Concentrations,sources,and influential factors of water-soluble ions of atmospheric particles in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes,a world heritage site in China

Atmospheric particle pollution is one of the major factors leading to degradation of ancient wall paintings,particularly heritage sites in arid and semi-arid regions.However,current systematic research on the changes,sources,and influential factors of atmospheric particulate matter and its water-soluble ion concentrations is not sufficient.Thus,the major water-soluble ion concentrations,sources,and influential factors of atmospheric particles PM_(2.5) and PM_(10)(particulate matter with an aerodynamic equivalent diameter≤2.5 and 10.0μm,respectively,in ambient air)were collected from Cave 16 and its ambient exterior environment in the Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes,China,between April 2015 and March 2016.Results showed that the concentrations of PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) inside and outside the cave were the highest in March 2016 and the lowest in December 2015.The higher particle concentration from March to May was related to the frequent occurrence of sand and dust events,and the lower particle concentration from June to September was associated with good diffusion conditions,increased precipitation,and an established cave shelterbelt.The concentration of particulate matter inside the cave was affected by the concentration of particles in the air outside the cave.Ca2+,NH+4,Na+,Cl-,and SO2-4were the main components of the total ions of PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) both inside and outside the cave.The total ions inside the cave were frequently affected by the disturbance of tourists'activities during the peak tourist season from May to August.Under the influence of dust,the total concentrations of Cl-,SO2-4,Na+,NH+4,and Ca2+in particles of different sizes inside and outside the cave increased,and the concentrations of Cl-,SO2-4,Na+,and Ca2+decreased during precipitation period.Backward air mass trajectory analysis suggested that the pollutants were mainly from Xinjiang,China.The pollutant sources of air particulates are straw burning,secondary pollution sources,soil dust,dry spring rivers,and tourist activities.

Characteristics of Aerosol Pollution Under Different Visibility Conditions in Winter in a Coastal Mega-City in China

To investigate chemical profiles and formation mechanisms of aerosol particles in winter haze events,comprehensive measurements including hourly concentrations of PM2.5 and water-soluble inorganic ions and related gasphase precursors were conducted via an online monitoring system from January to March of 2016 in Shenzhen,a coastal mega-city in south China.In this study,high concentrations of PM2.5,NO2 and lower levels of O3 were observed during haze periods in comparison with clear days(Visibility>15 km).The major secondary ionic species were NH+4、NO-3 and SO2-4,which varied significantly on haze and clear days.The ratio of NO-3/SO2-4 in haze days was greater than that on clear days and tended to be larger when air pollution became more serious.At the same time,compared with previous studies,it has been found that the ratio has been increasing gradually in Shenzhen,indicating that the motor vehicle exhaust emissions have a more and more important impact on air quality in Shenzhen.Sulfur oxidation rate(SOR)and nitrogen oxidation rate(NOR)was higher during the haze period than that in clean days,indicating efficient gas to particle conversion.Further analysis shows that high concentrations of sulfate might be explained by aqueous oxidation,but gas-phase reactions might dominate nitrate formation.This study also highlights that wintertime nitrate formation can be an important contributor to aerosol particles,especially during haze periods.

Impact of Winter Transit Air Masses on the Sources and Composition Characteristics of Atmospheric Pollution in Hengyang

Through the integration and analysis platform of particulate matter components,a preliminary comparison was conducted on the pollution contribution of the three winter transit air masses in December to environmental quality,and the changes and related relationships of water-soluble ions and particulate matter elements were analyzed.The results showed that winter transit air masses had a significant impact on the air quality in Hengyang.In the quantitative comparison of the primary pollutant contribution during the transit period of air masses,local sources and transit sources each accounted for half,and the impact of transit source on ambient air quality was much greater than that of seasonal base increase.Fine particulate matter was closely related to secondary ions,and particulate matter was closely related to primary ions.The transit of air masses promoted the improvement of secondary ion conversion rate,and the unit increment of fine particulate matter was greater than that of particulate matter.During the transit period,the mass concentrations of most water-soluble ions and most particulate matter elements maintained synchronous growth,with a superimposed effect.The composition ratio of organic carbon and nitrate ions increased,while the composition ratio of ammonia and sulfate ions decreased.Both disposable ions and secondary conversions in the composition of PM_(2.5)had increases and decreases.The high conversion rate of nitrate and the high composition ratio of ammonia radical in Hengyang indicated that transportation source factors had a significant impact on the local environmental quality of Hengyang.

