Study on Dyeing Performance of Cationic Water-soluble Sulphur Black on Silk

A novel polyquaternaryammonium cationic sulphur black dye was synthesized and its dyeing behavior on silk was studied. The dye exhibited excellent dyeing fixation of up to 98.2 %, as well as excellent dyeing fastness on silk.

Genome-Wide Exploration of the Grape GLR Gene Family and Differential Responses of VvGLR3.1 and VvGLR3.2 to Low Temperature and Salt Stress

Grapes,one of the oldest tree species globally,are rich in vitamins.However,environmental conditions such as low temperature and soil salinization significantly affect grape yield and quality.The glutamate receptor(GLR)family,comprising highly conserved ligand-gated ion channels,regulates plant growth and development in response to stress.In this study,11 members of the VvGLR gene family in grapes were identified using whole-genome sequence analysis.Bioinformatic methods were employed to analyze the basic physical and chemical properties,phylogenetic trees,conserved domains,motifs,expression patterns,and evolutionary relationships.Phylogenetic and collinear analyses revealed that the VvGLRs were divided into three subgroups,showing the high conservation of the grape GLR family.These members exhibited 2 glutamate receptor binding regions(GABAb and GluR)and 3-4 transmembrane regions(M1,M2,M3,and M4).Real-time quantitative PCR analysis demonstrated the sensitivity of all VvGLRs to low temperature and salt stress.Subsequent localization studies in Nicotiana tabacum verified that VvGLR3.1 and VvGLR3.2 proteins were located on the cell membrane and cell nucleus.Additionally,yeast transformation experiments confirmed the functionality of VvGLR3.1 and VvGLR3.2 in response to low temperature and salt stress.Thesefindings highlight the significant role of the GLR family,a highly conserved group of ion channels,in enhancing grape stress resistance.This study offers new insights into the grape GLR gene family,providing fundamental knowledge for further functional analysis and breeding of stress-resistant grapevines.

A study of the properties of hydrophobically associating water-soluble polymers used in drilling fluids

Hydrophobically associating water-soluble polymers (HPAP) have been synthesized from acrylamide(AM), acrylate (AA), 2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) and hydrophobic monomer (AP) in aqueous solution by radical polymerization. New polymer drilling fluids are made up of HPAP, which is used as viscosifiers and encapsulation agents. Properties of this system are reported in this paper. Results indicate that this system has a high value of yield point to plastic viscosity (YP/PV≥0.7), high viscosity at a low-shear rate (LSRV≥30000mPa·s), excellent shear thinning behavior, good solid-carrying behavior, resistance to shear, good thermal stability (as high as 140℃) and salt resistance. The system has excellent behavior in high-density solution of NaCl and in calcium and magnesium rich saline solutions. Hence, HPAP also can be used in saltwater polymer drilling fluids.

Studies on a Cationically Modified Quaternary Ammonium Salt of Lignin

A new quaternary ammonium salt monomer was synthesized and a quaternary amination of lignin（ noted as QL）, with the monomer was carried out by grafting copolymerization. The products were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy（ FTIR）. The experimental results indicate that the yield of the monomer was 99.06%, and the conversion of the monomer and the grafting yield of QL were 93.69% and 185.78%, respectively. The feasibility of QL as the flocculant to be applied in color removal of five artificial dyes, erioehrome black T（dye A）, gongo red（dye B ）, direct fast black G （dye C ）, cuprofix blue green B （dye D ）, and acid black ATT （dye E ） was examined. Results show that OL exhihits the favorable flocculation nerformance and high stability.

