A Review of Artificial Waterfalls in Gardens

When artificial waterfalls are built in gardens,leaves from trees or vegetation often fall into the water storage pool and block the pipelines,requiring regular cleaning of pipelines.This not only increases the manpower needed for maintenance but also disrupts the use of the waterfalls.Therefore,it is necessary to design a new type of artificial waterfall that is suitable for gardens.The waterfall should incorporate features that make cleaning easier,including filter plates and water funnels to prevent clogging caused by fallen leaves and debris.

Numerical Prediction and Analysis of Hydraulic Characteristics of Waterfall Scene for Application to Design Control

The hydraulic characteristics of artificial waterfalls constitute an important research area for both academia and industry.As yet,the hydraulic parameters used in the hydraulic design of landscape waterfalls are not well understood for use in qualitative and quantitative analyses.Due to their complicated shapes and appearances,it remains a challenging problem to design or simulate realistic waterfall scenes.In this paper,we present a hybrid model and an efficient numerical method for simulating the hydraulic characteristics of waterfalls and investigate the critical flow in waterfall design and the adherent flow phenomenon.We fit empirical equations to predict the size and shape of different waterfall flow patterns to provide a basis for the design and construction of waterscapes in the real world.We then apply our work to an artificial waterfall in Kraal Jiang River and the results demonstrate that our model achieves desirable control qualities and good agreement in a real-world application.

Regional- to local-scale controls on waterfalls in Rocky Mountain National Park,Colorado

Previous work on the eastern side of Rocky Mountain National Park(RMNP),Colorado indicated correlations among waterfall location,waterfall morphology,and the characteristics of bedrock joints.Characteristics of waterfalls on the western side of the national park do not correlate as strongly with joint geometry.Longitudinal river profiles on the western side are less concave and waterfalls account for a greater proportion of the total elevation loss.We interpret these differences to result from more widely spaced joints,lithological differences,and complex glacial history.These results demonstrate that waterfall shape and typology may change due to both local and regional controls operating in a mountain region.Both regions had alpine valley glaciers,but continued landscape evolution via fluvial erosion has developed waterfalls with diverse locations and morphologies that reflect the influences of glacial deposits,bedrock erosional resistance,and joint geometry.

Landscape Formation and Protection of the Hukou Waterfall

Establishing geoparks is an effective approach to protect natural resources and promote local tourism industry. The national geopark of the Hukou Waterfall is an important geopark which attracts more than 2 million tourists per year. The Hukou Waterfall is formed by combination of multiple knickpoints due to the longitudinal profile analysis. Like other waterfalls in the world, the Hukou Waterfall will disappear in the future. Considering the mechanisms of waterfall evolution, this paper suggests establishing control engineering, preserving the water and soil in nearby region, and reinforcing the structure of waterfall to preserve the landscape of waterfall.

Fishery and the Tourism Potential of Agbokum Waterfalls, Nigeria

Species richness and human activities in natural environments are among the most important recreational needs. Monthly studies of aquatic fauna, artisanal fisheries and tourism characteristics was conducted during wet and dry seasons, over a two year period in the three landscapes along the 6817.7 m length of Agbokum waterfalls by using a close-ended pre-coded survey instrument. Through MANOVA analysis of the 1780 respondents we found strong positive association between peoples visits to the recreational areas and the type of landscape in which the respondents felt happy. People who felt happier in landscape dominated by waterfalls, visit the middle reaches of the river for outdoor recreation more often while people who feel happy in landscapes dominated by slow water current with an extensive wide area and floodplains, visit downstream reaches of the waterfalls more often. Activities performed more often along downstream reaches include fishing, bathing/swimming, boating and hunting while more frequent activities in the middle reaches (waterfalls) include taking photographs, picnics, enjoying nature, outing with family and friends, looking at view, resting and relaxing. A total of 5484 fish representing 22 species belonging to 16 genera from 9 families were sampled with 10 species being restricted to wet season and only 1 in the dry. The number of taxa and individuals present at upstream, midstream and downstream reaches were 16 (2003), 13 (1034), 17 (2447), respectively. Tilapia zillii, Clarias gariepinus and Labeo coubie dominated overall catch constituting 35.5%. Twenty five operational boats counted during the period of study, were only used downstream by 25 full-time fishermen, 87 part-time, 44 shoreline fishermen and 36 assistant fishermen. Common gears were the hook and line constituting 45.8%, cast and dip net (10.1%) bailing (8.7%), gill nets (7.3%), seine net (6.4%) Traps (5.5%), lift net (4.7%) Dip nets (0.9%), poisoning (2.8%), cutlass (3.3%) and spear (1%). Seasonally occurring aquatic fauna include crustaceans (Atya gaboneensis and Palaemon paucidens) (23.5%) oysters (Etheria elliptica) (15.4%), clams (Galacea paradoxa) (20.8%), Manatee (Trichechus senegalensis) (2.5), Hippopotamus amphibious (1.8%), Otter (Lutra macullicolis) (0.5%), Crocodyles (Crocodylus niloticus, Crocodylus cataphractus (Aligata) and Osteolaemus tetraspsis) (18.8%). The nile monitor (Varanus nilaticus), aquatic snake (Anoscopus sp), and three species of water turtle (Kimxys erosa, Pelumedusa sp and Peliosus sp) (21.6%). Relatively higher faunal densities and species richness in the upstream and downstream reaches coupled with waterfalls in middle reaches can makes Agbokum waterfalls a tourism destination if only management strategies include Legislation to conserve these natural resources.

