Analysis on Demonstration Application of Silicon Fertilizer in Field Cultivation of Rice

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the scientific application of silicon fertilizer in rice cultivation,one of the staple crops.[Methods]In 2022,Yandu District carried out a special experiment and field demonstration study on the effects of foliar application of Zhengda water-soluble silicon fertilizer on rice production.[Results]The preliminary results showed that①Zhengda water-soluble silicon fertilizer could effectively improve the growth and development of rice and improve the population quality.The peak number of tillers,productive tiller percentage,number of effective panicles and number of effective grains per panicle increased by 6.7%,5.8%,5.5%,and 1.2%,respectively.②The yield and processing quality were improved.After applying silicon fertilizer,the yield per unit area increased by about 6.8%,and the unpolished rice yield,milled rice yield and head rice yield increased by 0.7%,1.94%and 2.15%respectively.[Conclusions]The demonstration application of silicon fertilizer in field cultivation of rice in Yandu District further proves previous research conclusions and has important practical significance.

Evaluation of Application Effect of Silicon-containing Water-soluble Fertilizer on Fast Vegetables

[Objectives]The study aims to verify the application effect of silicon-containing water-soluble fertilizer on fast vegetables.[Methods]Two vegetable crops,rape and lettuce,were studied,and three treatments were set up,including treatment 1(conventional fertilization+foliar spraying of silicon-containing water-soluble fertilizer,treatment 2(conventional fertilization+foliar spraying of the same amount of clear water),and treatment 3(conventional fertilization).[Results]The yield of lettuce and rape in treatment 1 increased by 15.1%and 8.6%,respectively;compared with treatment 3,the yield of lettuce and rape rose by 18.6%and 10.9%,respectively.Variance analysis shows that the F values of lettuce and rape were 20.938 and 35.372,respectively,and the differences among various treatments were extremely significant.[Conclusions]The application of silicon-containing water-soluble fertilizer on lettuce and rape significantly increased their yield.

Effects of Different Analog Water-soluble Fertilizers on Flue-cured Tobacco

This study aimed to investigate the application effect of analog water-soluble fertilizer as an alternative of flue-cured tobacco-specific topdressing fertilizer. A field experiment was conducted, and the dry matter accumulation, intrinsic chemical composition, smoking quality and economic benefit of flue-cured tobacco were compared between analog water-soluble fertilizer and conventional fertilizer, The results showed compared with conventional fertilizer, analog water-soluble fertilizer increased the dry matter accumulation in flue-cured tobacco by 4.90%-16.70%, increased the yield of flue-cured tobacco by 6%-15%, and increased the output of flue-cured tobacco by 5%-14%. In terms of chemical composition, the flue-cured tobacco applied with analog water-soluble fertilizer was better than that applied with conventional fertilizer, except the nicotine content in the upper leaves, the potassium content in the middle leaves and the reducing sugar content. The smoking quality of both the upper and middle leaves of flue-cured tobacco in the analog water-soluble fertilizer treatment groups was better than that in the conventional fertilizer treatment group. In short, analog water-soluble fertilizer was better than conventional fertilizer, with advantages of lower cost （reduced by 381.60 yuan/hm2）, lower application amount （reduced by 165 kg/hm2） and higher utilization efficiency.

Screening Test of Water-soluble Fertilizers for Watermelon(Citrullus lanatus)

[Objectives] This study was conducted to find water-soluble fertilizers( WSFs) suitable for watermelon cultivation in Hainan area.[Methods] The effects of three WSFs on watermelon yield and quality were studied.[Results]Fahai·Jiabao WSF improved watermelon yield by 7.87% compared with the CK,and showed a net increase of income of 538.4 yuan/667 m^2.And it could significantly improve soluble sugar,Vc and protein contents,and could effectively reduce nitrate content.[Conclusions]Fahai·Jiabao WSF is the optimal WSF for integration of water and fertilizer,and has the market prospect of large-area application and extension.