Synthesis and Characterization of Alkoxy and Phenoxy-substituted Ferrocenium Salt Cationic Photoinitiators

Alkyl-substituted ferrocenium salts have limited solubility in epoxy oligomers and produce poisonous arene by photolysis. Herein, the synthesis and photoactivity of several alkoxy-substituted ferrocenium salts as long-wavelength UV light photoinitiators have been reported. [Cyclopendadien-Fe-anisole]PF6, [Cyclopendadien-Fe-anisole]BF4, [Cyclopendadien-Fe-diphenylether]PF6, [Cyclopendadien-Fe-diphenylether]BF4. and [Cyclopendadien-Fe-diethoxybenzene] PF6 for polymerization of epoxy resin were prepared through the ligand exchange reaction between one ring of ferrocene and aromatic ether. They all display good solubility and photoinitiating activities in epoxy resins.

ESR Studies on N-Alkylphenothiazine Radical Cation Salts

he stable radical cation salts of phenothiazine and N-alkyl-phenothiazine(alkyl =methyl , ethyl , isohutyl , isopentyl and benzyl) hexachloroantimonate ,per-chlorate , and iodide were prepared by means of one-electron oxidation with 2 ,2 , 6 ,6-tetramethyl- 4-acetoxypiperidine oxoammonium hexachloroantimonate , perchloricacid, hydrogen peroxide, and molecular iodine, respectively. The radical cationswere characterized using ESR spectroscopy. Conformational analysis based on theESR parameters suggests that the radical cations adopt a planar configuration withthe nitrogen radical as the center.

Novel Ferricenium Tetrafluoroborate Salt as Latent Thermal Cationic Initiator for Curing of Epoxy Resins

A novel latent thermal initiator, ferricenium tetrafluoroborate salt (FcBF4), for cationic polymerization of epoxides is reported. The activities of FcBF4 for different epoxides, including bisphenol-A-type epoxy oligomer E44, cycloaliphatic epoxy ERL4221, and glycidylether epoxy GGE, were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results showed a moderate thermal initiation activity for E44 and GGE at 78℃ and 108℃ respectively. When adding GGE to E44, the reaction was enhanced. The temperature of thermal degradation of the cured specimens for the system of E44/FcBF4, E44+10%GGE/FcBF4 and E44+10%ERL4221/FcBF4 is higher than 350℃.

Concentrations,sources,and influential factors of water-soluble ions of atmospheric particles in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes,a world heritage site in China

Atmospheric particle pollution is one of the major factors leading to degradation of ancient wall paintings,particularly heritage sites in arid and semi-arid regions.However,current systematic research on the changes,sources,and influential factors of atmospheric particulate matter and its water-soluble ion concentrations is not sufficient.Thus,the major water-soluble ion concentrations,sources,and influential factors of atmospheric particles PM_(2.5) and PM_(10)(particulate matter with an aerodynamic equivalent diameter≤2.5 and 10.0μm,respectively,in ambient air)were collected from Cave 16 and its ambient exterior environment in the Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes,China,between April 2015 and March 2016.Results showed that the concentrations of PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) inside and outside the cave were the highest in March 2016 and the lowest in December 2015.The higher particle concentration from March to May was related to the frequent occurrence of sand and dust events,and the lower particle concentration from June to September was associated with good diffusion conditions,increased precipitation,and an established cave shelterbelt.The concentration of particulate matter inside the cave was affected by the concentration of particles in the air outside the cave.Ca2+,NH+4,Na+,Cl-,and SO2-4were the main components of the total ions of PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) both inside and outside the cave.The total ions inside the cave were frequently affected by the disturbance of tourists'activities during the peak tourist season from May to August.Under the influence of dust,the total concentrations of Cl-,SO2-4,Na+,NH+4,and Ca2+in particles of different sizes inside and outside the cave increased,and the concentrations of Cl-,SO2-4,Na+,and Ca2+decreased during precipitation period.Backward air mass trajectory analysis suggested that the pollutants were mainly from Xinjiang,China.The pollutant sources of air particulates are straw burning,secondary pollution sources,soil dust,dry spring rivers,and tourist activities.

Influence of Inorganic Salts on the Adsorption of Cationically Modified Starch to Fibers

The article is focused on the influence of inorganic salts on the adsorption of cationically modified starch to fibers. Results show that low concentrations of inorganic salts usually affect the process of adsorption in a positive way. Adsorption efficiency at higher concentrations, however, depends on the type of inorganic salts as well as the sequence of adding inorganic salts and starch to paper suspension.