Huangguoshu Waterfall

Have you ever been to Huangguoshu Waterfall?It is said to be No.1 waterfall in Asia.It lies in Guizhou Province and is one of the most famous place1for sightseeing.Every year,millions of people will come2to visit it.The great waterfall is 77.8 meters high and 101 meters wide.But if you went to the waterfall in spring in 2010,you would find a different water-

Basic Characteristics of Waterfalls in the Yarlung Zangbo River

The Great Bent in the lower reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River in Tibet houses the largest fluvial gorge in the world. On October 18, 1998, the Chinese government named the gorge the Grand Canyon of the Yarlung Zangbo. Later, from October to December, the first trekking exploration through the canyon was successfully conducted by a group of Chinese scientists. In the meantime, the scientists carfled out a multi-disciplinary and comprehensive survey and made many discoveries in the region.

mesh结构NoC的时钟网络研究

分析了m esh结构N oC的3种时钟网络,针对同步时钟网络瞬时功耗大,非对称瀑布网络(w aterfall)和对称瀑布网络通信延迟大的弊端,提出并设计了一种混合结构的时钟网络。并以4×4混合结构时钟网络为例,计算得出该时钟网络的最大通信延迟为非对称瀑布网络的12.5%,局部单方向数据流的通信延迟约为对称瀑布网络的25%,芯片的瞬时功耗约为同步时钟网络的50%。

《Web程序设计》应用型课程教学改革研究

本文采用工作过程导向的教学模式,以“以就业为导向,以能力为本位”为宗旨,围绕课程建设和改革的总体思路开展教学改革。最后通过SOLO分类评价方法来评价学生的Web程序设计能力,进而实现面向能力评价的《Web程序设计》课程综合改革。

DYNAMIC MODEL AND SIMULATION OF THE PLATELETS'ROLE IN BLOOD COAGULATION

In order to confirm which process is the most important in the bloodcoagulation cascade,a dynamic model on the function of platelets in blood coagulationis presented based on biochemical experiments.Based on qualitative analysis andmathematical simulation,a series of conclusions about the influence of the activationrate of factor VIII and factor IX on the generation of thrombin（IIa）are drawn.It isevident that the pro-coagulation stimulus must exceed a threshold value to initiate thecoagulation cascade.The value is related to the binding constant d2 of the platelet.The stability of the equilibrium value is also related to the pro-coagulation stimulus.This article also evaluates the influence of the stimulus strength and the activated rateparameter of platelets on thrombin.The proportion of platelets activated at any giventime is designated c.To each c,we obtain a maximum concentration of thrombin.Itis evident that when the level of factor IX is below 1% of the normal level,the rateof thrombin generation reduces dramatically,resulting in severe bleeding tendency.

Stability Analysis of Cliff Face around Kegon Falls in Nikko, Eastern Japan: An Implication to Its Erosional Mechanisms

A waterfall highlights the locus of active fluvial erosion of bedrock, and its mechanism has been the subject of several studies;however, erosional processes remain to be clarified for specific rock structures composing a waterfall. Herein, the detailed morphology of cliffs around a waterfall is examined by a terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) approach to analyze erosional processes occurring in the cliffs. The study site is Kegon Falls in Japan, which has a vertical drop of surface water from the top of its cliff and groundwater outflows from its lower portion. The entire cliff is mostly overhanging and minor rockfalls are often observed. The latest major rockfall occurred in 1986, causing an approximate 8-m upstream shift of the waterfall lip. From the point cloud obtained by TLS measurement, a digital elevation model on a vertical plane was generated, and cross-sectional profiles were extracted. A distinct 5- to 10-m depression was found at the bottom of the upper andesite layer of the waterfall cliff, which appears to have been formed by freeze-thaw and wet-dry weathering following the upstream shift of the surface water drop. Stability analysis of the waterfall cliff with an undercutting notch indicates that the igneous rock composing the cliff is sufficiently strong to maintain its current overhanging shape and that catastrophic collapse of the entire waterfall face rarely occurs. Following the formation of the depression, the upper cliff face appears to have been gradually eroded by gravitational collapses of relatively small blocks bounded by columnar and platy joints.