Effects of Silicon-Based Fertilizer on Growth, Yield and Nutrient Uptake of Rice in Tropical Zone of Vietnam

Application of silicon(Si) could greatly boost rice yield and mitigate abiotic stress,especially drought.A field experiment was conducted during 2015 at the research farm of Hong Duc University,Thanh Hoa City,Vietnam,to evaluate the effects of five different combined doses of standard fertilizer practice and Si fertilizer on growth,yield and yield components,as well as nutrient uptake of rice.The treatments consisted of the recommended dose of fertilizer(RDF,110 kg/hm^2 N + 90 kg/hm^2 P_2O_5 + 80 kg/hm^2 K_2O) as the control,RDF + 100 kg/hm^2 SiO_2,RDF + 200 kg/hm^2 SiO_2,RDF + 300 kg/hm^2 SiO_2 and RDF + 400 kg/hm^2 SiO_2.The results showed that the growth,grain and straw yields as well as yield components(number of grains per panicle,seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight) were significantly affected by Si application.The highest grain yield of 3 705 kg/hm^2 was obtained with the highest level of Si fertilizer in combination with RDF(RDF + 400 kg/hm^2 SiO_2),however,it was statistically at par with the yields obtained with RDF + 300 kg/hm^2 SiO_2(3 664 kg/hm^2) and RDF + 200 kg/hm^2 SiO_2(3 621 kg/hm^2).The optimum dose of Si fertilizer with maximized grain yield(3 716 kg/hm^2) was 329 kg/hm^2 SiO_2.The nutrient(Si,N,P and K) uptakes of rice were also significantly enhanced by Si application.Si application at the level of 329 kg/hm^2 along with RDF would help in the sustainable production of rice in the tropical zone of Vietnam.

Application of iron and silicon fertilizers reduces arsenic accumulation by two Ipomoea aquatica varities

A 45 d pot experiment was conducted to examine the effects of silicon fertilizer or iron fertilizer on the growth of two typical Ipomoea aquatica cultivars（Daye and Liuye） and arsenic（As） accumuation of Daye and Liuye grown in As-contaminated soils at different As dosage levels. The results showed that the application of these two fertilizers generally enhanced the growth of the plants, which may be partly attributable to the reduction in As toxicity. The addition of these two fertilizers also significantly reduced the uptake of As by the plants though the iron fertilizer was more effective, as compared to the silicon fertilizer. The accumulation of As in shoot portion was weaker for Daye than for Liuye. The research findings obtained from this study have implications for developing cost-effective management strategies to minimize human health impacts from consumption of As-containing I. aquatica.

Effects of Silicon Fertilizer on Rice Blast (Magnaporthe oryzae) Green Control, Rice Growth and Yield

Three doses of silicon fertilizer and seven dominant rice varieties were selected to study the effects of silicon fertilizer on rice blast(Magnaporthe oryzae)green control,rice growth and yield.The results showed application of silicon fertilizer had certain control effect on panicle blast,and was beneficial for rice growth and yield.However,application effect varied among different varieties,and application of silicon fertilizer at the dose of 225 kg/hm2 received the best effect.Applying silicon fertilizer to control rice blast is safe and environmental-friendly,which is beneficial to the production of green food production.

Effects of Silicon Fertilizer on Growth of Kohlrabi(Brassica oleracea L.var.caulorapa DC.)and Plutella xylostella

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the control effects of silicon fertilizer on growth of kohlrabi(Brassica oleracea L.var.caulorapa DC.)and Plutella xylostella.[Methods]Yougui and Guishen were selected and sprayed onto kohlrabi for 1,2 and 3 times,forming difference treatments.[Results]Spraying the two kinds of silicon fertilizers for different times promoted the growth of leaf length,leaf width and leaf thickness of kohlrabi,improved chlorophyll contents in kohlrabi leaves and corm yield,and adversely affected P.xylostella.Furthermore,higher treatment times led to a more remarkably effect and higher harm to P.xylostella.[Conclusions]In production,spraying silicon fertilizer onto maize for 2-3 times could realize the purposes of improving kohlrabi yield and alleviating damage by P.xylostella.