Synthesis and Characterization of Alkoxy and Phenoxy-substituted Ferrocenium Salt Cationic Photoinitiators

Alkyl-substituted ferrocenium salts have limited solubility in epoxy oligomers and produce poisonous arene by photolysis. Herein, the synthesis and photoactivity of several alkoxy-substituted ferrocenium salts as long-wavelength UV light photoinitiators have been reported. [Cyclopendadien-Fe-anisole]PF6, [Cyclopen- dadien-Fe-anisole]BF4, [Cyclopendadien-Fe-diphenylether]PF6, [Cyclopendadien-Fe-diphenylether]BF4, and [Cyclopendadien-Fe-diethoxybenzene] PF6 for polymerization of epoxy resin were prepared through the ligand exchange reaction between one ring of ferrocene and aromatic ether. They all display good solubility and photoini- tiating activities in epoxy resins.

Decondensation behavior of DNA chains induced by multivalent cations at high salt concentrations:Molecular dynamics simulations and experiments

Using molecular dynamics simulations and atomic force microscopy （AFM）, we study the decondensation process of DNA chains induced by multivalent cations at high salt concentrations in the presence of short cationic chains in solutions. The typical simulation conformations of DNA chains with varying salt concentrations for multivalent cations imply that the concentration of salt cations and the valence of multivalent cations have a strong influence on the process of DNA decondensation. The DNA chains are condensed in the absence of salt or at low salt concentrations, and the compacted conformations of DNA chains become loose when a number of cations and anions are added into the solution. It is explicitly demonstrated that cations can overcompensate the bare charge of the DNA chains and weaken the attraction interactions between the DNA chains and short cationic chains at high salt concentrations. The condensation-decondensation transi- tions of DNA are also experimentally observed in mixing spermidine with X-phage DNA at different concentrations of NaCl/MgCl2 solutions.

Synergistic effect of salts on inducingobvious viscoelastic behavior of cationic trimeric surfactant solutions

A viscoelastic system formed by the solutions of di（2-hydroxyl-dimethylene ether）-α,ω, y-triple （ dimethyloctadecylammonium chlorine ） （ 18-4 （ OH ） -18-4 （ OH ） -18 ） is proposed to solve the problems of poor temperature and shear resistances of clean fracturing fluid. The apparent viscosity of 18-4（ OH）-18-4（ OH）-18 solution affected by inorganic salt, hydrotropic salt and their mixtures is investigated using steady state measurements. Meanwhile, the temperature and shear resistances of systems of 18-4（ OH）-18-4（ OH）-18 and several common single-chain surfactants are compared. The rheological experiments show that, the coexistence of NaSal and NaC1 makes it easier for the system to promote micellar growth yielding wormlike micelles than single NaSal or NaC1. The apparent vis- cosity of 18-4（OH） -18-4（OH） -18 solution maintains over 87. 5 mPa-s above 100 22. The results indi- cate that there exists a synergistic effect in solutions of 18-4 （ OH ） -18-4 （ OH ） -18 trimeric surfactant