WSi栅耗尽型高电子迁移率晶体管制作

用国产ＭＢＥ调制掺杂材料研制了具有难熔金属硅化物（ＷＳｉ）栅的耗尽型高电子迁移率晶体管器件。这种低噪声器件的栅长和栅宽分别为１．２～１．５μｍ和２×１６０μｍ。制作该器件的材料的电子迁移率，在３００Ｋ温度下为６０８０ｃｍ２·Ｖ－１ｓ－１，７７Ｋ时为６８０００ｃｍ２·Ｖ－１·ｓ－１。二维电子密度（ｎｓ）为９×１０１１ｃｍ－２。源与漏的触点使用ＡｕＧｅＮｉ／Ａｕ通过蒸发技术制作，为减小触点电阻，在５２０℃的温度下放在氢气环境中合金３ｍｉｎ。ＷＳｉ栅器件的室温跨导为１１０～１３０ｍＡ／Ｖ。可用于通信卫星的３．８３ＧＨｚ及雷达接收机的１．５ＧＨｚ频道。它的噪声系数约为２－３ｄＢ。

Characteristics of size distributions and sources of water-soluble ions in Lhasa during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons

To understand the physical and chemical characteristics, particle size distribution and sources of size-separated aerosols in Lhasa, which is located on the Tibetan Plateau(TP), six sizes of aerosol samples were collected in Lhasa in 2014. Ca^(2+), NH_4^+, NO_3^-,SO_4^(2-)and Cl-were the dominant ions. The ratio of cation equivalents(CE) to anion equivalents(AE) for each particle size segment indicated that the atmospheric aerosols in Lhasa were alkaline. SO_4^(2-)and NO_3^-could be neutralized by Ca^(2+), but could not be neutralized by NH_4^+, according to the [NH_4^+]/[NO_3^-+ SO_4^(2-)] and [Ca^(2+)]/[NO_3^-+ SO_4^(2-)] ratios. Mobile sources were dominant in PM_(0.95-1.5),PM_(1.5-3) and PM_(3-7.2), while stationary sources were dominant in the other three size fractions according to the [NO_3^-]/[SO_4^(2-)] ratios. The particle size distribution of all watersoluble ions during monsoon and non-monsoon periods was characterized by a bimodal distribution due to the different sources and formation mechanisms, and it was revealed that different ions had different sources in different seasons and different particle size segments by combining particle size distribution with correlation analysis. Source analysis of aerosols in Lhasa was performed using the Principal component analysis(PCA) for the first time, which revealed that combustion sources, motor vehicle exhaust, photochemical reaction sources and various types of dust were the main sources of Lhasa aerosols.Furthermore, Lhasa's air quality was also affected by long-distance transmission, expressed as pollutants from South Asia and West Asia, which were transmitted to Lhasa according to backward trajectory analysis.

Comparative study on water-soluble inorganic ions in PM2.5 from two distinct climate regions and air quality

Recently, air quality has significantly improved in developed country, but that issue is of concern in emerging megacity in developing country.In this study, aerosols and their precursor gas were collected by NILU filter pack at two distinct urban sites during the winter and summer in Osaka, Japan and dry and rainy seasons in Ho Chi Minh City(HCMC),Vietnam.The aims are to investigate the contribution of water-soluble inorganic ions(WSIIs) to PM2.5, thermodynamic characterization and possible formation pathway of secondary inorganic aerosol(SIA).The PM2.5 concentration in Osaka(15.8 μg/m^3) is lower than that in HCMC(23.0 μg/m^3), but the concentration of WSIIs in Osaka(9.0 μg/m^3) is two times higher than that in HCMC(4.1 μg/m^3).Moreover, SIA including NH4^+, NO3^-and SO4^2-are major components in WSIIs accounting for 90% and 76%(in molar) in Osaka and HCMC,respectively.Thermodynamic models were used to understand the thermodynamic characterization of urban aerosols.Overall, statistical analysis results indicate that very good agreement(R2> 0.8) was found for all species, except for nitrate aerosol in HCMC.We found that when the crustal species present at high amount, those compositions should be included in model calculation(i.e.in the HCMC situation).Finally, we analyzed the characteristics of NH4^+– NO3^-– SO4^2-system.A possible pathway to produce fine nitrate aerosol in Osaka is via the homogeneous reaction between NH3 and HNO3, while nonvolatile nitrate aerosols can be formed by the heterogeneous reactions in HCMC.