Effects of Two Silicon Fertilizers on Maize Growth and Tetranychus truncatus Ehara

[ Objectives] This study was conducted to investigate the effect of silicon fertilizer on maize growth and Tetranychus truncatus Ehara. [ Methods ] Yougui and Guishen were selected and sprayed onto maize for 1, 2 and 3 times, forming difference treatments. [ Results ] Spraying the two kinds of silicon fertilizers for different times promoted the growth of plant height, leaf length, leaf width and leaf thickness of maize, increased chlorophyll contents in maize leaves and yield of single ear, and also adversely affected T. truncatus （i. e. , increased the death rate of T. truncatus）. The more the treatment times of silicon fertilizer, the more remarkable the effect, and the higher the adverse effect on T. truncatus. [ Conclusions] In production, spraying silicon fertilizer onto maize for 2 -3 times could realize the purposes of increasing maize yield and alleviating the danlage by T. truncatus.

Nonlinear Doping, Chemical Passivation and Photoluminescence Mechanism in Water-Soluble Silicon Quantum Dots by Mechanochemical Synthesis

A series of boron- and phosphorus-doped silicon wafers are used to prepare a series of doped silicon nanocrystals （nc-Si） by high-energy ball milling with carboxylic acid-terminated surface. The sizes of the nc-Si samples are demonstrated to be 〈 S nm. The doping levels of the nc-Si are found to be nonlinearly dependent on the original doping level of the wafers by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurement. It is found that the nonlinear doping process will lead to the nonlinear chemical passivation and photoluminescence （I3L） intensity evolution. The doping, chemical passivation and PL mechanisms of the doped nc-Si samples prepared by mechanochemical synthesis are analyzed in detail.

Status of Heavy Metal Contamination in Paddy Soil of Guangxi Province and Effect of Silicon Fertilization on Cd Content in Brown Rice

[Objective] To provide a scientific basis for the management of Cd contamination, the status of Cd contamination in paddy soil of Guangxi Province, as well as the effect of silicon fertilization on Cd content in brown rice, was investigated. [Method] A total of 157 topsoil（0-20 cm） samples were collected from the major rice-growing paddy fields in Guangxi Province. The Cd contents in the topsoil samples were determined. The paddy soil environment quality and potential ecological risk were evaluated by single factor index and potential ecological index methods. In addition, in the Cd-contaminated paddy fields, the effects of different silicon fertilization treatments（no application（CK）, soil application of 750 kg/hm^2 silicon fertilizer（S）, leaf application of 1 500 L/hm^2 0.2% nanometer silicon（L）, soil application of 750 kg/hm^2 silicon fertilizer ＋ leaf application of 1 500 L/hm^2 0.2% nanometer silicon（SL）） on Cd content in brown rice were investigated. [Result] The total Cd contents in the 157 topsoil samples from paddy fields of Guangxi Province ranged from 0.02 to 7.33 mg/kg with an average content of 0.53 mg/kg. The Cd contents in 35.03% of the topsoil samples exceeded the grade II of national soil environment quality standards, and the topsoil samples were dominated by moderate and mild Cd contamination. Different silicon fertilization treatment all significantly reduced the Cd content in brown rice（P〈0.05）. In the treatment III, the Cd content in brown rice was lowest. Compared with that in the CK group, the Cd content in brown rice in the treatment III was reduced by 73.45%, in the treatment II was reduced by 62.07%, and in the treatment I was reduced by 34.48%. [Conclusion] The Cd in paddy fields of Guangxi Province showed a moderate to high ecological risk,and rational application of silicon fertilizer could effectively reduce the Cd content in brown rice.