季铵盐阳离子改性剂的合成及其在栀子黄染色棉织物中的应用

为了提升天然植物染料栀子黄在纤维素纤维上的染色性能,设计合成了一系列以3-氯-2-羟丙基为反应基团、季铵盐为阳离子基团的阳离子改性剂,通过亲核加成反应在纤维素纤维上引入季铵基团,提升栀子黄染料对阳离子改性纤维素纤维的染色性能。借助电喷雾电离-串联质谱法(ESI-MS)、核磁共振氢谱(~1H NMR)对合成的不同烷基链长的季铵盐改性剂分子结构进行表征。通过红外光谱图和X射线光电子能谱图证实季铵盐化合物以醚键形式成功接枝在棉织物上。采用栀子黄染料对改性棉织物染色,比较不同烷基链长改性剂改性棉织物的染色K/S值发现,改性剂烷基链长为12时最佳,上染率为85.46%,K/S值为4.33。进一步研究染色工艺条件对染色织物K/S值、上染百分率以及色牢度的影响,结果表明,在染色温度为80℃,pH值为9,时间为60 min时,经3-氯-2-羟丙基二甲基辛烷氯化铵(CH-12)改性棉织物染色性能最佳,其上染率为88.07%,K/S值为4.71,耐皂洗牢度及耐摩擦色牢度均可达到3级以上。研究结果表明,CH-12改性棉织物可实现无盐染色,且改性织物的上染率、固色率、耐皂洗和耐摩擦牢度均优于未改性织物的传统有盐染色。

基于阳离子调控的ADN防吸湿技术

二硝酰胺铵(ADN)作为一种极具应用前景的氧化剂,其阳离子NH4+易与空气中的水分子形成氢键,因而存在强吸湿性缺点,无法实现大规模化工程应用。据此,研究提出一种阳离子调控策略,结合Schiff base反应和离子交换反应,以对苯二甲醛(TPA)、氨基胍盐酸盐(AGC)和ADN为原料,通过操作简单、安全高效的一锅法反应,成功合成出含二价阳离子的新型二硝酰胺类含能离子盐(DBDN)。采用元素分析、红外光谱和核磁光谱等对其化学结构进行表征,同时结合热分析、机械感度测试和理论计算对其理化性能进行分析,并采用干燥器平衡法对ADN和DBDN进行吸湿性研究。结果显示,DBDN的撞击感度(IS)、摩擦感度(FS)和热分解温度(T_(d))分别为>40 J、16%和225℃,其安定性要远优于ADN(5 J、76%和198℃)。此外,在25℃、相对湿度(RH)分别为66%和75%的条件下,静置9 d后,ADN的吸湿率高达24.1%和39.5%,而DBDN仅为0.26%和0.48%,表现出不吸湿特性。

Preparation and application of cationized pulp fiber as a papermaking wet-end additive

Cationized pulp fibers （CPF） were prepared by the adsorption of a novel biodegradable cationic ester quaternary ammonium salt （31441） on bleached softwood kraft pulp fibers. The optimized conditions for the CPF preparation were： 4% of 31441 （based on oven-dry pulp）, 80℃ and 30 rain. The CPF was characterized by FT-IR, SEM and XPS. Experimental results showed that the CPF improved the retention of precipitated calcium carbonate （PCC） filler significantly. With 0.9% CPF （based on oven-dry pulp）, the retention of PCC increased from 57.53% to 72.21%. The physical properties of paper were also slightly improved. The tensile strength and burst strength of the paper with CPF were higher than those with CPAM. CPF addition had no effect on the stock drainage.

有机鎓盐类光生酸剂研究及其应用进展

光照下碘鎓盐、硫鎓盐类光生酸剂分解产生的质子强酸可促使环氧、乙烯基醚等单体发生阳离子聚合,因此在许多领域具有广泛的应用潜力。综述了碘鎓盐类、硫鎓盐类以及不同类型阴离子光生酸剂的改性、合成以及在阳离子聚合中的应用,同时介绍了鎓盐类光生酸剂作为金属催化烯烃插入聚合助催化剂的应用,并对鎓盐类光生酸剂的未来前景进行了展望。

海盐阳离子对硫铝酸盐水泥性能的影响研究

本试验探究海水中常见阳离子对硫铝酸盐水泥(SAC)性能的影响规律,旨在为海工混凝土的研究及实际工程应用提供参考.根据海水中阳离子浓度配制1倍、1.5倍、2倍和2.5倍对应浓度的乙酸盐溶液作为拌和水,研究海盐阳离子种类及浓度对硫铝酸盐水泥砂浆的工作性能、物理性质、力学性能以及净浆凝结时间的影响,并通过微观试验分析水泥水化产物和微观结构.结果表明,钠离子和钙离子掺入缩短SAC凝结时间,钾离子对其凝结时间影响不大,镁离子显著延长SAC凝结时间,流动度变差.阳离子掺入降低水泥净浆孔隙率和吸水率,较高浓度倍数阳离子掺入不利于水泥砂浆的抗折强度,但有利于其抗压强度.