Insights into measurements of water-soluble ions in PM_(2.5)and their gaseous precursors in Beijing

To better understand the characteristics and transformation mechanisms of secondary inorganic aerosols,hourly mass concentrations of water-soluble inorganic ions(WSIIs)in PM_(2.5)and their gaseous precursors were measured online from 2016 to 2018 at an urban site in Beijing.Seasonal and diurnal variations in water-soluble ions and gaseous precursors were discussed and their gas-particle conversion and partitioning were also examined,some related parameters were characterized.The(TNH_(3))Rich was also defined to describe the variations of the excess NH_(3)in different seasons.In addition,a sensitivity test was carried out by using ISORROPIA II to outline the driving factors of gas-particle partitioning.In Beijing,the relative contribution of nitrate to PM_(2.5)has increased markedly in recent years,especially under polluted conditions.In the four seasons,only a small portion of NO_(2)in the atmosphere was converted into total nitrate(TNO_(3)),and more than 80%of TNO_(3)occurred in the form of nitrate due to the abundant ammonia.The concentration of total ammonia(TNH_(3))was much higher than that required to neutralize acid gases,and most of the TNH_(3)occurred as gaseous NH_(3).The nitrous acid(HONO)concentration was highly correlated with NH_(3)concentration and had increased significantly in Beijing compared with previous studies.The total chloride(TCl)was the highest in winter,andε(Cl^(-))was more sensitive to variations in the ambient temperature(T)and relative humidity(RH)thanε(NO_(3)^(-)).

Analysis of Components in Indoor Particles and Pollution Characteristics

Atmospheric particulate samples were collected from four densely populated places in a university,and then the concentration levels of indoor particulates were analyzed.Water-soluble cations and anions in the indoor particles were analyzed through ultrasonic extraction and ion chromatography(IC),and total organic carbon(TOC)content was analyzed by using a TOC analyzer.Organic compounds in the indoor particles were analyzed through ultrasonic extraction and GC-MS.The results showed that among the water-soluble ions,the mass concentration of SO2-4in indoor particles was the highest,so it was the main contributor of water-soluble anions,indicating that combustion of fossil fuels and industrial discharge were main sources of indoor particles at the four sampling points.Water-soluble organic carbon was the main component of water-soluble carbon in indoor particles.Among the four sampling points,the mass concentrations of the 18 organic compounds except for glycerol and phthalic acid were the highest in the cafeteria,so organic components in indoor atmospheric particles were mainly from food sources.

Growth of nitrate contribution to aerosol pollution during wintertime in Xi'an,northwest China:Formation mechanism and effects of NH_(3)

With the strengthened controls on SO2 emissions and extensive increases in motor vehicles'exhaust,aerosol pollution shifts from sulfate-rich to nitrate-rich in recent years in Xi'an,China.To further gain insights into the factors on nitrate formation and efficiently mitigate air pollution,highly time-resolved observations of water-soluble inorganic ions(WSIIs)in PM_(2.5) were measured in a suburban area of Xi'an,China during wintertime.Hourly concentration of total WSIIs is 39.8μg m-3 on average,accounting for 50.3%of PM_(2.5) mass.In contrast to a slight decrease in the mass fraction of SO42-,NO_(3)-shows a sig-nificant increase of the PM_(2.5) contribution with the aggravation of aerosol pollution.This suggests the importance of NO_(3)-formation to haze evolution.Furthermore,homogeneous reactions govern the formation of NO_(3)-,while alkali metals such as calcium and sodium play an additional role in retaining NO_(3)-in PM_(2.5) during clean periods.However,the heterogeneous hydrolysis reaction contributed more to NO_(3)-formation during the pollution periods under high relative humidity.Our investigation reveals that temperature,relative humidity,oxidant,and ammonia emissions facilitate rapid NO_(3)-formation.Using the random forest(RF)model,NO_(3)-concentrations were successfully simulated with measured variables for the training and testing datasets(R2>0.95).Among these variables,CO,NH_(3),and N02 were found to be the main factors affecting the NO_(3)-concentrations.Compared with the period without vehicle re-striction,the contributions of NO_(3)-and NH4+to PM_(2.5) mass decreased by 5.3%and 3.4%in traffic re-striction periods,respectively.The vehicle restriction leads to the decreases of precursor gases of NO2,SO2,and NH_(3) by 12.8%,5.9%,and 27.6%,respectively.The results demonstrate collaborative emission reduction of NOx and NH_(3) by vehicle restrictions,and using new energy vehicles(or electric vehicles)can effectively alleviate particulate matter pollution in northwest China.