Available Silicon Contents of Paddy Soils and the Effect of Silicon Fertilization on Rice in Sichuan Province

Based on the results of field trials and soil and plant measurements, the available silicon contents ofpaddy soils, their relations with the SiO_2 content of rice plant, the relationships between rice yield on theone hand and the SiO_2 content and SiO_2/N ratio of rice plant on the other, the effects of silicon on riceyield and resistance to diseases and pests and the effective conditions and causes for increasing rice yield inSichuan Basin are expounded in the present paper. The study results show that about one half of the paddysoils developed from yellow soil, purple soil, alluvial soil, etc. in Sichuan Province were insufficient in siliconsupply. Critical values for silicon fertilization were 98 mg kg￣(-1) available Si in the paddy soils and < 112.8gkg￣(-1) SiO_2 in the rice plants. A SiO_2 content of rice plant over 121.6g kg￣(-1) and a SiO_2/N ratio maintainedat about 12 were required for gaining a rice yield of 7500 kg ha￣(-1). The yield increase by silicon fertilizationwas due to the improvement of silicon nutrition in rice plants and the balance of SiO_2/N ratio, and the reasonfor enhanced resistance to diseases and pests was concerned with the inhibition of luxury N absorption andthe raising of plant SiO_2/N ratio. Silicon fertilization tended to balance the uptake of N, P and K by riceplant .

Preparation and characterization of controlled-release fertilizers coated with marine polysaccharide derivatives

Encapsulation of water-soluble nitrogen fertilizers by membranes can be used to control the release of nutrients to maximize the fertilization ef fect and reduce environmental pollution.In this research,we formulated a new double-coated controlled-release fertilizer(CRF)by using food-grade microcrystalline wax(MW)and marine polysaccharide derivatives(calcium alginate and chitosan-glutaraldehyde copolymer).The pellets of water-soluble nitrogen fertilizer were coated with the marine polysaccharide derivatives and MW.A convenient and eco-friendly method was used to prepare the CRF.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)were used to characterize the morphology and composition of the products.The nitrogen-release properties were determined in water using UV-Vis spectrophotometry.The controlled-release properties of the fertilizer were improved dramatically after coating with MW and the marine polysaccharide derivatives.The results show that the double-coated CRFs can release nitrogen in a controlled manner,have excellent controlled-release features,and meet the European Standard for CRFs.

噻唑膦与硅肥联合使用对甘薯茎线虫病的防治效果

为了有效控制甘薯茎线虫病的危害,通过盆栽试验和田间试验分别研究了不同种类硅肥及噻唑膦对甘薯茎线虫病的防控效果。室内试验结果表明,单独施用硅肥对甘薯茎线虫病防治效果较差,但10%噻唑膦颗粒剂与不同种类硅肥联合使用后可显著降低甘薯种薯及薯苗受线虫侵染率,其效果优于单独使用等量的10%噻唑膦颗粒剂。田间施用噻唑膦后再增施硅肥,可使噻唑膦防治效果显著增高,甘薯受害率降低,甘薯产量提高。其中硅肥途保佳15 L/hm^(2)与10%噻唑膦颗粒剂18 kg/hm^(2)或22.5 kg/hm^(2)联合使用后,对茎线虫病的防治效果均达到87%以上,显著高于10%噻唑膦颗粒剂22.5 kg/hm^(2)处理。联合施用硅肥可以在减少噻唑膦用量情况下保持对茎线虫病较高防效,具有较好的推广应用前景。

缓控释肥硅基膜材的制备与表征

以钙镁磷肥、硅丙树脂为主要原料,加入甲基硅酸钠作粘结剂,制备了缓控释肥硅基膜材,并采用撒粉离心包衣、底喷式流化床工艺制备了密封型硅钙镁磷肥、粘结型硅钙镁磷肥、改性硅丙树脂3种包膜尿素,通过静水试验研究了此3种包膜尿素的释放特征。结果表明,3种包膜尿素的释放周期分别为60、79、96 d,在水中均能保持完整球形,耐水性较好。通过扫描电镜、红外光谱、X-射线衍射法对膜材形貌特征和结构进行表征,发现钙镁磷肥和硅丙树脂为成膜材料;甲基硅酸钠作为密封剂和防水剂参与了成膜反应,有效增加了膜材的塑性和韧性,此复合材料可用作缓控释肥的胶结剂和包膜剂。

