production Improvement—JX Oilfield, Bohai Bay, China

In this paper a case study is presented where refined 3D reservoir geology models, well pattern pilot test and Real-time GeoSteering tools have been integrated to optimize production performance of a viscous oil reserve. The viscous reserves were of high structural dip angle. In addition delta depositional system represented highly variable geomorphology, where stacked sandbodies and shale bedding are crossing each other frequently. In order to keep a higher production rate, using horizontal wells along with water injection was not enough;therefore, detailed reservoir characterization, well pattern pilot experiment and GeoSteering were used to optimize previous development strategy and keep horizontal trajectories safely landing into reservoir target zone. The stratigraphic sequence architecture that is derived from seismic interpretations captured the variation within these high dip structural backgrounds very effectively. The best combination of choices was “Injecting Water outside from OWC” and “Stair Shaped Horizontal Trajectories”. The borehole collision risks of these optimized strategies were then analyzed and controlled successfully by the GeoSteering tools during trajectory landing process. The reservoir development performance is improved tremendously as result of these renewed development strategies.

Geological characteristics of the southern segment of the Late Sinian–Early Cambrian Deyang-Anyue rift trough in Sichuan Basin, SW China

Based on the latest drilling, seismic and field outcrop data, the geological characteristics(e.g. strata, development and sedimentary evolution) of the southern segment of the Late Sinian–Early Cambrian Deyang–Anyue rift trough in the Sichuan Basin are analyzed. First, the strata in the southern segment are complete. The first to second members of Dengying Formation(Deng 1 + Deng 2) are found with relatively stable thickness(400–550 m), and the third to fourth members(Deng 3+ Deng 4) show great thickness difference between the marginal trough and the inner trough, which is up to 250 m. The Cambrian Maidiping Formation and Qiongzhusi Formation in southern Sichuan Basin are relatively thin, with the thickness changing greatly and frequently. Second, the Deyang–Anyue rift trough extended southward during the Deng 4 period, affecting southern Sichuan Basin. Compared to the middle and northern segments of the rift trough, the southern segment is generally wide, gentle and shallow, with multiple steps, and alternating uplifts and sags, which are distributed in finger shape. Third, the Deng 1 + Deng 2 in southern Sichuan Basin records the dominance of carbonate platform and unobvious sedimentary differentiation, and the Deng 4 exhibits obvious sedimentary differentiation, namely, basin–slope–secondary slope–slope–secondary slope–platform margin–restricted platform, from the inner trough to the marginal trough. Fourth, the rift trough in southern Sichuan Basin has evolved in four stages: stabilization of Deng 1–Deng 2, initialization of Deng 3–Deng 4, filling of Maidiping–Qiongzhusi, and extinction of Canglangpu Formation.

Important Issues of Sustainable Development:Research of Nontraditional Mineral Resources

Nontraditional resources refer to that potential mineral resources are unconsidered and unutilized under actual condition of technique, economic and environment, or some mineral resources are too difficult to find because of geological complexity. There are some signified problems about discovery and exploration of nontraditional mineral resources to be discussed in this paper. It is a very significant project next century, and makes development bases for offspring, which its research and practice the theory of nontraditional mineral resources need interactive combination.

Integrating the geology, seismic attributes, and production of reservoirs to adjust interwell areas: A case from the Mangyshlak Basin of West Kazakhstan

Dynamic models of the seismic,geological,and flow characteristics of a reservoir are the main tool used to evaluate the potential of drilling new infill wells.Static geological models are mainly based on borehole data combined with dynamic analyses of production dynamics.They are used to determine the redevelopment of and adjustments to new drilling locations;however,such models rarely incorporate seismic data.Consequently,it is difficult to control the changes in geological models between wells,which results in the configuration of well positions and predicted results being less than ideal.To improve the development of adjusted areas in terms of their remaining oil contents,we developed a new integrated analysis that combines static sediment modelling,including microfacies analysis(among other reservoir and seismic properties),with production behaviours.Here,we illustrate this new process by(1)establishing favourable areas for static geological analysis;(2)studying well recompletion potential and the condition of non-producing wells;(3)conducting interwell analyses with seismic and sedimentary data;(4)identifying potential sites constrained by seismic and geological studies,as well as initial oilfield production;(5)providing suggestions in a new well development plan.

Core Competitiveness as the Fundamental Guarantee for Sustainable Development of Geo-parks

With the booming development over the past years,geo-parks have achieved impressive progress together with a series of problems.Most importantly,geological tourism is not in prosperity.How to prosper geological tourism and achieve the sustainable development of geoparks is the top concern of workers engaged in tourism geology in China.This article discusses the problem from the perspective of core competitiveness of geo-parks,particularly from three aspects of subject,object and medium,and puts forward methods to form the core competitiveness.