公交车燃用生物柴油的颗粒物水溶性离子排放

以一辆国Ⅴ柴油公交车为研究对象,在重型底盘测功机上运行中国典型城市公交循环,试验研究了柴油(D100),体积混合比例分别为5%(B5)、10%(B10)和20%(B20)的废食用油制生物柴油—柴油混合燃料的尾气颗粒物水溶性离子(Water soluble ions,WSI)排放特性.结果表明:国Ⅴ柴油公交车尾气颗粒物呈弱酸性;WSI约占颗粒物质量的3%,主要集中在PM0.5~2.5和PM2.5~18粒径段,阴离子占WSI总量的72%~79%;废食用油制生物柴油对公交车尾气颗粒WSI种类没有影响;随着废食用油制生物柴油混合比例的增加,公交车尾气颗粒物WSI阴、阳离子浓度、颗粒物酸性整体增大,WSI浓度峰值向小粒径段移动;CaCl_(2)和NaCl可能是柴油公交车尾气颗粒物Cl^(-)、Ca^(2+)、Na^(+)的主要存在形式;控制废食用油制生物柴油硫、Na^(+)、Ca^(2+)和Cl^(-)含量,优化缸内燃烧减少NOx排放,对降低柴油公交车尾气颗粒物WSI排放具有重要意义.

Particle size distributions, PM2.5 concentrations and water- soluble inorganic ions in different public indoor environments： a case study in Jinan, China

In this study, we collected particles with aerodynamic diameter≤2.5μm （PM2.5） from three different public indoor places （a supermarket, a commercial office, and a university dining hall） in Jinan, a medium-sized city located in northern China. Water- soluble inorganic ions of PM2.5 and particle size distributions were also measured. Both indoor and outdoor PM2.5 levels （102.3-143.8 μg·m- 3 and 160.2-301.3 μg·m-3, respectively） were substantially higher than the value recommended by the World Health Organization （25 I.μg·m-3）, and outdoor sources were found to be the major contributors to indoor pollutants. Diurnal particle number size distributions were different, while the maximum volume concentrations all appeared to be approximately 300nm in the three indoor locations. Concentrations of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 were shown to exhibit the same variation trends for the supermarket and dining hall. For the office, PM2.5 concentrations during nighttime were observed to decrease sharply. Among others, SO4^2-, NH4＋ and NO3- were found to be the dominant water-soluble ions of both indoor and outdoor particles. Concentrations of NO3- in the supermarket and office during the daytime were observed to decrease sharply, which might be attributed to the fact that the indoor temperature was much higher than the outdoor temperature. In addition, domestic activities such as cleaning, water usage, cooking, and smoking also played roles in degraded indoor air quality. However, the results obtained here might be negatively impacted by the small number of samples and short sampling durations.

Intensified wintertime secondary inorganic aerosol formation during heavy haze pollution episodes(HPEs) in Beijing,China

Air pollution in China is complex,and the formation mechanism of chemical components in particulate matter is still unclear.This study selected three consecutive heavy haze pollution episodes(HPEs)during winter in Beijing for continuous field observation,including an episode with heavy air pollution under red alert.Clean days during the observation period were selected for comparison.The HPE characteristics of Beijing in winter were:under the influence of adverse meteorological conditions such as high relative humidity,temperature inversion and low wind speed;and strengthening of secondary transformation reactions,which further intensified the accumulation of secondary aerosols and other pollutants,promoting the explosive growth of PM_(2.5).PM_(2.5)/CO values,as indicators of the contribution of secondary transformation in PM_(2.5),were approximately 2 times higher in the HPEs than the average PM_(2.5)/CO during the clean period.The secondary inorganic aerosols(sulfate nitrate and ammonium salt)were significantly enhanced during the HPEs,and the conversion coefficients were remarkably improved.In addition,it is interesting to observe that the production of sulfate tended to exceed that of nitrate in the late stage of all three HPEs.The existence of aqueous phase reactions led to the explosive growth sulfur oxidation ratio(SOR)and rapid generation of sulfate under high relative humidity(RH>70%).