Ion-exchange-induced Bi and K dual-doping of TiOx in molten salts for high-performance electrochemical nitrogen reduction

Electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (e NRR) at the ambient conditions is attractive for ammonia(NH_(3)) synthesis due to its energy-efficient and eco-friendly features. However, the extremely strong N≡N triple-bonds in nitrogen molecules and the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction lead to the unsatisfactory NH_(3) yield and the Faradaic efficiency (FE) of e NRR, making the development of high-performance catalysts with adequate active sites and high selectivity essential for further development of e NRR.Addressing this, we herein report a Bi and K dual-doped titanium oxide (BTO@KTO) material, which is prepared by a cation exchange reaction between K_(2)Ti_(4)O_(5) and molten BiCl_(2), for high-performance e NRR catalysts. Benefiting from the controllable molten-salt cation exchange process, a highly active surface containing Bi/K sites and rich oxygen vacancies has been obtained on titanium oxide. Under the synergy of these two merits, an efficient e NRR catalysis, with the NH_(3) yield rate of 32.02 μg h^(-1)mg_(cat)^(-1) and the FE of 12.71%, has been achieved, much superior to that of pristine K_(2)Ti_(4)O_(9). This work thus offers a highperformance electrocatalyst for e NRR, and more importantly, a versatile cation-exchange strategy for efficiently manipulating materials’ functionalities.

Quick Clay Development and Cation Composition of Pore Water in Marine Sediments from the Ariake Bay Area, Japan

By analyzing the cation composition of pore water in the soil samples of Ariake Bay sediments, the present study assesses the development of quick clay by leaching in both the original and seawater-saturated soil samples. Divalent cations were dominant in the pore water of the original soil sample, whereas Na+ was the major cation in that of the seawater-saturated soil sample. The cation proportion in the pore water for both soil samples remained the same after leaching. The difference in pore water cation composition between the original and seawater-saturated soil samples affected how their geotechnical properties changed through leaching. The undisturbed shear strength of both soil samples remained almost the same, but a large disparity between the soil samples was observed in the remolded shear strength: it remained almost the same in the original soil sample after leaching. Hence, sensitivity was not increased and quick clay was not formed. However, in the seawater-saturated soil sample, the remolded shear strength decreased to a great extent, and quick clay with a sensitivity exceeding 700 developed. The lack of development of quick clay in the original soil sample is attributed to the dominance of divalent cations in the pore water, and the development of quick clay in the seawater-saturated soil sample is ascribed to the dominance of Na+ in the pore water.

Antioxidant responses and salt stress tolerance of Aloe vera irrigated by seawater with different salinity

The variations of antioxidant enzyme activities including superoxide dismutase （SOD： EC 1.15.1.1）, peroxidase （POD： EC 1.11.1.7） and catalase （CAT： EC 1.11.1.6）, lipid peroxidation and major electrolytes in Aloe vera irrigated for three years with seawater having different salinity were studied. The results indicate that POD activity increased significantly at 10% seawater level, whereas decreased at higher seawater levels. The SOD activity decreased with increasing seawater concentration except for treatment with 100% seawater （denoted as T100%） under long-term salt stress. Salinity decreased CAT activity,and increased lipid peroxidation and cell membrane injury. In addition, Ca^2＋ content was high in Aloe irrigated by seawater of low salinity level, but low in Aloe irrigated by seawater of high salinity level. An opposite trend was observed for the effect of seawater on Na^＋ content of plants. K^＋ and Mg^2＋ contents remain relatively stable under various seawater levels, which benefit plant growth.