硅氧烷类助剂的环境残留及其农用之环境安全风险

硅氧烷类助剂(或有机硅助剂)系硅油类有机硅产品,其结构是以硅氧键为骨架组成的聚硅氧烷,因其具有超强渗透和扩散性能而被广泛用于日化和工业产品等助剂,并作为农用助剂在农业上得到推广使用。当前,我国有机硅制品产销量约200万t,生产和消费量均占世界50%以上,已成为全球最大的有机硅生产、消费和原材料净出口国,聚硅氧烷产能占比已经达到全球60%以上。随着硅氧烷类助剂的广泛应用所导致的硅氧烷环境残留(尤其在水体、污泥/土壤等环境样本中、水生食物链以及人体组织中均被检出)及其对农业生态环境的影响日益暴露,硅氧烷类助剂农用的环境安全性(包括生态毒性及其环境安全风险)也引起诸多关注。近年来,挥发性环甲基环硅氧烷(如D4(八甲基环四硅氧烷)、D5(十甲基环五硅氧烷)和D6(十二甲基环六硅氧烷)等)因其具有环境持久性、生物积累性及潜在毒性等特性而被欧盟等国家认定为新兴有机污染物或被列入优先控制化学品。本文通过对1991年以来国内外公开发表的关于硅氧烷类助剂(包括农用助剂)应用的环境残留及其生态环境安全风险相关文献检索调研,从两个方面综述分析硅氧烷类助剂的环境残留去向及其农用对农业生态环境安全的直接或间接影响,主要包括:(1)硅氧烷的环境残留及其对农业生态环境安全的影响(包括污水处理过程中硅氧烷残留及去向,水体中硅氧烷残留及水生食物链污染风险,污泥中硅氧烷残留及土壤生态污染风险,以及食品中硅氧烷残留及人体健康风险等);(2)硅氧烷类助剂农用现状及环境安全风险(包括硅氧烷类助剂农用后残留及其毒性风险,以及硅氧烷类助剂农用的安全性管理问题)。本文并就国内外对环硅氧烷类产品管理现状及问题进行了探讨。对于硅氧烷类助剂农用,由于助剂成分多被视为“生物惰性”,通常硅氧烷类助剂农用无需毒理检测和环境监管等风险评估;此外,助剂成分往往被声称为“商业机密”而受到保护,其成分一般不会在产品标签上标明。目前,我国对硅氧烷类助剂作为农用助剂(如叶面肥添加剂等)添加使用尚无监管要求,农用助剂添加缺乏安全使用规范,存在环境安全风险。本文针对硅氧烷类农用助剂添加过量可能增加其在土壤-作物-水体中残留及其生态毒性风险,以及对食品安全和人类健康存在潜在威胁等问题,建议有关管理和研究单位进一步重视硅氧烷类助剂使用过程中的残留和去向的监测,尤其加强硅氧烷类农用助剂残留对水体、土壤、动植物生长发育和人体健康影响的研究工作。

叶面喷施硅肥和钙肥对北京市设施春茬番茄生产与裂果预防效果的影响

京郊设施春茬番茄栽培后期裂果比较常见,为筛选出减少番茄裂果的发生的不同的肥料配施方式,开展了喷施硅肥和钙肥对番茄生长、产量、预防裂果的影响研究。结果表明:喷施2 mmol·L^(-1)硅酸钠水溶液+30 g·L^(-1)氨基酸钙液的处理(T4),不仅促进了番茄生长,株高和茎粗都较对照显著提高,而且对提升番茄产量和防治裂果的效果显著,其中产量较对照提高22.39%,番茄裂果率较对照降低4.58%。T4处理的番茄可溶性固形物含量显著提高,硬度有所提升,果实钙含量显著增加。综上,喷施2 mmol·L^(-1)硅酸钠水溶液+30 g·L^(-1)氨基酸钙的处理,不仅能够促进番茄生长,而且可以提高番茄产量,改善番茄品质,增加果实硬度,降低果实裂果率,可作为北京市设施春茬番茄防治裂果的选择途径。