太原市大气颗粒物粒径和水溶性离子分布特征

在太原市于2014年7月至2015年4月利用TE-235分级采样器采集PM_(10)分级颗粒物样品,通过离子色谱分析其中9种无机水溶性离子,报道了大气颗粒物(PM_(10))及其水溶性无机离子水平,探讨了其粒径分布、季节变化特征和来源.结果表明,采样期间太原市PM_(10)日平均浓度水平为173.7μg·m^(-3),超过了国家环境空气二级日标准限值(150μg·m^(-3),GB3095-2012);冬季PM_(10)浓度(199.1μg·m^(-3))和春季(194.2μg·m^(-3))较接近,远高于夏季水平(127.7μg·m^(-3)).PM_(10)在<0.95μm和3.0~7.2μm粒径段处呈双峰分布.PM_(10)中总离子浓度季节变化为冬季>夏季>春季,其中SO^(2-)_4、NO^-_3和NH^+_4是主要离子,占总离子的质量分数为66%~80%.分级离子中,SO^(2-)_4、K^+、NH^+_4、Cl^-以及冬、春季的NO^-_3在<0.95μm段呈单峰分布;Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)和夏季NO^-_3均在<0.95μm和3.0~7.2μm段呈双峰分布.相关性分析显示,风速增大对冬夏季的颗粒物及其水溶性离子有稀释作用,但春季沙尘天气则会导致其升高.通过NO^-_3/SO^(2-)_4和Mg^(2+)/Ca^(2+)比值发现,太原市颗粒物中NO^-_3和SO^(2-)_4主要来自于燃煤排放,Mg^(2+)和Ca^(2+)来源为扬尘和煤燃烧排放.

新疆石化工业区颗粒物含水量和酸度对二次无机组分形成的影响

大气二次污染物是新疆独山子区大气污染物的重要组成部分,研究大气中二次组分的转化过程对区域大气污染治理有着重要意义.对新疆独山子区2015年9月至2016年7月采集到的样品进行水溶性组分分析.结果表明,水溶性无机离子(TWSIs)表现出与PM2.5一致的季节变化,为冬季(67.86μg·m^-3)>秋季(13.77μg·m^-3)>春季(10.09μg·m^-3)>夏季(4.85μg·m^-3);冬季二次无机离子(NH4^+、SO4^2-和NO3^-)占TWSIs的98%;结合气溶胶热力学模型(E-AIM)探讨独山子区大气颗粒污染物中颗粒相含水量以及颗粒酸碱性;表明独山子区颗粒物呈酸性,年均原位pH为0.81,其中冬季样品的pH(2.93)值最高;颗粒含水季节变化为冬季(331.32μg·m^-3)>秋季(5.91μg·m^-3)>春季(5.46μg·m^-3)>夏季(1.62μg·m^-3);年均氮氧化率(NOR)和硫氧化率(SOR)分别为0.13和0.47,表明区域污染物存在二次转化;进一步分析表明颗粒相中的硫酸盐质量浓度受到颗粒含水量和颗粒酸碱度的影响较为明显;高的颗粒相含水条件下区域硝酸盐的形成主要以非均相反应为主.

Atmospheric fine particles in a typical coastal port of Yangtze River Delta

In recent decades, coastal ports have experienced rapid development and become an important economic and ecological hub in China. Atmospheric particle is a research hotspot in atmospheric environmental sciences in inland regions. However, few studies on the atmospheric particle were conducted in coastal port areas in China, which indeed suffers atmospheric particle pollution. Lack of the physicochemical characteristics of fine particles serves as an obstacle toward the accurate control for air pollution in the coastal port area in China. Here, a field observation was conducted in an important coastal port city in Yangtze River Delta from March 6 to March 19, 2019. The average PM2.5 concentration was 63.7 ±27.8 μg/m^3 and NO3^-, SO4^2-, NH4^+, and organic matter accounted for ?60% of PM 2.5. Fe was the most abundant trace metal element and V as the ship emission indicator was detected. Transmission electron microscopy images showed that SK-rich, soot, Fe, SK-soot and SK-Fe were the major individual particles in the coastal port. V and soluble Fe were detected in sulfate coating of SK-Fe particles. We found that anthropogenic emissions, marine sea salt, and secondary atmosphere process were the major sources of fine particles. Backward trajectory analysis indicated that the dominant air masses were marine air mass, inland air mass from northern Zhejiang and inland-marine mixed air mass from Shandong and Shanghai during the sampling period. The findings can help us better understand the physicochemical properties of atmospheric fine particles in the coastal port of Eastern China.