Objective response rate assessment in oncology: Current situation and future expectations

The tumor objective response rate(ORR)is an important parameter to demonstrate the efficacy of a treatment in oncology.The ORR is valuable for clinical decision making in routine practice and a significant end-point for reporting the results of clinical trials.World Health Organization and Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors(RECIST)are anatomic response criteria developed mainly for cytotoxic chemotherapy.These criteria are based on the visual assessment of tumor size in morphological images provided by computed tomography(CT)or magnetic resonance imaging.Anatomic response criteria may not be optimal for biologic agents,some disease sites,and some regional therapies.Consequently,modifications of RECIST,Choi criteria and Morphologic response criteria were developed based on the concept of the evaluation of viable tumors.Despite its limitations,RECIST v1.1 is validated in prospective studies,is widely accepted by regulatory agencies and has recently shown good performance for targeted cancer agents.Finally,some alternatives of RECIST were developed as immune-specific response criteria for checkpoint inhibitors.Immune RECIST criteria are based essentially on defining true progressive disease after a confirmatory imaging.Some graphical methods may be useful to show longitudinal change in the tumor burden over time.Tumor tissue is a tridimensional heterogenous mass,and tumor shrinkage is not always symmetrical;thus,metabolic response assessments using positron emission tomography(PET)or PET/CT may reflect the viability of cancer cells or functional changes evolving after anticancer treatments.The metabolic response can show the benefit of a treatment earlier than anatomic shrinkage,possibly preventing delays in drug approval.Computer-assisted automated volumetric assessments,quantitative multimodality imaging in radiology,new tracers in nuclear medicine and finally artificial intelligence have great potential in future evaluations.

Agile Development: Exploring What Practitioners Want to Know

Agile development has its origins and roots in practice rather than academia. Hence, in this research, we go to the practitioners’ world to explore what they want to know about Agile development. We conducted our study using a multi-methodological approach, a combination of a survey and an interpretive case study. We learned that Agile development is yet to reach a mature phase with: a) relatively limited numbers of experienced Agile practitioners;b) a large number of software developers who were trained in plan-based Waterfall development trying to transition to Agile;c) some companies and practitioners continuing to be skeptical of the benefits of Agile development over plan-based development;and d) tools in the process of being developed to support Agile development. Based on those factors, we learned that practitioners are wanting to find answers to the following questions: a) What should good Agile practitioners and teams know and do? b) How to train developers and teams to become good Agile practitioners? c) How to transition from plan-driven Waterfall development to Agile development? d) What tools are available to practice Agile development? How to use them to support Agile practices? The following are the answers we derived from our interpretive case study for the above four questions: a) Good Agile practitioners define their job in terms of the client’s mission;they don’t define their jobs as analysts, designers, programmers, testers, or project managers;b) For training, Agile practices such as test-driven development and continuous integration are best understood not in theory but by the act of doing;for organizational adoption of Agile development, Agile practices should be used not only in software development but encouraged in all functional areas;c) The best way to introduce a plan-based Waterfall practitioner to Agile is to have him think of Agile in terms of something familiar, as a series of mini-waterfalls that have very quick iterations;d) Simple tools, even non-software tools, that help manage Agile practices intuitively are preferable to complex Agile management software.

Quintessence of Traditional and Agile Requirement Engineering

Requirement gathering for software development project is the most crucial stage and thus requirement engineering (RE) occupies the chief position in the software development. Countless techniques concerning the RE processes exist to make sure the requirements are coherent, compact and complete in all respects. In this way different aspects of RE are dissected and detailed upon. A comparison of RE in Agile and RE in Waterfall is expatiated and on the basis of the literature survey the overall Agile RE process is accumulated. Agile being a technique produces high quality software in relatively less time as compared to the conventional waterfall methodology. The paramount objective of this study is to take lessons from RE that Agile method may consider, if quality being the cardinal concern. The study is patterned on the survey of the previous research reported in the coexisting literature and the practices which are being pursued in the area.

Microtopographic modification conserves urban wetland water quality by increasing the dissolved oxygen in the wet season

Microtopography affects hydrological processes and forms different microhabitats.Our previous study uncovered that riparian zone microtopography created various microhabitats with different soil environments and runoff-infiltration patterns.However,how riparian microtopography and microtopography within the water area(waterfall and tributary)affects downstream water quality remains unclear.Therefore,water samples were taken almost monthly in both the main stream and the tributary,before and after waterfalls,and near the bottom of three microtopographic types from June 2016 to March 2017.Compared with the dry season,the fact that water quality worsened in the wet season and that there were positive correlations for nitrate(NO3-)between water and the corresponding soil samples suggested that the riparian-soil environment affected the adjacent water quality mainly in the wet season.Nevertheless,riparian microtopography did not influence water quality downstream because of the low rainfall frequency and the weak leaching process due to plant interception.In the wet season,both the tributary and the waterfall increased the dissolved oxygen in the water body and,therefore,lowered the risk of eutrophication.The tributary has two pathways for improving the water quality,by increased disturbance and flow velocity,while the waterfall only has the former.However,such effects were not significant in the dry season.We conclude that the application of microtopographic modification is useful in maintaining urban wetland water quality in wet seasons.