高强度速分散硅钙颗粒制备及团聚机理研究

以钙硅粉体为原料,添加木质素磺酸钙-壳聚糖有机黏结剂,通过圆盘造粒技术制备硅钙球团颗粒,考察黏结剂、木质素磺酸钙、壳聚糖添加量以及干燥温度等对硅钙球团颗粒抗压性能及速散性的影响,并对造粒工艺条件进行优化;借助于XRF、XRD、FTIR等技术对原料及样品进行表征,探究硅钙粉体团聚成粒的机理。结果表明,最佳成型造粒条件为:木质素磺酸钙添加量3.75%,壳聚糖1.25%,干燥温度115℃,颗粒团聚紧密,平均抗压强度为34.4 N,亲水基团加速了水分子向颗粒内部渗透,静水实验结果显示,51 s内样品可完全崩解。

种衣剂减量下增施菌剂和肥料对小麦光合、产量、蚜虫及白粉病防控的影响

为探究拌种药剂减量下增施不同类型肥料对麦田蚜虫和白粉病防控及光合和产量的影响,以小麦蚜虫低感品种川麦104和高感品种内麦836为试验材料,采用大田试验,对种衣剂减量20%下,配合施用光合菌剂、微生物菌剂、硅肥或磷酸二氢钾后麦田土壤酶活性、小麦植株光合特性、病虫防治情况和产量性状的变化进行了比较分析。结果表明,拌种药剂减量20%条件下增施微生物菌剂较种衣剂常规用量处理能显著提高孕穗期川麦104的根际土壤的脲酶活性,以及内麦836的根际土壤过氧化氢酶和纤维素酶活性。在孕穗期和抽穗期,低感品种川麦104的麦蚜数量均显著低于内麦836;增施微生物菌剂和硅肥均能显著降低麦蚜和白粉病发生,对蚜虫防效和白粉病防效较常规药剂拌种用量处理分别提高8.0和10.2个百分点。拌种药剂减量20%配合施用光合菌剂、微生物菌剂、硅肥和磷酸二氢钾均能有效提高小麦旗叶氮素含量和SPAD值,改善叶片光合效率。增施硅肥下川麦104和内麦836的产量最高,较常规种衣剂用量处理分别增加16.0%和18.2%,差异均显著。以上结果说明,小麦种子种衣剂减量配合施用硅肥或微生物菌剂可有效提高麦田土壤酶活性,减少蚜虫和白粉病发生,改善小麦叶片光合特性,提高产量。

灌水和施硅对冬小麦叶片显微结构、光合特性及产量的影响

为探究不同灌水和施硅处理对冬小麦光合器官发育及产量构成的影响,于2021—2023年采用灌水和施硅二因素区组试验设计,设置3组灌水处理[W_(0):春浇0水;W_(1):春浇1水(拔节期灌水);W_(2):春浇2水(拔节期和开花期各灌1次水)]和2组叶面硅肥处理[叶面喷施清水(Si_(0))、叶面喷施硅肥(Si_(1))],共计6组处理,分析不同灌溉制度下喷施叶面硅肥对冬小麦叶片显微结构、光合特性和产量构成的影响。结果表明,随灌水次数的增加,冬小麦叶肉细胞长宽积、叶片厚度、叶绿素相对含量、净光合速率呈上升趋势;与W_(0)处理相比,W_(1)处理单位面积穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、籽粒产量分别增加11.4%、6.8%、1.5%、16.4%,W_(2)处理依次增加15.5%、12.4%、4.8%、37.4%。施用硅肥可以提高冬小麦叶片厚度,延缓花后旗叶叶绿素降解,提高净光合速率,促使单位面积穗数增加4.9%,籽粒产量增加3.3%;施硅对冬小麦产量的促进效应随灌水次数的增加而减弱,与Si_(0)相比,Si_(1)条件下W_(0)处理冬小麦单位面积穗数和籽粒产量分别增加8.8%和8.3%,W_(1)处理依次增加4.2%和3.4%。冬小麦籽粒产量与叶肉细胞长宽积、叶片厚度、叶绿素相对含量、净光合速率呈正相关关系。本研究条件下,增加灌水有利于提高冬小麦光合能力和籽粒产量,水分不足时喷施硅肥能优化冬小麦叶片结构,增强光合作用,提升产量水平。